Kosovo Serbs
Regions with significant populations | |
---|---|
Kosovo
| ca. 100,000[1][2] |
Serbia | 68,514[3] |
Languages | |
Serbian | |
Religion | |
Serbian Orthodox Church | |
Related ethnic groups | |
Other South Slavs, especially other Serbs. |
Part of a series on |
Serbs |
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Kosovo Serbs are one of the ethnic groups of
The medieval
In the Ottoman period (1455–1913), the situation of the Serb population in Kosovo went through different phases. In the 16th century, the Serbian Patriarchate of Peć was re-established and its status strengthened even more. At the end of 18th century, the support of the Patriarchate to the Habsburgs during the Great Turkish War of 1683–1699 triggered a wave of Serb migrations to locations under the control of the Habsburg monarchy.[13] After the independence of the Principality of Serbia to its north, Kosovo came increasingly to be seen by the mid-19th century as the "cradle of Serb civilization" and called the "Serbian Jerusalem". Kosovo was annexed by the Kingdom of Serbia in 1912, following the First Balkan War.
As a region of the
More than half of Kosovo's pre-1999 Serb population (226,000),[14] including 37,000 Romani, 15,000 Balkan Muslims (including Ashkali, Bosniaks, and Gorani), and 7,000 other non-Albanian civilians were expelled to central Serbia and Montenegro, following the Kosovo War.[15] According to the 2013 Brussels Agreement the establishment of a Community of Serb Municipalities, a self-governing association of municipalities with a majority Serb population in Kosovo is proposed.
Terminology
The formal names for the Serb community in Kosovo is "Serbs of Kosovo and Metohija" (Srbi na Kosovu i Metohiji) or "Serbs of
History
Medieval period
In 1166, a Serbian prince,
In 1219, the
Parts of Kosovo became domains of
The
Another battle occurred in Kosovo 1448 between the Hungarian troops supported by the Albanian ruler Gjergj Kastrioti Skanderbeg on one side, and Ottoman troops supported by the Branković dynasty in 1448. Skanderbeg's troops en route to help John Hunyadi were stopped by the Branković's troops, who was more or less an Ottoman vassal. Hungarian regent John Hunyadi lost the battle after a 2-day fight, but essentially stopped the Ottoman advance northwards.[37] In 1455, southern regions of the Serbian Despotate were invaded again, and the region of Kosovo was finally conquered by the Ottoman Empire and incorporated it into the Ottoman administrative system.[38]
In 1455, new castles rose to prominence in
Early Modern period
The
Kosovo was taken by the Austrian forces during the
In 1766 the Ottomans abolished the Serbian Patriarchate of Peć and the position of Christians on Kosovo was greatly reduced. All previous privileges were lost and the Christian population had to suffer the full weight of the Empire's extensive and losing wars, even to take the blame for the losses.[citation needed]
During the First Serbian Uprising, Serbs from northern parts of Kosovo prepared to join the uprising and an Ottoman-Albanian coalition arrived to suppress their efforts, before they could partake in the uprising. Ottoman violence resulted in a number of Serbs migrating to central Serbia in order to join rebels led by Karađorđe.[42][43] Kelmendi were the only Albanian tribe to fully support Serb rebels.[44] [45] After the independence of the Principality of Serbia to its north, Kosovo came increasingly to be seen by the mid-19th century as the “cradle of Serb civilization” and called the "Serbian Jerusalem".[46][47][48][49][50]
The term Arnauti or Arnautaši was coined by 19th and early 20th century Serbian ethnographers to refer to the
Modern period
The arising
World War I and First Yugoslavia
During the
The 1918–1929 period of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes witnessed a decrease in the Serbian population of the region and an increase in the number of Albanians. In 1929, the state was renamed the
World War II
After the
During the occupation, the population was subject to expulsion, internment, forced labour, torture, destruction of private property, confiscation of land and livestock, destruction and damaging of monasteries, churches, cultural-historical monuments and graveyards.
Second Yugoslavia
The Province of Kosovo was formed in 1946 as an autonomous region to protect its regional Albanian majority within the People's Republic of Serbia as a member of the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia under the leadership of the former Partisan leader, Josip Broz Tito, but with no factual autonomy. After Yugoslavia's name changed to the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and Serbia's to the Socialist Republic of Serbia in 1953, the Autonomous Region of Kosovo gained some autonomy in the 1960s. In the 1974 constitution, the Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo's government received higher powers, including the highest governmental titles – President and Premier and a seat in the Federal Presidency which made it a de facto Socialist Republic within the Federation, but remaining as a Socialist Autonomous Region within the Socialist Republic of Serbia.
In 1981, Albanian students organized protests seeking that Kosovo become a Republic within Yugoslavia. Those protests were in Serbian and Albanian were defined official on the Provincial level marking the two largest linguistic Kosovan groups: Serbs and Albanians. In the 1970s, an Albanian nationalist movement pursued full recognition of the Province of Kosovo as another republic within the federation, while the most extreme elements aimed for full-scale independence. Tito's government dealt with the situation swiftly, but only gave it a temporary solution. The ethnic balance of Kosovo witnessed unproportional increase as the number of Albanians rose dramatically due to higher birth rates.[75] Serbs barely increased and dropped in the full share of the total population down to 10% due to higher demographic raise of the Albanian population.
