Luke the Evangelist
Druze faith[1] | |
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Major shrine | Padua, Italy |
Feast | |
Blessed Virgin Mary, a brush or a palette | |
Patronage | Artists, notaries, bachelors, physicians, goldsmiths, butchers, brewers, glass workers, and others[2] |
Major works | Gospel of Luke, Acts of the Apostles |
Luke of Antioch | |
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Christian missionary and Historian | |
Language | Koine Greek |
Notable works | Gospel of Luke and Acts |
Luke the Evangelist
The New Testament mentions Luke briefly a few times, and the Epistle to the Colossians[3] refers to him as a physician (from Greek for 'one who heals'); thus he is thought to have been both a physician and a disciple of Paul.
Since the early years of the faith, Christians have regarded him as a
Life
Many scholars believe that Luke was a physician who lived in the
Whether Luke was a Jew or gentile, or something in between, it is clear from the quality of the Greek language used in Luke-Acts that
Luke's earliest mention is in the
If one accepts that Luke was indeed the author of the Gospel bearing his name and the Acts of the Apostles, certain details of his personal life can be reasonably assumed. While he does exclude himself from those who were eyewitnesses to Jesus' ministry, he repeatedly uses the word we in describing the Pauline missions in Acts of the Apostles, indicating that he was personally there at those times.[24]
The composition of the writings, as well as the range of vocabulary used, indicate that the author was an educated man. A quote in the Epistle to the Colossians differentiates between Luke and other colleagues "of the circumcision."
10My fellow prisoner Aristarchus sends you his greetings, as does Mark, the cousin of Barnabas. 11Jesus, who is called Justus, also sends greetings. These are the only Jews among my co-workers for the kingdom of God, and they have proved a comfort to me. [...] 14Our dear friend Luke, the doctor, and Demas send greetings.
— Colossians 4:10–11, 14[25]
This comment has traditionally caused commentators to conclude that Luke was a gentile. If this were true, it would make Luke the only writer of the New Testament who can clearly be identified as not being Jewish. However, that is not the only possibility. Although Luke is considered likely to have been a gentile Christian, some scholars believe him to have been a
Luke's presence in Rome with the Apostle Paul near the end of Paul's life was attested by 2 Timothy 4:11: "Only Luke is with me". In the last chapter of the Book of Acts, widely attributed to Luke, there are several accounts in the first person also affirming Luke's presence in Rome, including Acts 28:16:[27] "And when we came to Rome..." According to some accounts, Luke also contributed to the authorship of the Epistle to the Hebrews.[28]
Luke died at age 84 in
Authorship of Luke and Acts
The Gospel of Luke does not name its author.[31][32][33][34] The Gospel was not, nor does it claim to be, written by direct witnesses to the reported events, unlike Acts beginning in the sixteenth chapter.[35][36][37] However, in most translations the author suggests that they have investigated the book's events and notes the name (Theophilus) of that to whom they are writing.
The earliest manuscript of the Gospel (Papyrus 75 = Papyrus Bodmer XIV-XV), dated c. AD 200, ascribes the work to Luke; as did Irenaeus writing c. AD 180, and the Muratorian fragment, a 7th-century Latin manuscript thought to be copied and translated from a Greek manuscript as old as AD 170.[38]
The Gospel of Luke and the Acts of the Apostles make up a two-volume work which scholars call Luke–Acts. Together they account for 27.5% of the New Testament, the largest contribution by a single author.[39]
As a historian
Most scholars understand Luke's works (
Based on his accurate description of towns, cities and islands, as well as correctly naming various official titles, archaeologist
On the purpose of Acts, New Testament scholar Luke Timothy Johnson has noted that "Luke's account is selected and shaped to suit his apologetic interests, not in defiance of but in conformity to ancient standards of historiography."[49] Such a position is shared by Richard Heard, who sees historical deficiencies as arising from "special objects in writing and to the limitations of his sources of information."[50]
In modern times, Luke's competence as a historian is questioned, depending upon one's a priori view of the
Robert M. Grant has noted that although Luke saw himself within the historical tradition, his work contains a number of statistical improbabilities, such as the sizable crowd addressed by Peter in Acts 4:4. He has also noted chronological difficulties whereby Luke "has Gamaliel refer to Theudas and Judas in the wrong order, and Theudas actually rebelled about a decade after Gamaliel spoke (5:36–7)",[40] though this report's status as a chronological difficulty is hotly disputed.[52][53]
