Gargara
Γάργαρα | |
Location | Ayvacık, Çanakkale Province, Turkey |
---|---|
Region | Troad |
Coordinates | 39°35′10″N 26°32′3″E / 39.58611°N 26.53417°E |
Type | Settlement |
History | |
Founded | 6th century BCE |
Abandoned | No sooner than the 9th century CE, possibly as late as the 14th |
Periods | Archaic Greece to Byzantine Empire |
Gargara (
Mount Gargaron
Mount Gargaron has been identified with the mountain today called Koca Kaya (
The poet
- αἰάζω Διότιμον, ὃς ἐν πέτρῃσι κάθηται
- παισὶν Γαργαρέων βῆτα καὶ ἄλφα λέγων.
- I bewail Diotimos, who would sit among the rocks
- Teaching the children of the Gargarians their alpha and beta.[11]
History
Foundation
There is no indication in the relevant passages of the Iliad that Homer considered Mount Gargaron inhabited.
Classical
In the 5th century BCE Gargara was a member of the Delian League and paid a tribute to Athens of between 4,500 and 4,600 drachmas as part of the Hellespontine district.[18] It is currently thought that the Gargarians moved from the site at Koca Kaya down to the coast in the 4th century BCE, although this has not been confirmed by excavation.[19] A long inscription found at Ilion indicates that by ca. 306 Gargara was a member of the koinon of Athena Ilias, a regional association of cities in the Troad which held an annual festival at Ilion. The inscription records a series of honorific decrees passed by the koinon which praise a prominent and wealthy citizen, Malousios of Gargara, for providing interest free loans to finance the annual festival.[20]
Hellenistic
The local antiquarian writer Demetrius of Scepsis (ca. 205-130 BCE) relates that Gargara received an influx of settlers who were forcibly moved from their home in Mysia, Miletoupolis, by 'the kings' (presumably those of Bithynia) in the late 3rd or early 2nd century BCE. Miletoupolis was a semi-Greek settlement, and so Demetrius relates that as a result of this influx of immigrants there are hardly any Aeolians left in Gargara.[21] This episode should perhaps be connected with the invasion of this region by Prusias II of Bithynia in 156 - 154 BCE. Elsewhere in the Hellenistic period, citizens of Gargara are found serving as proxenoi at Chios and as mercenaries at Athens, participating in a private association of resident foreigners on Rhodes, making dedications to Ptolemy III Euergetes and his family in Egypt, receiving honours at Ilion, and making dedications on Delos.[22] In the 230s or 220s BCE Gargara was one of the places at which Theorodokoi of Delphi were received, and in the 120s BCE it is attested as a port at which customs dues was being paid soon after Attalus III had bequeathed the Asia to Rome in 133 BCE.[23]
Roman
While Gargara continued to exist in the Roman period, we hear about it primarily in the context of Latin literature, since it became a by-word for agricultural prosperity in Latin poetry following Virgil's reference to it in the Georgics:
- humida solstitia atque hiemes orate serenas,
- agricolae; hiberno laetissima pulvere farra,
- laetus ager: nullo tantum se Mysia cultu
- iactat et ipsa suas mirantur Gargara messis.
Gargara is likewise used as an expression of proverbial fertility in
Byzantine
Gargara appears to have been continuously occupied until at least the 9th century, and perhaps as late as the 14th. It was a
References
- ^ Cook (1973) 256-7.
- ^ Cook (1973) 256-7.
- ^ Cook (1973) 257.
- ^ Epicharmus, PCG fr. 128 K-A = Macrobius, Saturnalia 5.20.3-6: Ζεὺς ἄναξ † ΑΝΑΑΔΑΝ † ναίων Γάργαρα ἀγάννιφα, which Schneidewin emends to ἀν’ Ἴδαν ("Lord Zeus who dwells † on Ida † at snow-capped Gargara"). Etymologicum Magnum s.v. Γάργαρος· διὰ τὸ κρυῶδες ὑποκατέβησαν οἱ Γαργαρεῖς, καὶ ᾤκισαν αὐτὴν ὑπὸ πεδίον Γάργαρον ("On account of the cold the Gargarians descended from the mountain and settled this city of Gargara on the plain").
- ^ Homer, Iliad 8.47-52 (watching the battle on the plain of Troy), 14.292-3, 352-3, 15.151-3 (found here by his wife Hera), cf. Epicharmus, PCG fr. 128 K-A.
- ^ Homer, Iliad 8.47-52.
- ^ Statius, Thebaid 1.548-9, Lucian, Dialogues of the Gods 10, Pseudo-Lucian, Charidemus or On Beauty 7.
- ^ Lucian, Judgement of the Goddesses 1, 5.
- Valerius Flaccus, Argonautica 2.360, 582-3.
- ^ Etymologicum Magnum s.v. Γάργαρος· ... ἄλλοι δὲ ἀπὸ τοῦ γαργαρίζειν καὶ ἀναδιδόναι τὰ ὕδατα, <ἣ> ἀπὸ μεταφορᾶς τοῦ ἐν τοῖς στόμασιν ἡμῶν γαργαρεῶνος• καὶ γὰρ τὸ σῶμα τοῦτο ἀπὸ παχέος εἰς λεπτὸν καὶ ὀξὺ λήγει. Compare Etymologicum Genuinum s.v. Γαργαρεών• Γάργαρον λέγεταί τι ἄκρον, ὅθεν καὶ γαργαρεὼν τὸ ὑψηλότατον τοῦ ἀνθρώπου <ἐν> τῷ πρὸ τοῦ στόματος οὐρανῷ καλουμένῳ ὑπερῴᾳ.