In 1981, Albanian students organized protests seeking that Kosovo become a Republic within Yugoslavia. Those protests were harshly contained by the centralist Yugoslav government. In 1986, the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts (SANU) was working on a document, which later would be known as the SANU Memorandum. An unfinished edition was filtered to the press. In the essay, SANU explained the Serbian peoples history as victims of a 500-year and more genocide from Kosovo, and therefore called for the revival of Serb nationalism. During this time, Slobodan Milošević's rise to power started in the League of the Socialists of Serbia. Milošević used the discontent reflected in the SANU memorandum for his political goals.
One of the events that contributed to Milošević's rise of power was the Gazimestan Speech, delivered in front of 1,000,000 Serbs at the central celebration marking the 600th anniversary of the Battle of Kosovo, held at Gazimestan on 28 June 1989.
Soon afterwards, as approved by the Assembly in 1990, the autonomy of Kosovo was revoked back to the old status (1971). He had said "Strong Serbia, Weak Yugoslavia – Weak Serbia, Strong Yugoslavia" Milošević, however, did not remove Kosovo's seat from the Federal Presidency. After Slovenia's secession from Yugoslavia in 1991, Milošević used the seat to attain dominance over the Federal government, outvoting his opponents.
Breakup of Yugoslavia and Kosovo War
After the Dayton Agreement of 1995, the Kosovo Liberation Army, ethnic-Albanian paramilitary organisation that sought the separation of Kosovo and the eventual creation of a Greater Albania,[76][77][78][79][80] began attacking Serbian civilians and Yugoslav army and police, bombing police stations and government buildings, killing Yugoslav police and innocent people of all nationalities, even Albanians who were not on their side.[81] As of 2014[update], mass graves of Kosovar Albanian victims are still being found.[82] There have been many reports of abuses and war crimes committed by the KLA during and after the conflict, such as massacres of civilians (Lake Radonjić massacre, Gnjilane, Staro Gracko, Klečka etc.), prison camps (Lapušnik), organ theft and destruction of medieval churches and monuments.[citation needed]
According to the 1991 Yugoslavia census, there were 194,190 Serbs in Kosovo[83] after the Kosovo War, a large number of Serbs fled or were expelled and many of the remaining civilians were subjected to abuse.[84][85][86][87][88] During the unrest in Kosovo, 35 churches and monasteries were destroyed or seriously damaged. After Kosovo and other Yugoslav Wars, Serbia became home to highest number of refugees and IDPs (including Kosovo Serbs) in Europe.[89][90][91]
In total, 156 Serbian Orthodox churches and monasteries have been
21st century
The interim Kosovo government unilaterally
Some officials[
On 30 September 2008, Serbian President Boris Tadić stated that he would consider partitioning Kosovo if all other options were exhausted. The former Foreign Minister for Serbia and Montenegro, Goran Svilanović, applauded the suggestion saying "finally this is a realistic approach coming from Serbia. Finally, after several years, there is a room to discuss."[102] After his comments aroused controversy in the media, Tadić reiterated that he was suggesting this as a possibility only if all other options were exhausted.[103]
In the Brussels Agreement of 2013, Serbia agreed to grant the government in Pristina authority over Kosovo, while Pristina made an agreement to form Community of Serb Municipalities, which has not been fulfilled. Kosovo Serbs have accepted many aspects of Kosovo's rule and Kosovo Serbs now vote on Kosovo central election commission ballots in local elections.[citation needed]
During the COVID-19 pandemic, Kosovo Serbs found themselves in a limbo, stuck between different orders issued by Serbia and Kosovo.[104] In November 2020, during the COVID pandemics, Kosovo policemen and inspectors stormed and temporarily closed several Serb-owned pharmacies in North Kosovo, attempting to confiscate medicine supplies, because the items were allegedly not registered within the central system in Pristina. The act was met with citizen protest which were on the verge of escalation.[105][106] In December 2020, the vaccines for COVID-19 were sent to North Kosovo by Serbia without any consultation with Kosovan authorities. Kosovo opposed the arrival of those vaccines, claiming that they were illegally distributed by Serbia.[107][108] Only few people were vaccinated and the remaining vaccines were sent back after an investigation was launched.[109] In 2021 health workers from North Kosovo protested against arrests of their colleagues who are employed in the hospitals which take care of patients with COVID-19. They described the actions as "inhumane" and sent protesting letters to various international institutions and organisations.[110]