Brent Landau writes:
So how do we account for a Gospel that is believable about minor events but implausible about a major one? One possible explanation is that Luke believed that Jesus’ birth was of such importance for the entire world that he dramatically juxtaposed this event against an (imagined) act of worldwide domination by a Roman emperor who was himself called “savior” and “son of God”—but who was nothing of the sort. For an ancient historian following in the footsteps of Thucydides, such a procedure would have been perfectly acceptable.[54]
As an artist
Christian tradition, starting from the 8th century, states that Luke was the first
The late medieval Guilds of Saint Luke gathered together and protected painters in many cities of Europe, especially Flanders. The Academy of Saint Luke, in Rome, was imitated in many other European cities during the 16th century. The tradition that Luke painted icons of Mary and Jesus has been common, particularly in Eastern Orthodoxy. The tradition also has support from the Saint Thomas Christians of India who claim to still have one of the Theotokos icons that Saint Luke painted and which Saint Thomas brought to India.[g][failed verification]
The art critic A. I. Uspensky writes that the icons attributed to the brush of the Evangelist Luke have a completely Byzantine character that was fully established only in the 5th-6th centuries.[56]
Symbol
In traditional depictions, such as paintings, evangelist portraits, and church mosaics, Saint Luke is often accompanied by an ox or bull, usually having wings.[why?] Sometimes only the symbol is shown, especially when in a combination of those of all Four Evangelists.[57][58]
Veneration
This section needs additional citations for verification. (October 2022) |
Eastern Orthodoxy
The
- 4 January - The Synaxis of the Seventy Apostles.[60]
- 22 April - Feast of Apostles Nathaniel (Nathanael), Luke the Evangelist, Clement of Sardice or Clement of Rome and Apelles of Heraklion (Greek sources say that Saint Luke (Loukias) was someone other than the Evangelist Luke).[61][62] This feast is held also on the 10 September.
- 20 June - Translation of the relics and garments of the Apostles Luke, Prophet Eliseus, and Martyr Lazarus of Persia found c. 960, during the time of the emperor Romanos Lakapenos (919–44) in a monastery of Saint Augusta into the Church of the Holy Apostles in Constantinople under Emperor Constantine Porphyrogenitus (c. 956–70) by Saint Patriarch Polyeuctus of Constantinople (956–70).[63]
- 10 September - Feast of Apostles of the Seventy: Nathaniel (Nathanael), Luke the Evangelist, Clement of Sardice or Clement of Rome and Apelles of Heraklion (Greek sources say that Saint Luke (Loukias) was someone other than the Evangelist Luke). The commemoration is held again on the 22nd of April.
- 18 October - Feast of the Apostle and Evangelist Luke.[64]
There are also moveable feasts in which Luke is commemorated:
- Synaxis of All Saints of Achaia - Moveable holiday the Sunday before the feast of Saint Andrew (November 30).[65]
- Synaxis of All Saints of Boeotia - Moveable holiday on the last Saturday of May.[66]
Roman Catholicism
The Roman Catholic Church commemorates Luke the Evangelist on October 18.[67]
Oriental Orthodoxy
The Coptic Orthodox Church commemorates the martyrdom of Luke on Paopi 22.[68]
Anglicanism
The Church of England commemorates Luke the Evangelist on October 18.[69]
Relics
Eight bodies and nine heads, located in different places, are presented as the relics of the Apostle Luke.[70][71]
Despot
In 1992, the then
Thus, the relics of Saint Luke are divided as follows:
- The body, in the Abbey of Santa Giustina in Padua;
- The head, in the St. Vitus Cathedral in Prague;
- A rib, at his tomb in Thebes.
We also collected and typed modern samples from Syria and Greece. By comparison with these population samples, and with samples from Anatolia that were already available in the literature, we could reject the hypothesis that the body belonged to a Greek, rather than a Syrian, individual. However, the probability of an origin in the area of modern Turkey was only insignificantly lower than the probability of a Syrian origin. The genetic evidence is therefore compatible with the possibility that the body comes from Syria, but also with its replacement in Constantinople.[77]
— Genetic characterization of the body attributed to the evangelist Luke
Gallery
See also
References
Notes
- Ge'ez: ሉቃስ
- ^ Aherne 1910 notes that it is controversial whether he actually died a martyr's death
- ^ Luke, was born in Antioch, by profession was a physician.Hackett 1858, p. 12 He had become a disciple of the apostle Paul and later followed Paul until his [Paul's] martyrdom. He died at the age of 84 years.Hackett 1858, p. 335
- ^ methodological naturalism, which precludes them from establishing miracles as objective historical facts;Flew 1966, p. 146 cf. Bradley 1874, p. 44.
