Santa Monica Mountains
This article needs additional citations for verification. (December 2008) |
Santa Monica Mountains | |
---|---|
Malibu Canyon in the Santa Monica Mountains | |
Highest point | |
Peak | Sandstone Peak |
Elevation | 3,111 ft (948 m) |
Geography | |
Country | United States |
State | California |
Counties | Ventura |
Range coordinates | 34°7′13.023″N 118°55′54.348″W / 34.12028417°N 118.93176333°W |
Parent range | Transverse Ranges |
Borders on | Santa Susana Mountains, Simi Hills and Verdugo Mountains |
The Santa Monica Mountains are a coastal mountain range in Southern California, next to the Pacific Ocean. It is part of the Transverse Ranges.[1] The Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area encompasses this mountain range. Because of its proximity to densely populated regions, it is one of the most visited natural areas in California.
Geography
The range extends approximately 40 miles (64 km) east-west from the
The range is of moderate height, with no particularly craggy or prominent peaks outside the Sandstone Peak and Boney Mountains area. While often rugged and wild, the range hosts a substantial amount of human activity and development. Houses, roads, businesses, and recreational centers are dotted throughout the Santa Monica Mountains.
A number of creeks in the Santa Monica Mountains are part of the Los Angeles River watershed. Beginning at the western end of the San Fernando Valley, the river runs to the north of the mountains. After passing between the range and the Verdugo Mountains it flows south around Elysian Park, defining the easternmost extent of the mountains.
Archeology
The Santa Monica Mountains have more than 1,000
Geology
Climate
The Santa Monica Mountains have dry summers with frequent coastal fog on the ocean (south) side of the range and rainy, cooler winters. In the summer, the climate is quite dry (except for the coastal fog), which makes the range prone to wildfires, especially during dry "Santa Ana" wind events.
Snow is unusual in the Santa Monica Mountains, since they are not as high as the nearby San Gabriel Mountains. The lower slopes of the range average between 15 and 20 inches (380 and 510 mm) of rain per year, while the higher slopes of the central and western Santa Monica Mountains average 22 to 27 inches (560 to 690 mm) of rain per year. The bulk of the rain falls between November and March. The higher rainfall in the central and western parts of the range results in more widespread woodlands (with oak, sycamore, walnut, bay laurel, alder and other trees) than the eastern part of the range, where trees are usually restricted to the stream courses.
On January 17, 2007, an unusually cold storm brought snow in the Santa Monica Mountains.
Wildfire
In the Santa Monica Mountains, when the fuels, seasonal drought, wind, and terrain combine with an ignition, a major wildfire occurs. These fires are large, wind-driven canopy fires that consume the above ground vegetation and often cause major property damage and home losses.[9]
In 2018, the Woolsey Fire burned through 88% of the federal parkland resulting in trails being closed for months.[10] The fire, which was three times larger than the biggest fire ever before in the mountains, burned over 40% of the natural area in the Santa Monicas.[11] A restoration plan was developed to plant 100,000 trees, shrubs and grasses of 25 different species.[12]
Protected areas
Much of the mountains are located within the
Regional parks
Over twenty individual state and municipal parks are in the Santa Monica Mountains, including:
Satwiwa
The
Griffith Park
At the eastern end of the Santa Monica Mountains are Griffith Park and Elysian Park. Griffith Park is separated from the rest of the Santa Monica Mountains to the west by the Cahuenga Pass, over which the 101 Freeway (also called the Hollywood Freeway) passes from the San Fernando Valley into Hollywood. Elysian Park is in the easternmost part of the mountains and is bordered by the Los Angeles River to the east and Downtown Los Angeles nearby to the south.
Rim of the Valley Trail
The Rim of the Valley Trail is a plan in progress for accessing and connecting the parkland and recreational areas of the mountains surrounding the
Flora and fauna
Fauna
The range is host to a variety of wildlife. Common mammals in the range include mule deer, coyotes, bobcats, striped skunks, raccoons, several native bat species, brush rabbits, and many rodents including California voles, western gray squirrels, dusky-footed and desert woodrats, western harvest and California pocket mice, Botta’s pocket gophers, and pacific kangaroo rats.[25]
The
A three to four year old black bear was captured, examined, and collared in 2023. Designated BB-12, he is probably the only bear in the Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area and it is estimated that he has been living there for two years.[40] However, in July 2023, BB-12 was killed while crossing the 101 Freeway. This is not uncommon for animals living in and around the Santa Monica Mountains; a common cause of bobcat and mountain lion fatalities is being struck by vehicles.[41]
Over 380 native bird species call the Santa Monica Mountains home.