Kosovo’s Serb minority is often the target of demonstrations of hostility and attacks.[111] In addition to that, members of the Kosovo Serbs community face mistreatment and prejudice in Serbia too.[112]
Demographics
Year | Albanians | Serbs | Others |
---|---|---|---|
1921 | 65 % | 26 % | 9 % |
1931 | 60 % | 33 % | 7 % |
1948[113] | 68 % | 24 % | 8 % |
1953 | 65 % | 23 % | 11 % |
1961 | 67 % | 23 % | 9 % |
1971 | 73 % | 18 % | 8 % |
1981 | 77 % | 13 % | 9 % |
1991[83] | 82 % | 10 % | 8 % |
2000[114] | 88 % | 7 % | 5 % |
2007[114] | 92 % | 5 % | 3 % |
During the 20th century, the Serb population of Kosovo constantly decreased. Today, Serbs mostly populate the
ECMI calculated, based on 2010 and 2013 estimations, that ca. 146,128 Serbs resided in Kosovo, that is, ca. 7.8% of the total population.[7] In 2012, the Helsinki Committee for Human Rights in Serbia estimated that the number was 90–120,000.[117] The Republic of Kosovo-organized 2011 census did not take place in North Kosovo, and was boycotted by a considerable number of Serbs in southern Kosovo.[7] The ECMI did call "for caution when referring to the 2011 Census in Kosovo".[118] There are ten municipalities constituted by a Serb numerical majority.[7] These are the four northern municipalities of North Mitrovica, Leposavić, Zvečan, Zubin Potok, and the six southern (enclave) municipalities of Gračanica, Štrpce, Novo Brdo, Ranilug, Parteš and Klokot.[7] As of 2014, the OSCE estimates that around 96,000 Serbs live in Kosovo.[8]
The UNHCR estimated in 2019 that the total number of IDPs (Serbs and non-Serbs) from Kosovo in Serbia are 68,514.[3] Serbia has claimed (2018) that a total 199,584 IDPs from Kosovo (Serbs and non-Serbs) origin have settled and live in Serbia after the war based on the original data it gathered in 2000.[119][120] The UNHCR reported in 2009, based on the official figures by the government of Serbia, that around 205,835 IDPs who fled from Kosovo lived in Serbia.[121] These included Serbs, Roma, Ashkali and Egyptians.[122] The registration data in 2000 are the only official data which have been generated and there has been no re-registration of IDPs in Serbia since 2000. The same figure has been used in all official reports since then with some statistical reconfigurations. As such, the reliability of the registration of IDPs living in Serbia has been questioned.[119][120][123]
In 2003, the number of Kosovo Serb IDPs in Montenegro was c. 12,000.[124] The numbers do not include those that have received Montenegrin citizenship. As of 2015, there were at least 6,600 Kosovo Serb refugees in Montenegro.[125] By 2019, there were 135 IDPs in total in Montenegro from Kosovo.[3]
In 2017, per the Serbian President Aleksandar Vučić, there were 94,998 Serbs in Kosovo. In the north, there were 47.1 percent of them and south of the Ibar lived 52.8 percent of the Serbs.[126]
Municipality | Percentage | Number |
---|---|---|
North Mitrovica | 76.48% | 22,530 |
Leposavić | 96% | 18,000 |
Zvečan | 96.1% | 16,000 |
Zubin Potok | 93.29% | 13,900 |
Štrpce | 70.58% | 9,100 |
Gračanica | 82.15% | 7,209 |
Novo Brdo | 61.46% | 5,802 |
Ranilug | 97.15% | 5,718 |
Parteš | 99.96% | 5,300 |
Gjilan | 5.29% | 5,000 |
Klokot | 71.23% | 3,500 |
Vushtrri | 4.79% | 3,500 |
Kamenica | 8.01% | 3,019 |
Obiliq | 12.37% | 3,000 |
Lipjan | 3.37% | 2,000 |
Pristina | 1% | 2,000 |
Istog | 4.16% | 1,700 |
Rahovec | 1.76% | 1,000 |
Peja | 1.03% | 1,000 |
Kosovo Polje | 2.51% | 900 |
Klina | 1.53% | 600 |
Skenderaj | 0.59% | 300 |
Viti, Kosovo | 0.59% | 280 |
Prizren | 0.13% | 237 |
Ferizaj | 0.06% | 60 |
Shtime | 0.18% | 49 |
Deçan | 0.11% | 46 |
Gjakova | 0.02% | 17 |
Mitrovica | 0.02% | 14 |
Podujevo | 0.01% | 12 |
Dragash | 0.02% | 7 |
Suva Reka | <0.01% | 2 |
Kaçanik | <0.01% | 1 |
Culture
The Battle of Kosovo is particularly important to Serbian history, tradition, and national identity.[127]
Medieval
In connection with social gatherings among the Serbs around the churches and monasteries called Sabori during the
Serbian folk music is rich in a large number of songs from Kosovo, which were especially preserved in the performances of Jordan Nikolić and Mara Đorđević.[citation needed]
The Serbs in Kosovo speak the dialects of Zeta-South Raška, Kosovo-Resava, and Prizren-South Morava.[citation needed]
UNESCO World Heritage Sites
Prominent people
Monarchs
- Lazar of Serbia, Serbian ruler who led the army in the Battle of Kosovo, born in Prilepac fortress in Boževce village near Kosovska Kamenica.
