Phellus

Coordinates: 36°14′05″N 29°37′56″E / 36.23472°N 29.63222°E / 36.23472; 29.63222
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Phellus
Phellos
Ancient Greek: Φέλλος
A Lycian tomb at Phellus
Map
Locationnear modern Çukurbağ, Antalya Province, Turkey
RegionLycia
Coordinates36°14′05″N 29°37′56″E / 36.23472°N 29.63222°E / 36.23472; 29.63222
TypeSettlement
Site notes
Excavation dates1840
ArchaeologistsCharles Fellows
ConditionRuined
Public accessYes

Phellus (

philosopher Strabo in his Geographica. Antiphellus
served as the city's port.

There was in the past some confusion amongst scholars about the exact location of Phellus. In 1840, using Greek

archaeologist Charles Fellows
considered the city to be located near the village of Saaret.

History

Phellus (

Ancient Greek: Phellos: "stony ground")[1] was an ancient Lycian city, that first appeared in the records when it was mentioned by the Greek historian and geographer Hecataeus in c. 500 BC, who incorrectly located it in Pamphylia.[2] Scylax of Caryanda, writing in the late 6th or early 5th century BC, mentioned Phellus.[3] Tombs at Phellus provide some of the earliest evidence for the settlement of the region by the Lycians.[4]

The city was a member of the

Lycian League, during a period when it controlled lands in the region, and the castles at Bayındır and Limanı.[2] According to Hecataeus, the Lycian name for the city was Vehinda.[3] The settlement is unusual in being known nowadays by its Greek name.[1] The Lycians used their own name for the city.[5] Jan Zahle's analysis of the distribution and nature of Lycian tombs concludes that during the classical period, Phellos, Limyra and Patara were cities that ranked just below Xanthos in importance.[6] During the 5th century, members of the Xanthian royal family resided there, and so the city at one time played a central political role.[7] However, urban expansion did not occur, although a small theatre was constructed, and the classical monuments were carefully preserved by successive generation.[8]

Phellus was inland, and

Hellenistic period, Antiphellos superseded Phellus, and expanded into a thriving commercial centre, whilst Phellus diminished in importance.[12]

Phellus became a

Byzantine period.[2][note 1]

Description

Phellus and Antiphellus

Phellus is located near the small settlement of Çukurbağ.[2] The site is reached by means of a footpath that leads through the undergrowth. The hilltop site is 550 metres (1,800 ft) long and 150 metres (490 ft) wide. Parts of the city's northern wall are visible; the corresponding wall on the south side is barely recognizable.[14]

The ruins mainly consist of the remains of the city walls surrounding an acropolis, with what were probably watchtowers adjoining them.[15] There are fully and partly exposed and rock tombs, including an example of one with a Greek inscription, and an epitaph written in Lycian. Towards the west end of the site is a free-standing tomb of house-type cut from the rock; the chamber has benches on three sides. Other ruins include house-tombs and other small tombs of various states of preservation, a semi-circular wall, and a rock-wall with a relief of a bull. There is a natural spring nearby.[16]

A well-preserved

inscription on one sarcophagus can be read.[15] Beyond the main site are five other sarcophagi.[14]

Archaeology

Thomas Abel Brimage Spratt's depiction of Phellus (1847)

In 1842, an expedition to Lycia, led by the English naval officer Thomas Abel Brimage Spratt, continued the work of the British naval officer Richard Hoskyn and his assistant, W.S. Harvey, in the restoration of archaeological sites discovered by the English explorer Charles Fellows.[17]

Spratt journeyed to the small farming village of Saaret north of Antiphellus,[18] accompanied by Panayotis, the same guide Fellows had used to discover the settlement.[19] He visited a site on the mountain of Felendağı, near Çukurbağ, and concluded that it was Phellus.[20] Wanting to charter and survey Phellus for himself, he consulted the works of Roman scholars to verify the location of the ruins; citing Livy's claim of a town near Phoenicus that acted as "the port of Phellus",[21] and Pliny the Elder's writings, which suggested that Phellus was directly north of Habessus, a pre-Hellenic name for Antiphellus.[22]

In an hour we reached a small plateau on the top of the ridge; crossing it, we came to the village at the foot of a hill, a spur of the mountain intervening between this little plain and the valley of Saaret The name of this place our guide said was Fellerdagh—the resemblance of which to Phellus, and the situation so near behind Antiphellus, gave us hopes that we had now discovered the true situation of that city.[23]

— Thomas Abel Brimage Spratt, Travels in Lycia, Milyas, and the Cibyratis, in company with the late Rev. E. T. Daniell (1847)

Spratt's findings were first challenged in 1892, when the German-Austrian

archaeologist Otto Benndorf determined that Phellus was located on the coast across the bay from Antiphellus.[24]

Phellus has been intensively surveyed, but is one of a number of Lycian sites where a lack of archaeological evidence prevents it from being classified as a town comparable in size to Xanthus.[25] Subsequent building activity has meant that few architectural details can now be identified, and the social and economic structure of the city has not been determined.[7]

Notes

  1. Roman Catholic Church.[13]

References

  1. ^ a b Bean 1978, p. 92.
  2. ^ a b c d e Zimmerman 2002, p. 947.
  3. ^ a b Bayburtluoğlu 2004, p. 237.
  4. ^ Keen 2018, p. 28.
  5. ^ Keen 2018, p. 30.
  6. ^ Keen 2018, pp. 37–38.
  7. ^ a b Kolb 2019, pp. 538, 541.
  8. ^ Kolb 2019, p. 555.
  9. ^ Bean 1978, pp. 92–93.
  10. ^ Spratt 1847b, p. 267.
  11. ^ Kolb 2019, p. 553.
  12. ^ Bean 1978, p. 94.
  13. ^ Catholic Hierarchy
  14. ^ a b c Akşit 2006, p. 92.
  15. ^ a b Bayburtluoğlu 2004, p. 238.
  16. ^ Akşit 2006, p. 93.
  17. ^ Spratt 1847a, p. 14.
  18. ^ Spratt 1847a, p. 59.
  19. ^ Spratt 1847a, p. 58.
  20. ^ Bean 1978, p. 96.
  21. ^ Livius Patavinus 1836, p. 296.
  22. ^ Plinius Secundus 1848, p. 93.
  23. ^ Spratt 1847a, p. 73.
  24. ^ Bean 1978, pp. 96, 97.
  25. ^ Kolb 2019, p. 538.

Sources

Primary sources

  • OCLC 613192896
    .
  • OCLC 578716495
    .

Secondary sources

Further reading

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Phellus.
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