Native fish found in the Santa Monica Mountains include tidewater gobies, arroyo chub, and pacific lamprey. Additionally, Malibu creek is home to the southern steelhead trout, which is an endangered species. [48][49]
Snakes are common but only occasionally seen: the
Flora
The Santa Monica Mountains are in the California chaparral and woodlands ecoregion, and includes the California oak woodland and southern coastal sage scrub plant community, and are covered by hundreds of local plant species, some of which are very rare or endemic, and others which are widespread and have become popular horticultural ornamentals. Dudleya verityi is a rare species of succulent plant known by the common name "Verity's liveforever". This species is endemic to Ventura County and is found only on one edge of the Santa Monica Mountains, where it occurs in coastal sage scrub habitat.[51] The most common trees in the mountains are oak and sycamore. The California black walnut, endemic to California, grows on the northern side of the mountains in the Valley and Griffith Park. Other species include willow and alder (along stream courses) and bay laurel. Several species of ferns (including large sword ferns) are found in wetter, shady areas throughout the range, especially near streams.
Invasive species
Many
More frequent fires have created conditions favorable to invasive plants. The 2018
The
Roads and access
Minor passes between the Sepulveda and Cahuenga passes include:
Area communities
The eastern end of the range, located in the City of Los Angeles, is more intensively developed than the western end. The city of Malibu runs between the coast and the leading mountain ridge, from Topanga Canyon in the east to Leo Carrillo State Park in the west.
Communities along the north slope of the mountains include (from east to west):
- the Los Angelescommunities of:
- the unincorporated area of Universal City
- Studio City
- Sherman Oaks
- Encino
- Tarzana
- Woodland Hills
- West Hills
- Calabasas
- Bell Canyon
- Agoura Hills
- Westlake Village
- Thousand Oaks
- Newbury Park
Communities along the south slope of the mountains include (from east to west):
- the Los Angelescommunities of:
- Los Feliz
- Hollywood Hills
- Bel-Air
- Benedict Canyon
- Brentwood
- Pacific Palisades
- Beverly Hills
- Santa Monica
- the unincorporated community of Topanga
- Malibu
- Solromar
Named peaks
Peak | Height | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|
US | SI | ||
Sandstone Peak[58] | 3111 ft | 948 m | also known as Mount Allen, rising nearly a kilometer high |
Tri-Peaks | 3010 ft | 917 m | |
Exchange Peak | 2950 ft | 899 m | |
Conejo Peak | 2854 ft | 870 m | |
Boney Peak[59] | 2825 ft | 861 m | |
Castro Peak[60] | 2824 ft | 861 m | highest peak in the eastern end of the range |
Saddle Peak[61] | 2805 ft | 855 m | |
Calabasas Peak[62] | 2165 ft | 660 m | |
Temescal Peak | 2126 ft | 648 m | |
San Vicente Mountain[63] | 1965 ft | 599 m | former site of a Nike missile base, now a Cold War park |
Clarks Peak[64] | 1965 ft | 599 m | |
Mesa Peak[65] | 1844 ft | 562 m | |
Cahuenga Peak[66] | 1820 ft | 555 m | |
Brents Mountain[67] | 1713 ft | 522 m | |
Mount Lee[68] | 1640 ft | 500 m | the Hollywood Sign is on the south slope, at exactly half a kilometer high |
Mount Hollywood[69] | 1625 ft | 495 m | in Griffith Park; Griffith Observatory is on the south slope |
Mount Chapel | 1622 ft | 494 m | |
Mount Bell | 1587 ft | 484 m | |
La Jolla Peak[70] | 1567 ft | 478 m | |
Laguna Peak[71] | 1457 ft | 444 m | the instrumentation capping this peak serves Naval Base Ventura County below |
Mugu Peak[2] | 1266 ft | 386 m | the westernmost peak in the range, rising directly from the beach |
Adjacent ranges
- Chalk Hills (in Woodland Hills)
- San Gabriel Mountains
- Santa Susana Mountains
- Simi Hills
- Verdugo Mountains
See also
- 1978 Agoura-Malibu firestorm
- Canyon Fire, in October 2007
- Chumash people
- Mulholland Highway
- Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area
- Parks in the Santa Monica Mountains
- Index: Natural history of the Santa Monica Mountains
References
- ^ "Santa Monica Mountains". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved May 3, 2009.