- Bulgarian empress consort
- Musić noble family
- Jelena Balšić, Serbian noblewoman
- Jovan Dragoslav, Serbian nobleman
- Mladen, magnate and vojvoda
- Vuk Branković, lord of District of Branković
- Đurađ Branković, lord of District of Branković
- Mara Branković
- Kantakuzina Katarina Branković
- Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire
Politicians
- Radivoje Milojković, prime minister of Principality of Serbia
- Dušan Mugoša, Presidents of the Assembly of SAP Kosovo
- Ilija Vakić, Chairman of the Executive Council of SAP Kosovo
- Bogoljub Nedeljković, Chairman of the Executive Council of SAP Kosovo
- Dragan Tomić, acting President of Serbia
- Minister of Information of Serbia and director of the Radio Television of Serbia
- Ivica Dačić, Prime Minister of Serbia
- Jorgovanka Tabaković, Governor of the National Bank of Serbia
- Goran Svilanović, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Serbia and Montenegro
- Slobodan Petrović, Deputy Prime Minister of Republic of Kosovo
- Aleksandar Jablanović, Minister of Communities and Returns of Republic of Kosovo
- Branislav Grbić, Minister of Communities and Returns of Republic of Kosovo
- Dalibor Jevtić, Minister of Communities and Returns of Republic of Kosovo
- Oliver Ivanović, State Secretary of the Ministry for Kosovo and Metohija
- Bogoljub Karić, businessman and politician
- Vladimir Dobričanin, doctor and politician, Member of the Parliament of Montenegro
- Borislav Pelević
- Dragan Velić
- Radovan Ničić
- Slaviša Ristić
Religious people
- Joanikije II, Archbishop of Peć and first Serbian Patriarch
- Pajsije, Archbishop of Peć and Serbian Patriarch
- Vikentije Popović-Hadžilavić, the first metropolitan of Metropolitanate of Karlovci
- Arsenije IV Jovanović Šakabenta, Archbishop of Peć and Serbian Patriarch
- Lazar the Serb, monk and horologist who invented and built the first known mechanical public clock in Russia
- Martin Segon, Catholic Bishop of Ulcinj
Military people
- invasion of the Ottoman Empire
- Austrian-Ottoman Wars
- Čolak-Anta, military commander and one of the most important figures of the First Serbian Uprising
- Ibarski Kolašin
- Serbian American soldier who received the Medal of Honor for his service in the U.S. Army during World War I
- Boro Vukmirović, one of the organizers of the anti-fascist uprising in Kosovo
- Živko Gvozdić, commander in the Balkan Wars and World War I
- Chetnikcommander
- Lazar Kujundžić, Chetnik commander
- Sava Petrović-Grmija, Chetnik soldier
- Božidar Delić, general of the Army of Yugoslavia
- Veljko Radenović, Serbian police general
- Zoran Radosavljević, pilot
- Milan Mojsilović, Chief of General Staff of the Serbian Armed Forces
Writers
- Elder Grigorije, Serbian Orthodox clergyman and writer
- Marko Pećki, writer and poet
- Konstantin Mihailović, author of a memoir of his time as a Janissary in the army of the Ottoman Empire.
- Dimitrije Kantakuzin, writer who lived in the 15th century
- Vladislav the Grammarian, an Orthodox Christian monk, scribe, historian and theologian
- Grigorije Božović, writer
- Lazar Vučković, poet
- David Albahari, Serbian Jewish writer
- Darinka Jevrić, poet
- Dejan Stojanović, poet, writer and essayist
- Novica Petković, writer, professor and member of ANURS
- Mošo Odalović, poet
Science and education
- Gligorije Elezović, historian and member of the Serbian Academy of Science and Arts
- Atanasije Urošević, geographer and ethnologist
- Radivoje Papović, Rector of the University of Pristina
- School of Medicine and a corresponding member of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts
- University of Pristina Faculty of Arts
- Anđelko Karaferić, musician, Professor of Counterpoint and Associate Dean at the University of Pristina Faculty of Arts
- Andrijana Videnović, actress and Associate Professor of Diction at the University of Pristina Faculty of Arts
- Jasmina Novokmet, conductor, professor and former Associate Dean at the University of Pristina
- Aleksandra Trajković, pianist, Assistant Professor of Piano and Chief of the Piano Department at the University of Pristina
- Tomislav Trifić, graphic artist and Dean of the University of Pristina Faculty of Arts
- Branibor Debeljković, artist, historian and professor
- Slađana Đurić, professor of philosophy and sociology
Art
Visual art
- Svetomir Arsić-Basara, sculptor
- Branibor Debeljković, photographer
- Aleksandar Joksimović, fashion designer
- Trajko Stojanović Kosovac, graphic artist, painter, scenographer
- Slobodan Trajković, painter
Cinema and theatre
- Ljuba Tadić, Dobričin prsten and four-time Golden Arena for Best Actor winner
- Mira Stupica, Dobričin prsten and Golden Arena for Best Actress winner
- Dragoslav Ilić
- Dragan Maksimović
- Miodrag Krivokapić
- Saša Pantić
- Milan Vasić
- Predrag Vasić
Music
- Jordan Nikolić, folk singer who interpreted traditional songs from Kosovo[130]
- Brankica Vasić Vasilisa, performer of traditional songs from Kosovo and Macedonia
- Milica Milisavljević Dugalić, performer of traditional songs from Kosovo
- Bora Spužić Kvaka, folk singer
- Dragica Radosavljević Cakana, folk singer
- Viktorija, rock artist who represented Yugoslavia in the Eurovision Song Contest 1982 as part of Aska
- Đani, folk singer
- Jana, folk singer
- Tina Ivanović, folk singer
- Slađa Delibašić, pop singer and dancer
- Peđa Medenica, pop-folk singer