- ^ Historians can only establish what probably happened in the past, and by definition a miracle is the least probable occurrence. And so, by the very nature of the canons of historical research, we can't claim historically that a miracle probably happened. By definition, it probably didn't. And history can only establish what probably did.Craig & Ehrman 2006
- ^ The basic study on the legends concerning Saint Luke as a painter is Bacci 1998
- ^ Father H. Hosten in his book Antiquities notes the following "The picture at the mount is one of the oldest, and, therefore, one of the most venerable Christian paintings to be had in India. Other traditions hold that St. Luke painted two icons which currently are in Greece: the "Theotokos Mega Spileotissa" (Our Lady of the Great Cave, where supposedly Saint Luke lived for a period of time in asceticism) and the "Panagia Soumela", and "Panagia Kykkou" which are in Cyprus."
Citations
- ISBN 978-0-81086836-6.
They also cover the lives and teachings of some biblical personages, such as Job, Jethro, Jesus, John, Luke, and others
- ^ "Saint Luke the Evangelist". Catholic saints. 27 December 2008.
- ^ Colossians 4:14
- ^ "St. Luke The Evangelist". Catholic News Agency. Retrieved 16 October 2018.
- ^ "The Calendar". The Church of England. Retrieved 27 March 2021.
- ^ "Evangelist Lucas". Ghent University Library. Retrieved 2 October 2020.
- ^ "St. Luke". Catholic Online. 10 August 2023. Retrieved 10 August 2023.
- ^ "BIOGRAPHY OF ST. LUKE". BIOGRAPHY OF ST. LUKE. St. Luke the Evangelist Parish. 10 August 2023. Retrieved 10 August 2023.
- ^ a b Harris 1980, pp. 266–68.
- ^ a b Strelan 2013, pp. 102–10.
- ^ Koet 1989, pp. 157–58.
- ^ Koet 2006, pp. 4–5.
- PMID 11606723.
- ISBN 978-0-567-70588-4.
- ^ Philemon 1:24
- ^ Colossians 4:14
- ^ 2 Timothy 4:11
- ^ Milligan 2006, p. 149.
- ^ Mornin 2006, p. 74.
- ^ Aherne 1910.
- ^ Smith 1935, p. 792.
- ^ von Harnack 1907, p. 5.
- ^ 2 Corinthians 8:18
- ^ a b Bartlet 1911.
- ^ Colossians 4:10–11, Colossians 4:14
- ^ McCall 1996.
- ^ Acts 28:16
- ^ Fonck 1910.
- ^ Butler 1991, p. 342.
- ^ Migne 1901, cols 875–78.
- ^ Sanders 1995, pp. 63–64.
- ^ Ehrman 2000, p. 43.
- ^ Senior, Achtemeier & Karris 2002, p. 328.
- ^ Nickle 2001, p. 43.
- ^ Ehrman 2005, p. 235.
- ^ Ehrman 2004, p. 110.
- ^ Ehrman 2006, p. 143.
- ^ Brown 1997, p. 267.
- ^ Boring 2012, p. 556.
- ^ a b Grant 1963, Ch. 10.
- ^ Bauckham 2017, p. 117.
- ^ a b Ramsay 1915, p. 222.
- ^ a b Blaiklock 1970, p. 96.
- ^ a b c Powell 1989, p. 6.
- ^ a b McGrew 2019.
- ^ a b Flew 1966.
- ^ a b Bradley 1874, p. 44.
- ^ Hemer 1989, pp. 104–7.
- ^ Johnson 1991, p. 474.
- ^ Heard 1950, Ch. 13: The Acts of the Apostles.
- ^ Ehrman 2000, p. 229.
- ^ "Acts 5:36 Commentaries: "For some time ago Theudas rose up, claiming to be somebody, and a group of about four hundred men joined up with him. But he was killed, and all who followed him were dispersed and came to nothing".
- ^ "Good Question…". Christian thinktank. Retrieved 8 March 2022.
- ^ Landau, Brent (n.d.). "Was Luke a Historian?". Bible odyssey. Retrieved 15 July 2020.
- ^ Grigg 1987, pp. 3–9.