- ^ a b "Mugu Peak". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved May 3, 2009.
- ^ Carlson, Cheri (February 8, 2014). "Dozens of archaeological sites discovered in wake of Springs Fire". Ventura County Star. Archived from the original on May 5, 2019.
- ^ "Prehistoric milling site found in California" USA Today March 4, 2006
- ^ "Chumash History", Santa Ynez Band of Chumash Indians Official Website 2009. Accessed February 13, 2014.
- ^ Volcanoes - Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area. Nps.gov. Retrieved September 18, 2013.
- ^ Bernstein, Sharon; Groves, Martha (January 18, 2007). "IT'S WINTER FOR A DAY AS SNOW DUSTS PARTS OF L.A." Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 17, 2023.
- ^ "Ice Storms Cometh". www.cbsnews.com. January 16, 2007. Retrieved October 17, 2023.
- ^ This article incorporates public domain material from Fire Regime & History - Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area. U.S. National Park Service. June 7, 2022. Retrieved July 10, 2022.
- ^ Wallack, Roy (April 19, 2019). "Hiking in the Woolsey fire's burn area: See photos of nature's remarkable comeback". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved April 22, 2019.
- ^ Simon, Scott (May 5, 2019). "How Last Year's Massive Woolsey Fire In Southern California Impacted Wildlife". NPR News, Weekend Edition. Retrieved May 5, 2019.
- ^ Orozco, Lance (August 2, 2022). "Efforts to restore Santa Monica Mountains vegetation burned by Woolsey Fire hits 50,000 plants". KCLU. Retrieved August 4, 2022.
- ISBN 9781594851254.
- ISBN 9780762765812.
- ISBN 9782831710235.
- ^ Newton, Jim (June 1, 2014) "The promise of a balanced future for the Santa Monica Mountains" Los Angeles Times
- ^ Charmlee Wilderness Park
- ^ King Gillette Ranch Park Archived October 25, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Paramount Ranch Park
- ISBN 9780934161121.
- ^ http://smmc.ca.gov/ROV%20Master%20Plan.pdf Archived March 3, 2016, at the Wayback Machine rimofthevalleytrail-master plan January 6, 2010
- ^ www.lamountains
- ^ Rim of the Valley Trail-update 6/6/2010
- ^ Kamal, Sameea (March 4, 2015). "Three lawmakers urge Park Service action on Rim of the Valley study". Los Angeles Times.
- ^ a b National Park Service. "NPSpecies". irma.nps.gov. Retrieved 2023-10-12.
- ^ Carlson, Cheri (April 24, 2015). "Young male mountain lion follows sister out of Santa Monica Mountains". Ventura County Star. Archived from the original on November 15, 2015. Retrieved April 25, 2015.
- ^ Hayes, Rob (September 13, 2019). "SoCal's dwindling mountain lion population sparks concern among wildlife experts". ABC7. Retrieved September 13, 2019.
- ^ Roderick, Kevin (May 5, 2015). "Secrets of the LA mountain lions". LA Observed.
- UCLA. May 5, 2015.
- ^ Bloom, Tracy (September 4, 2019). "P-65 Becomes 2nd Female Mountain Lion to Cross 101 Freeway During Santa Monica Mountains Study". KTLA. Retrieved September 6, 2019.
- ^ Shalby, Colleen; Lozano, Carlos (September 7, 2019). "The mountain lion known as P-61 is struck and killed on 405 Freeway". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved September 8, 2019.
- ^ "Simi Valley Man Charged After Allegedly Fatally Shooting Mountain Lion P-38 in the Head". KTLA. September 11, 2019. Retrieved September 11, 2019.
- ^ Guldimann, Suzanne (February 9, 2015). "Liberty Canyon wildlife crossing granted $1 million by SCC". Malibu Surfside News. Retrieved September 12, 2015.
- ^ Groves, Martha (September 2, 2015). "Caltrans proposes wildlife overpass on 101 Freeway". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved September 12, 2015.