- Stefan Đurić Rasta, popular musician
- Nevena Božović, pop singer who represented Serbia in the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2007, with band Moje 3 in the Eurovision Song Contest 2013 and solo in the Eurovision Song Contest 2019
Sport
- Milutin Šoškić, football player and Olympic champion
- Vladimir Durković, football player and Olympic champion
- Stevan Stojanović, football goalkeeper and European Cup champion
- Goran Đorović, football player
- Ranko Popović, football player and coach
- Mladen Dodić, football player and coach
- Dragoljub Bekvalac, football player and coach
- Darko Spalević, football player
- Nenad Stojković, football player
- Nikola Lazetić, football player
- Miloš Krasić, football player and 2009 Serbian Footballer of the Year
- Milan Biševac, football player
- Miodrag Anđelković, football player
- Aleksandar Čanović, football player
- Miroslav Vulićević, football player
- Miloš Ostojić, football player
- Milan Milanović, football player
- Aleksandar Paločević, football player
- Đorđe Jovanović, football player
- Sreten Mirković, boxer and European Amateur Championships silver medalist
- Marko Simonović, basketball player, Olympic and World Cup silver medalist
- Miloš Bojović, basketball player
- Miljana Bojović, basketball player
- Bojan Krstović, basketball player
- Dejan Musli, basketball player
- Milena Rašić, volleyball player, World and European champion, Olympic silver medalist
- Vaso Komnenić, high jumper
- Darko Radomirović, middle distance and long-distance runner
- Sonja Stolić, middle distance and long-distance runner
- Novak Djokovic, tennis player, World No.1 and 17-time Grand Slam champion[132]
- Danijela Rundqvist, Swedish ice hockey player and two-time Olympic medalist[133]
- Luka Dončić, Slovenian basketball player, European and EuroLeague champion
Other
- Sima Igumanov, merchant who made a fortune through tobacco trade and invested his fortune in building educational facilities
- Bogdan Radenković, an organizer of the Serbian Chetnik Organization and one of the founders of the Black Hand
- Đorđe Martinović, farmer from who was at the centre of a notorious incident in May 1985
- Zvezdan Jovanović, former paramilitary, JSO Commander and convicted criminal
- Anđelka Tomašević, Miss Earth Serbia 2013 and Miss Universe Serbia 2014
- Katarina Šulkić, Miss Serbia 2015
See also
- Community of Serb Municipalities
- Serbian enclaves in Kosovo
- Enclave (film), a 2015 Serbian film
- Gorani people
- Janjevci
Annotations
References
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- ^ a b c "UNHCR - Kosovo Fact Sheet 2019" (PDF). UNHCR.
- ^ "Kosovo Population 2019". 28 July 2019. Archived from the original on 28 July 2019. Retrieved 11 July 2021.
- ^ NATO-led Kosovo Force(KFOR).
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- ^ ECMI Kosovo. 2013. Archived from the original(PDF) on 16 January 2017. Retrieved 29 January 2017.
- ^ a b Cocozelli 2016, p. 267.
- ^ JSTOR 26593793.
- ^ Cox 2002, p. 29.
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- ^ Ivić 1995.
- ^ Casiday, Augustine (2012), The Orthodox Christian World (PDF), Routledge, p. 135
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- ^ Fine 1994, p. 373-382.
- ^ Ćirković 2004, p. 77-80.
- ^ Fine 1994, p. 382-389, 408-414.
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- ^ Dj. Mikic drustveno politicki razvoj kosovskih Srba u XIX veku, Glasnik muzeja Kosova XIII-XIV, Pristina 1984
- ^ I. Dermaku, Neki aspekti saradnje Srbije i Arbanasa u borbi protiv turskog feudalizma 1804-1868. godine, Glasnik Muzeja Kosova XI, Pristina, 1972, page 238
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What is most problematic about the arnautas thesis, though, is not its historical claims, which can be tested against the evidence, but its political or ideological implications.
- ^ Ivo Banac. The National Question in Yugoslavia: Origins, History, Politics. p. 295.
- ^ Steven Béla Várdy (2003). Ethnic Cleansing in Twentieth-century Europe. Social Science Monographs. p. 226.
Simultaneously, they developed the thesis many of them were initially Serbs who had been converted to Islam. They spoke of arnautasi ( Albanized Serbs ) in order to " reclassify " the Albanians as Serbs.
- ISBN 978-1-4008-4776-1. Archivedfrom the original on 28 July 2021. Retrieved 28 July 2021.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-521-77401-7.
The Albanians were accused of having forced some 150,000 Serbs out of Kosovo since the mid-1870s and of conducting a campaign of local terror against the Serbs who remained.
- ISBN 978-0-88033-062-6.
- ^ Bogdanović, Dimitrije (1986b). Knjiga o Kosovu (in Serbian). p. 132.
- ISBN 978-0-88033-062-6.
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- ^ a b Антонијевић 2009, p. 9.
- ^ Антонијевић 2009, p. 10.
- ^ Антонијевић 2009, p. 24.
- ^ Fischer 1999, p. 238.
- ^ Božović 1991, p. 85.
- ^ Mojzes 2011, p. 95.
- ^ Mojzes 2011, pp. 94–95.
- ^ a b Антонијевић 2009, p. 27.
- ^ Антонијевић 2009, pp. 26–27.
- ISBN 9780253346568.
- ^ "Prishtine – mon amour". bturn.com. 7 September 2012.
- ISBN 9783643106117.
- ISBN 9789046607497.
- ISBN 9780262305129.
- ISBN 9780313346422.
- ^ "Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA)". Encyclopædia Britannica. 14 September 2014.
- ^ "Albanian Insurgents Keep NATO Forces Busy". Time. 6 March 2001.