- ^ Palatine Anthology 11.437 = Stephanus of Byzantium s.v. Γάργαρα.
- ^ Cook (1973) 257-8.
- ^ Cook (1973) 255-61, Stüpperich (1995), Schulz (2000) 28.
- ^ Alcman, Poeti Melici Graeci fr. 154 = Stephanus of Byzantium s.v. Γάργαρα, with Cook (1973) 259 n. 3.
- ^ Hecataeus of Miletus FGrHist 1 F 224 = Stephanus of Byzantium s.v. Γάργαρα, Hellanicus of Lesbos FGrHist 4 F 160 Myrsilos of Methymna FGrHist 477 F 17 = Strabo 13.1.58, cf. 13.1.5.
- ^ Mitchell (2004) 1000.
- ^ Cook (1973) 258.
- ^ Mitchell (2004).
- ^ Cook (1973) 255-61.
- ^ Syll.³ 330
- ^ Demetrius of Scepsis in Strabo 13.1.58: φησὶ δὲ Μυρσίλος Μηθυμναίων κτίσμα εἶναι τὴν Ἄσσον, Ἑλλάνικός τε καὶ Αἰολίδα φησίν, ὥστε καὶ τὰ Γάργαρα καὶ ἡ Λαμπωνία Αἰολέων <εἰσίν>. Ἀσσίων γάρ ἐστι κτίσμα τὰ Γάργαρα, οὐκ εὖ συνοικούμενα• ἐποίκους γὰρ οἱ βασιλεῖς εἰσήγαγον ἐκ Μιλητου πόλεως ἐρημώσαντες ἐκείνην, ὥστε ἡμιβαρβάρους γενέσθαι φησὶ Δημήτριος αὐτοὺς ὁ Σκήψιος ἀντὶ Αἰολέων ('Myrsilos says that Assos is a foundation of the Methymnaeans, and Hellanicus also says that it is Aeolian, so that Gargara and Lampanoia are also Aeolian. For Gargara is a foundation of the Assians, although not well constituted; for the kings sent settlers from Miletoupolis (having stripped that city of its inhabitants), so that Demetrius of Scepsis says that these Gargarians became semi-barbarian instead of Aeolians'). For ὥστε ... <εἰσίν> rather than ὥσπερ see Cook (1973) 257 n. 2 and Radt (2008) 510.
- ^ Chios: Revue de Philologie (1937) 325-32 (4th century BCE). Athens: IG II2 1956.162-3 (ca. 300 BCE - ca. 315-309 according to SEG 46.243, but ca. 301-295 according to SEG 51.571. Rhodes: Archaiologikon Deltion 21 A (1966) 56, lines 8, 23 (late 3rd or early 2nd century BCE). Egypt: SEG 27.1206 (ca. 246-240 BCE). Ilion: Frisch (1975) no. 53. Delos: Inscriptions de Délos no. 2578 (undated).
- ^ Plassart (1921) 8, lines 17, Cottier et al. (2008).
- ^ Virgil, Georgica 1.100-3.
- ^ Ovid, Ars Amatoria 1.57-9: Gargara quot segetes, quot habet Methymna racemos, / aequore quot pisces, fronde teguntur aves, / quot caelum stellas, tot habet tua Roma puellas. Seneca the Younger, The Phoenician Women 608-9: hinc grata Cereri Gargara et dives solum / quod Xanthus ambit nivibus Idaeis tumens. Sidonius Apollinaris, Odes 7.147, 22.174.
- ^ Macrobius, Saturnalia 5.20, esp. 5.20.11: haec Gargara tanta frugum copia erant, ut qui magnum cuiusque rei numerum vellet exprimere pro multitudine inmensa Gargara nominaret.
- ^ Catholic Encyclopaedia.
- Germanus I, Epistulae Dogmaticae 4.1070, Notitiae Episcopatuum1.86, 2.101, 3.110, 4.95, 7.126, 9.18, 10 col. 1.17, 13.19.
- ^ Κων(σταντῖ)νος ὁ Γαργαρηνός: Actes de Lavra. II. De 1204 à 1328 in Archives de l'Athos vol. VIII (Paris, 1977).
- ^ Cook (1973) 374.
Bibliography
- A. Plassart, 'Inscriptions de Delphes: la liste de théorodoques' BCH 45 (1921) 1-85.
- J. M. Cook, The Troad: An Archaeological and Topographical Study (Oxford, 1973) 327–44.
- R. Stüpperich, 'Ein archaisches Kriegerrelief aus Gargara' in E. Schwertheim (ed.), Studien zum Antiken Kleinasien III, Asia Minor Studien 26 (Bonn, 1995) 127–38.
- A. Schulz, Die Stadtmauern von Neandreia in der Troas, Asia Minor Studien 38 (Bonn, 2000).
- S. Mitchell, 'Gargara' in M. H. Hansen and T. H. Nielsen (eds), An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis (Oxford, 2004) no. 775.
- M. Cottier et al. (eds.), The Customs Law of Asia (Oxford, 2008).
- S. Radt, Strabons Geographika: mit Übersetzung und Kommentar, Vol. VII (Göttingen, 2008).