Comana Pontica
Κόμανα Ποντική | |
ancient Pontus, Anatolia | |
Type | Settlement |
---|---|
History | |
Founded | c. 281 BC |
Associated with | Ottoman Empire, Byzantine Greeks, Roman Empire, Greeks |
Site notes | |
Discovered | 2009 |
Comana Pontica (
.History
Comana Pontica was located in the region of Pontus[1] (now part of modern Turkey). It was located in 2009 by the use of ground-sensor radar and excavation on the outer walls soon began. The Middle East Technical University (METU) located in Ankara, Turkey, undertook control of the diggings. Translate page KARP - Komana Arkeolojik Araştırma Projesi. Of four locations chosen, three proved to be sites of city settlements. As each layer was removed, beginning with the outer city walls, artifacts as well as skeletal remains revealed the presence of the Ottoman Empire, the Byzantine Greeks, the Roman Empire, and the Greeks. With each subsequent layer, it is hoped that proof of the Assyrians, the Hittites, the Lydians, and the Cimmerians presence will be authenticated. In this ancient city, there were regular festivals during which women residing at Komana during the Hittite period performed sacred prostitution.
The Pontic region was self-governing as the Kingdom of Pontus from 281 BCE with the ascension of
Governing Comana Pontica was by the Chief Priest who was second in line behind the King of Pontus. Mithridates VI claimed to be a direct descendant of Alexander the Great and had fought against the Roman Generals: Sulla, Lucullus, and Pompey. According to Strabo (12.3.32), the Comana Pontica temple was a replica of the temple in Cappadocia and the methods of celebration were the same. The territory of Comana expanded under the rule of the Pontic Kings and throughout the Roman Empire periods. Pompey in Rome added 2 schoeni or 60 stades (11,100 meters) to the temple land. As a result, the area of the city reached a diameter of about 4 km (Magie 1950, 371, Wilson 1960, 229). Caesar or Antony, from the Roman emperors, gave four more schoeni (22,200 meters) worthy soil to the Comana Temple Priests (Wilson 1960, 229). These new lands are likely to have been added to the eastern, southern and western sides of the city. These areas are known as Zelitis and Megalopolitis. On the north side, it can be assumed that the cities of Magnopolis and Neocaesareia are very near, so that they are limited. It is known that during Augustus the area of the city had expanded to reach the size of civitates (City-State) in the region. Komana M.S. When Pontus was added to Galaticus territory in 34–35, Magnopolitic city was most likely included in Komana Pontika (IGR III, 105; Waddington et al. 1904, 109).
The city was known both as Hierocaesareia and Komana until the time of Titus (39–81 CE) (IGR III, 105,106). The collapse of the temple accelerated the spread of Christianity. The name was Romanized from Komana Pontika to Comana Pontica. The surrounding lands were included in a much smaller but central settlement, Daximon.[citation needed] The martyr Basiliscus of Comana, who was executed around 310 AD, was bishop of Comana. Saint John Chrysostom died in Comana in 407 AD in the Presbyterium or community of the clergy belonging to the church of Saint Basiliscus.[7]
Ma, the main goddess of the temple state, has been on the coin since the time of the official emperor Caligula. The only available data for the architectural image of the temple is Caracalla, Septimius Severus, and later Trajan cocci (Fig. A tetrastil temple is depicted on these coins. It is thought that 8 gray columns used in the construction of Ali Pasha's Mosque in Tokat province center may belong to the temple. It is also possible that the columns and column headings used in the Ulu Mosque in Utrecht, Netherlands were also brought from the ancient city of Komana.
Strabo locates Comana on the river Iris upstream from Dazimonitis (
Geography
Komana is located on a natural hill just south of the Gümenek village, on the west bank of the Yeşilırmak (ancient Iris), 9 km northeast of Tokat on the road towards
The Anderson Expedition (1896–99)
During the latter half of July 1899,
See also
Notes
- ^ Hogarth, David George (1911). . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 749.
- ^ Erciyas, Burcu A. (2001). Studies in the Archaeology of Hellenistic Pontus (PhD Dissertation). Univ. of Cincinnati. p. 97.
- ^ Davis, Paul K. (1999). 100 Decisive Battles from Ancient Times to the Present: The World's Major Battles and How They Shaped History. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 63.
- OCLC 863531490.
- ^ Wilson, 1960, p. 88
- ^ Eriyas, 2001, p. 54
- ^ Butler 1821, p. 297.
- ^ Strabo 1924, bk 12, ch. 3.
- ^ Bryer & Winfield 1985, p. 108.
- ^ Bryer & Winfield 1985, p. 13, 16.
- ^ Wittek 1935, p. 55–56.
- ^ Wittek 1935, p. 58–59.
- ^ Wilson 1976.
References
- Butler, Alban (1821), The lives of the fathers, martyrs, and other principal saints, retrieved 2021-08-03
- Strabo (1924), Geography, translated by Horace Leonard Jones, London: Heinemann
- Wittek, Paul (1935), "Von der byzantinischen zur türkischen Toponymie", Byzantion, 10: 11–64
- Wilson, D.R. (1976), "Comana Pontica", in Stillwell, Richard; MacDonald, William L.; McAlister, Marian Holland (eds.), The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, ISBN 9780691035420
- Bryer, Anthony; Winfield, David (1985), The Byzantine Monuments and Topography of the Pontos, vol. 1, Washington, DC: ISBN 0-88402-122-X
- Erciyas, D. Burcu; Tatbul, Mustafa N., eds. (2015), Komana'da Ortaçağ Yerleşimi = The Medieval Settlement at Komana, Istanbul: Ege, ISBN 9786054701735