- ^ "KLA Ran Torture Camps in Albania". 29 April 2009. Retrieved 14 September 2016.
- ^ "Remains of Kosovo Albanian war victims found in Serbia". 27 May 2014. Retrieved 29 June 2014.
- ^ ISBN 1563246767.
- ^ "Abuses against Serbs and Roma in the new Kosovo". Human Rights Watch. August 1999.
- ISBN 9780230201316.
- ^ "Kosovo Crisis Update". UNHCR. 4 August 1999.
- ^ "Forced Expulsion of Kosovo Roma, Ashkali and Egyptians from OSCE Participated state to Kosovo". OSCE. 6 October 2006.
- ISBN 978-0-19-953387-9. Retrieved 24 February 2013.
- ^ "Serbia home to highest number of refugees and IDPs in Europe". B92. 20 June 2010.
- ^ "Serbia: Europe's largest proctracted refugee situation". OSCE. 2008.
- ISBN 9781137010209. Retrieved 31 January 2017.
- ^ Ted Olsen (1 March 2004). "Dozens of Churches Destroyed in Kosovo". Christianity Today. Retrieved 14 March 2013.
- ^ "KLA rebels accused of vandalizing Serb monastery". New York: CNN. 17 June 1999.
- ^ "Kosovo Declares Independence From Serbia". Geography.about.com. Archived from the original on 7 August 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2011.
- Agence France Presse. 28 February 2008. Archived from the originalon 5 October 2012. Retrieved 9 March 2008.
- ^ "Kosovo PM: End to Parallel Structures". Balkan Insight. 7 March 2008. Archived from the original on 14 April 2009. Retrieved 9 March 2008.
- ^ "UN: Kosovo Partition 'Not An Option'". Balkan Insight. 5 March 2008. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 9 March 2008.
- ^ Eland, Ivan (20 February 2008). "Prevent trouble with partition of Kosovo". The Detroit News. Retrieved 9 March 2008.
- ^ "K. Serb leader: Partition talk is nonsense". B92. 25 February 2008. Archived from the original on 28 February 2008. Retrieved 9 March 2008.
- ^ Robinson, Matt (29 February 2008). "Serbs bid for Bosnia-style division in Kosovo". Reuters. Retrieved 9 March 2008.
- ^ "EU dismisses Serb autonomy in Kosovo". United Press International. 3 March 2008. Archived from the original on 4 June 2011. Retrieved 9 March 2008.
- ^ "Serbian president says dividing Kosovo an option: report". Agence France-Presse. 30 September 2008. Archived from the original on 3 October 2008. Retrieved 1 October 2008.
- ^ "Tadić "not suggesting Kosovo partition"". B92. 1 October 2008. Archived from the original on 4 October 2008. Retrieved 1 October 2008.
- ^ "COVID-19 Exacerbates Ethnic Serb Limbo in Kosovo". Balkan Insight. 30 September 2020. Retrieved 6 December 2020.
- ^ KoSSev (19 November 2020). "Kosovo health officials inspect pharmacy in North Mitrovica amidst the pandemic - assisted by the ECI police unit, citizens protest". KoSSev (in Serbian). Retrieved 6 December 2020.
- ^ FoNet, Piše (19 November 2020). "Građani sprečili zaplenu lekova na Kosovu". Dnevni list Danas (in Serbian). Retrieved 6 December 2020.
- ^ "Kosovo Protests 'Illegal' Arrival of COVID-19 Vaccines in North". Balkan Insight. 28 December 2020. Retrieved 5 January 2021.
- ^ Bislimi, Bekim; Heil, Andy (30 December 2020). "'Illegal' Vaccines In Northern Kosovo Provide A Heavy Dose Of Cross-Border Politics". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Retrieved 5 January 2021.
- ^ "Serbia Accused of Playing Politics by Sending Vaccines to Kosovo". Balkan Insight. 29 December 2020. Retrieved 5 January 2021.
- ^ Serbia, RTS, Radio televizija Srbije, Radio Television of. "Protest zdravstvenih radnika u Kosovskoj Mitrovici". www.rts.rs. Retrieved 25 January 2021.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Andrea Lorenzo Capussela (28 September 2020). "Are 'Serb' churches Serb? Critique of an unwise choice". European Western Balkans. Retrieved 7 July 2021.
- ^ "Return to Kosovo: The Serbs Who Re-Embraced Their Hometown". Balkan Insight. 14 January 2020. Retrieved 12 July 2021.
- ^ "Report on the size and ethnic composition of the population of Kosovo" (PDF). ICTY. 14 August 2002.
- ^ a b Statistics Office of Kosovo, World Bank (2000), OSCE (2007)
- ^ "UN rights chief urges broad cooperation to achieve comprehensive settlement in Kosovo". UN News Center. Retrieved 18 June 2013.
- ^ "Human Rights Watch: Abuses Against Serbs And Roma In The New Kosovo (August 1999)". Hrw.org. Retrieved 18 October 2011.
- ^ "Srpska zajednica na Kosovu" (PDF). helsinki.org.rs (in Serbian). Helsinki Committee for Human Rights in Serbia. 2012. Retrieved 11 June 2015.