- ^ Александр Иванович Успенский. О художественной деятельности евангелиста Луки : I, II. Ев. Лука как иконописец. Ев. Лука как резчик : Реф., чит. 8 нояб. 1900 г. в заседании Церк.-археол. отд. при Общ. люб. духов. просвещения тов. пред. Отд. А.И. Успенским. - Москва : типо-лит. И. Ефимова, 1901. - 12 с.; 27.
- ^ Zuffi 2003, p. 8.
- ^ Audsley & Audsley 1865, p. 94.
- ^ "Лука, Апостол". Drevo-info (in Russian). Retrieved 16 July 2022.
- ^ "Synaxis of the Seventy Apostles". www.oca.org. Archived from the original on 4 January 2021. Retrieved 30 April 2023.
- ^ "Apostle and Evangelist Luke of the Seventy". www.oca.org. Archived from the original on 30 April 2023. Retrieved 30 April 2023.
- ^ "Holy Apostles of the 70 Apelles, Luke (Loukios), and Clement". www.oca.org. Archived from the original on 30 April 2023. Retrieved 30 April 2023.
- ^ "June 20, 2023. + Orthodox Calendar". orthochristian.com. Archived from the original on 30 April 2023. Retrieved 30 April 2023.
- ^ "Apostle and Evangelist Luke". www.oca.org. Archived from the original on 23 November 2022. Retrieved 30 April 2023.
- ^ Sanidopoulos, John (28 November 2010). "Synaxis of the Achaean Saints". Orthodox Christianity Then and Now. Archived from the original on 27 March 2023. Retrieved 30 April 2023.
- ^ Sanidopoulos, John (27 May 2017). "Synaxis of All Saints of Boeotia". Orthodox Christianity Then and Now. Archived from the original on 7 February 2023. Retrieved 30 April 2023.
- ^ Martyrologium Romanum (2nd ed.). Vatican City: Vatican Publishing House. 2004. p. 578.
- ^ "Commemorations for Baba 22". www.copticchurch.net. Archived from the original on 2 April 2023. Retrieved 27 October 2023.
- ^ "The Calendar". The Church of England. Retrieved 27 October 2023.
- ^ Ludovic Lalanne. Curiosités des traditions, des mœurs et des légendes, 1847. / р. 148
- ^ Jacques Albin Simon Collin de Plancy. Dictionnaire critique des reliques et des images miraculeuses, T. 2. 1827 / р. 131
- ^ Fine 1975, p. 331.
- ^ Marin & Trolese 2003.
- ^ Craig 2001.
- ^ Tornielli, Andrea. "The Beloved Physician". Archived from the original on 7 June 2009.
- ^ Wade 2001.
- PMID 11606723.
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- Audsley, William; Audsley, George Ashdown (1865). "VI. Symbols and emblems of the Evangelists and the Apostles". Handbook of Christian Symbolism. Day & Son.
- Bacci, Michele (1998). Il pennello dell'Evangelista. Storia delle immagini sacre attribuite a san Luca (in Italian). Pisa: Gisem-Ets.
- Bartlet, James Vernon (1911). Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. . In
- Bauckham, Richard (2017). Jesus and the Eyewitnesses: The Gospels as Eyewitness Testimony. Wm. B. Eerdmans. ISBN 978-1-4674-4680-8.
- Blaiklock, E. M. (1970). The Archaeology of the New Testament. Zondervan.
- Boring, M. Eugene (2012). An Introduction to the New Testament: History, Literature, Theology. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 978-0-66425592-3.
- Bradley, Francis Herbert (1874). The Presuppositions of Critical History. J. Parker. ISBN 978-0-598-72059-7.
- ISBN 978-0-385-24767-2.
- ISBN 978-0-06-069299-5.
- Craig, Olga (21 October 2001). "DNA test pinpoints St Luke the apostle's remains to Padua". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022.
- Craig, William Lane; Ehrman, Bart D. (28 March 2006), Is There Historical Evidence for the Resurrection of Jesus? : A debate held at College of the Holy Cross, Worcester, Massachusetts, archived from the original on 10 August 2010, retrieved 10 August 2010
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- Fine, John van Antwerp (1975). The Bosnian Church: A New Interpretation : a Study of the Bosnian Church and Its Place in State and Society from the 13th to the 15th Centuries. East European quarterly. ISBN 978-0-914710-03-5.
- Flew, Antony (1966). God & Philosophy. London: Hutchinson.
- Fonck, Leopold (1910). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 7. New York: Robert Appleton Company. . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.).