Prema ocenama...broj Srba na Kosovu je između 90.000 i 120.000. [According to the estimates, the number of Serbs in Kosovo is between 90.000 to 120.000]
- ^ "ECMI: Minority figures in Kosovo census to be used with reservations". ECMI. Archived from the original on 28 May 2017. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
- ^ a b U Srbiji živi skoro 200.000 interno raseljenih lica sa Kosova i Metohije, Radio-televizija Vojvodine, 1 October 2018: Prema najnovijim podacima, u Srbiji, ne računajući teritoriju Kosova i Metohije, živi 199.584 interno raseljenih lica sa KiM od čega su 68.514 lica, odnosno 16.644 porodice, u stanju potrebe - nemaju odgovarajuće stambeno rešenje i adekvatne prihode kojim bi mogli sebi takvo rešenje da obezbede.
- ^ a b "U Srbiji živi skoro 200.000 interno raseljenih lica sa KiM". Politika Online. Retrieved 18 February 2021.
- ^ "UNHCR: Returns to Kosovo halted". B92. 5 April 2010. Archived from the original on 31 December 2014.
1 August 2009 UNHCR
- ^ Cvejic, Slobodan; Babovic, Marija. "IDPs FROM AND WITHIN KOSOVO: Vulnerabilities and Resources June 2009" (PDF). SeConS – Development Initiative Group and Danish Refugee Council, prepared under the UNHCR and UNDP Joint Programming Framework. p. 4.
- ^ Allen, Richard. "Support for IDPs in Serbia Summary Report and Proposals" (PDF). UNHCR.
Officially, there are 203,140 persons displaced from Kosovo and still living in Serbia. This data comes from the registration of IDPs in 2000 and following subsequent movements of people out of Kosovo. There has been no re-registration exercise, but the total number of registered people is adjusted annually to reflect population movements and demographic changes. While the reliability of registration data can be questioned, it remains the sole source of official data.
- ^ a b Radević, Dragana (2005). "Izbjeglice i interno raseljene osobe u Crnoj Gori–trajna rješenja". Migracijske I Etničke Teme.
Crna Gora je pružila (ili pruža) utočište za 18.047 interno raseljenih osoba s Kosova od kojih je većina izbjegla 1999., a manji broj njih 2000. (Izvještaj o registracijiraseljenih lica..., 2003). Među interno raseljenima trećina su Romi, a najviše ih je smješteno u romskim naseljima, gdje su izmiješani s lokalnim sunarodnjacima ... Ukupan broj raseljenih u Crnoj Gori je približno 26.500
- ^ a b "Izbeglice sa Kosova protiv Tačijeve posete". 12 January 2015.
Estimates suggest that over 6,600 Kosovo Serbs still live in Montenegro, over 15 years after the conflict ended. The majority of them still live in temporary refugee settlements without personal identity documents.
- ^ "(MAPA) SRBI NA KOSOVU U sastav ZSO ulazi 10 opština sa srpskom većinom: Najviše ih je u Severnoj Mitrovici, a najveća enklava i povratničko mesto su JUŽNO OD IBRA". Blic.rs. Retrieved 19 November 2023.
- ISBN 978-0-7618-6106-5.
- ^ Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. "World Heritage Committee puts Medieval Monuments in Kosovo on Danger List and extends site in Andorra, ending this year's inscriptions". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 4 August 2021.
- ^ Serbian Folk Dance Tradition in Prizren Ethnomusicology, Vol. 6, No. 2 (May 1962)
- ^ "Косовo у гласу Јордана Николића". www.rts.rs. RTS, Radio televizija Srbije, Radio Television of Serbia. Retrieved 8 February 2021.
- ^ "Djokovic doesn't regret Kosovo comments". TENNIS.com. 7 October 2011.
- ^ Đoković to visit northern Kosovo Thursday Accessed 10 April 2015. "Đoković, whose family is originally from Kosovo, will be in the province to support the Serbs there..."
- ^ "Danijela Rundqvist blog". Retrieved 14 February 2010.
Sources
- Антонијевић, Ненад (2009). Албански злочини над Србима на Косову и Метохији у Другом светском рату: Документа (PDF) (2nd ed.). Крагујевац & Београд: Музеј жртава геноцида.
- Bogdanović, Dimitrije (1986) [25 December 1984]. The Kosovo Question Past and Present. Serbian Academy Of Sciences And Arts Monographs. Vol. DLXVI. Belgrade.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Božović, Branislav (1991). Surova vremena na Kosovu i Metohiji: kvislinzi i kolaboracija u drugom svetskom ratu. Institut za savremenu istoriju. ISBN 9788674030400.
- ISBN 9781405142915.
- Cocozelli, Fred (2016). "The Serbs of Kosovo". In Ramet, Sabrina (ed.). Ethnic Minorities and Politics in Post-Socialist Southeastern Europe. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-316982778.
- Cox, John K. (2002). The History of Serbia. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 9780313312908.
- ISBN 0472082604.
- Fischer, Bernd J. (1999). Albania at War, 1939-1945. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. ISBN 978-1-85065-531-2.
- ISBN 9781870732314.
- Mojzes, Paul (2011). Balkan Genocides: Holocaust and Ethnic Cleansing in the 20th Century. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9781442206632.
- Stephenson, Paul (2000). Byzantium's Balkan Frontier: A Political Study of the Northern Balkans, 900-1204. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521770170.
- Šuica, Marko (2011). "The Image of the Battle of Kosovo (1389) Today: a Historic Event, a Moral Pattern, or the Tool of Political Manipulation". The Uses of the Middle Ages in Modern European States: History, Nationhood and the Search for Origins. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 152–174. ISBN 9780230283107.
- Živković, Tibor; Bojanin, Stanoje; Petrović, Vladeta, eds. (2000). Selected Charters of Serbian Rulers (XII-XV Century): Relating to the Territory of Kosovo and Metohia. Athens: Center for Studies of Byzantine Civilisation.
- Le Kosovo-Metohija dans l'histoire serbe (in French). L'AGE D'HOMME. 1990. ISBN 978-2-8251-0139-1.
Further reading
- Books
- Аврамовић, Зоран, ed. (2007). Историја и књижевност Срба Косова и Метохије (in Serbian). Косовска Митровица: Филозофски факултет. ISBN 978-86-85047-11-4.
- Bataković, Dušan T. (1992). The Kosovo Chronicles. Belgrade: Plato.
- ISBN 9782825111321.
- Bataković, Dušan T., ed. (2007). Kosovo and Metohija: Living in the Enclave (PDF). Belgrade: Institute for Balkan Studies.
- ISBN 9782911527128.
- ISBN 9788682685395.
- ISBN 9788682685395.
- ISBN 9788617134943.
- Bogdanović, Dimitrije (1985). Књига о Косову [The Book on Kosovo]. Beograd: SANU.
- Ćurčić, Slobodan (1979). Gračanica: King Milutin's Church and Its Place in Late Byzantine Architecture. Pennsylvania State University Press. ISBN 9780271002187.
- Dželetović, Pavle Ivanov (2004). Злочини Арбанаса над Србима. Belgrade: Геополитика.
- Đorđević, Života; Pejić, Svetlana, eds. (1999). Cultural Heritage of Kosovo and Metohija. Belgrade: Institute for the Protection of Cultural Monuments of the Republic of Serbia. ISBN 9788680879161.
- Karapandžić, Bor. M. (1986). Srpsko Kosovo i Metohija: zločini Arnauta nad srpskim narodom. sn.n.
- Krstić, Branislav (2003). Saving the Cultural Heritage of Serbia and Europe in Kosovo and Metohia. Belgrade: Coordination Center of the Federal Government and the Government of the Republic of Serbia for Kosovo and Metohia. ISBN 9788675560173.
- Krstić, Branislav (2004). Kosovo: Facing the Court of History. Amherst: Humanity Books.
- Marković, Miodrag; Vojvodić, Dragan, eds. (2017). Serbian Artistic Heritage in Kosovo and Metohija: Identity, Significance, Vulnerability. Belgrade: Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts.
- Mikić, Đorđe (1988). Društvene i ekonomske prilike kosovskih srba u XIX i početkom XX veka. SANU. ISBN 9788670250772.
- Mitrović, Dragan M., ed. (2010). The Predicament of Serbian Orthodox Holy Places in Kosovo and Metohia : elements for a historical, legal and conservational understanding (PDF) (1st ed.). Belgrade: Faculty of Law.
- Nušić, Branislav Đ. (1986). Kosovo: opis zemlje i naroda (in Serbian). (Public Domain)
- Ocić, Časlav (2006). "Kosovo and Metohia: Ethnodemographic Changes from the End of World War II to 1991" (PDF). Срби на Косову и у Метохији: Зборник радова са научног скупа. Београд: Српска академија наука и уметности. pp. 441–460. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 January 2019. Retrieved 18 January 2019.
- Перуничић, Бранко (1989). Зулуми ага и бегова над српским народом у Косовском вилајету (1878-1913). Београд: Нова књига. ISBN 9788673350592.
- Petrović, Ruža; Blagojević, Marina (1992). The Migration of Serbs and the Montenegrins from Kosovo and Metohija: Results of the Survey Conducted in 1985-1986. Belgrade: Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts.
- Popović, Zarija R. (1900). Pred Kosovom: beleške iz doba 1874-1878 godine. Drž. štamp. Kralj. Srbije.
- Stojančević, Vladimir (1998). Srpski narod u Staroj Srbiji u Velikoj istočnoj krizi 1876-1878. Službeni list SRJ. ISBN 9788635503905.
- Subotić, Gojko (1998). Art of Kosovo: The Sacred Land. New York: The Monacelli Press. ISBN 9781580930062.
- ISBN 9788675585732.
- Journals
- Antonijević, Nenad (2009). "Kidnapped Serbs and Other Non-Albanians in the Territory of the Autonomous Province of Kosovo and the Metohija from 1998/89 to 2002 and Their Fate: Information" (PDF). Istorija 20. Veka: Časopis Instituta Za Savremenu Istoriju. 27 (1): 201–204.
- Zdravković-Zonta, Helena (2011). "Serbs as threat the extreme negative portrayal of the Serb "minority" in Albanian-language newspapers in Kosovo" (PDF). Balcanica (42): 165–215. .
- Conference papers
- Pejin, Jovan (2006). "The Extermination of the Serbs in Metohia, 1941-1944" (PDF). Срби на Косову и у Метохији: Зборник радова са научног скупа. Београд: Српска академија наука и уметности. pp. 189–207.
External links
- Filling the Vacuum: Ensuring Protection and Legal Remedies for Minorities in Kosovo by Minority Rights Group International (May 2009)
- Groups working with all demographics in Kosovo