- Hackett, Horatio Balch (1858). A Commentary on the Original Text of the Acts of the Apostles. Gould and Lincoln; Sheldon, Blakeman & Co.
- Harris, Stephen L. (1980). Understanding the Bible: a reader's guide and reference. Mayfield. ISBN 978-0-87484-472-6.
- Heard, Richard (1950). "13: The Acts of the Apostles". An Introduction to the New Testament. A. & C. Black. Archived from the original on 12 April 2010.
- Koet, Bart J. (1989). Five Studies on Interpretation of Scripture in Luke-Acts. Leuven: University Press. ISBN 978-90-6186-330-4.
- Koet, Bart J. (2006). Dreams and Scripture in Luke-Acts: Collected Essays. Peeters. ISBN 978-90-429-1750-7.
- Grant, Robert McQueen (1963). "10: The Gospel of Luke and the Book of Acts". A Historical Introduction to the New Testament. Harper & Row. ISBN 9780006427063. Archived from the originalon 21 June 2010.
- Grigg, Robert (1987). "Byzantine Credulity as an Impediment to Antiquarianism". S2CID 191950669.
- Hemer, Colin J. (1989). The Book of Acts in the Setting of Hellenistic History. Mohr. ISBN 978-3-16-145451-6.
- Johnson, Luke Timothy (1991). The Gospel of Luke. Sacra Pagina. Liturgical Press. ISBN 978-0-8146-5805-5.
- Marin, V.T.W.; Trolese, F.G.B, eds. (2003). San Luca evangelista testimone della fede che unisce. Atti del Congresso internazionale, Padova, 16–21 ottobre 2000 (in Italian). Vol. I–III. Padua: Istituto per la storia ecclesiastica Padovana. Documenting an international congress in Padua in 2000 on the topic of Luke the evangelist, including his relics.
- McCall, Thomas S. (March 1996). "Was Luke a Gentile?". Levitt Letter. Retrieved 19 October 2020.
- McGrew, Timothy (2019), "Miracles", in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring ed.)
- Migne, J.P., ed. (1901). "XLIII". Ecclesiasticae Historiae Nicephori Callisti. Patrologia Graeca. Vol. II. Paris.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) (In Greek and Latin parallel) - Milligan, George (2006) [1913]. The New Testament Documents: Their Origin and Early History. Wipf & Stock. ISBN 978-1-59752-641-8.
- Mornin, Edward (2006). Saints: A Visual Guide. Frances Lincoln. ISBN 978-0-7112-2606-7.
- Nickle, Keith Fullerton (2001). The Synoptic Gospels: An Introduction. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 978-0-664-22349-6.
- Powell, Mark Allan (1989). What are They Saying about Luke?. Paulist Press. ISBN 978-0-8091-3111-2.
- Ramsay, Sir William Mitchell (1915). The Bearing of Recent Discovery on the Trustworthiness of the New Testament. Hodder and Stoughton.
- Sanders, E. P. (1995). The Historical Figure of Jesus. Penguin.
- Senior, Donald; Achtemeier, Paul J.; Karris, Robert J. (2002). Invitation to the Gospels. Paulist Press. ISBN 978-0-8091-4072-5.
- Smith, Alfred Emanuel, ed. (1935), New Outlook, vol. 165, Outlook Pub. Co.
- Strelan, Rick (2013). Luke the Priest: The Authority of the Author of the Third Gospel. Ashgate. ISBN 978-1-4094-7788-4.
- von Harnack, Adolf (1907). Luke the Physician: The Author of the Third Gospel. New Testament Studies. Vol. I. Williams & Norgate; G.P. Putnam's Sons.
- Wade, Nicholas (16 October 2001). "Body of St. Luke Gains Credibility". The New York Times.
- Zuffi, Stefano (2003). "The Evangelists and their symbols". Gospel Figures in Art. Getty Publications. ISBN 978-0-89236-727-6.
Further reading
- I. Howard Marshall. Luke: Historian and Theologian. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press.
- F. F. Bruce, The Speeches in the Acts of the Apostles Archived 31 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine. London: The Tyndale Press, 1942.
- Helmut Koester. Ancient Christian Gospels. Harrisburg, PA: Trinity Press International, 1999.
- Burton L. Mack. Who Wrote the New Testament?: The Making of the Christian Myth. San Francisco, CA: HarperCollins, 1996.
- J. Wenham, "The Identification of Luke", Evangelical Quarterly 63 (1991), 3–44