- ^ Smith, Sam Benson (April 22, 2022). "Here's How LA Is Going To Construct The World's Largest Wildlife Crossing". LAist. Retrieved April 26, 2022.
- ^ Carlson, Cheri (September 9, 2020). "Mountain lion found in Santa Monica Mountains might be first with physical abnormalities". Ventura County Star. Retrieved September 10, 2020.
- ^ Carlson, Cheri (April 23, 2022). "Hundreds celebrate Highway 101 wildlife bridge as first of its kind. Here's why". Ventura County Star. Retrieved April 24, 2022.
- ^ Goldman, Jason (October 7, 2016). "How to Design a Wildlife Crossing Wildlife Will Use". KCET. Retrieved July 25, 2021.
- ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved October 17, 2023.
- ^ Schlepp, Travis (May 3, 2023). "Black bear living in Santa Monica Mountains collared by biologists believed to be only bear in region". KTLA. Retrieved May 3, 2023.
- ^ Lloyd • •, Jonathan (2023-07-24). "Rambling bear who covered a lot of ground in SoCal's mountains killed on 101 Freeway". NBC Los Angeles. Retrieved 2023-10-12.
- ^ National Park Service (12 January 2022). "Birds - Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved 2023-10-13.
- ^ Cholo, Ana Beatriz (26 June 2019). "Golden Eagle Chicks Found in the Santa Monica Mountains for First Time in 30 Years - Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved 2023-10-13.
- ^ Díaz, Alexa (26 June 2019). "Rare golden eagle nest found in Santa Monica Mountains for first time in 30 years". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2023-10-13.
- ^ National Park Service. "Raptors - Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved 2023-10-13.
- ^ "Plants & Wildlife". MRCA. Retrieved 2023-10-12.
- ^ National Park Service. "Species List for Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area (SAMO)". irma.nps.gov. Retrieved 2023-10-13.
- ^ "NPSpecies Report Viewer". irma.nps.gov. Retrieved October 24, 2023.
- ^ Calabasas, Mailing Address: 26876 Mulholland Highway; Us, CA 91302 Phone: 805 370-2301 Contact. "Fish - Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved October 24, 2023.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ This article incorporates public domain material from California Red-Legged Frogs: Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area. National Park Service. Retrieved July 12, 2021.
- ^ Carlson, Cheri (September 29, 2013). "Scientists keep eye on rare plant burned in Springs Fire]". Ventura County Star. Archived from the original on August 9, 2014.
- ^ Wallack, Roy (April 19, 2019). "Hiking in the Woolsey fire's burn area: See photos of nature's remarkable comeback". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved April 22, 2019.
- ^ Simon, Scott (May 5, 2019). "How Last Year's Massive Woolsey Fire In Southern California Impacted Wildlife". NPR News, Weekend Edition. Retrieved May 5, 2019.
- ^ Orozco, Lance (April 19, 2019). "They Look Pretty, But The Yellow-Green Plants On Central And South Coast Hills Are Invasive Weeds". KCLU News. Retrieved April 23, 2019.
- ^ Panzar, Javier. "This super bloom is pretty dangerous: Invasive mustard is fuel for the next fire". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved April 25, 2019.
- ^ "Exotic Animals - Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved July 21, 2018.
- ^ Leovy, Jill (March 30, 2010). "Hard-to-kill snails infest Santa Monica Mountain watersheds". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 20, 2018.
- ^ "Sandstone Peak". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved May 3, 2009.
- ^ "Boney Mountain". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved May 3, 2009.
- ^ "Castro Peak". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved May 3, 2009.
- ^ "Saddle Peak". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved May 3, 2009.
- ^ "Calabasas Peak". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved May 3, 2009.
- ^ "San Vicente Mountain". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved May 3, 2009.
- ^ "Clarks Peak". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved May 3, 2009.
- ^ "Mesa Peak". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved May 3, 2009.
- ^ "Cahuenga Peak". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved May 3, 2009.
- ^ "Brents Mountain". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved May 3, 2009.
- ^ "Mount Lee". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved May 3, 2009.
- ^ "Mount Hollywood". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved May 3, 2009.
- ^ "La Jolla Peak". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved May 3, 2009.
- ^ "Laguna Peak". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved May 3, 2009.
External links
- Official website (Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area)
- Wildflowers of the Santa Monica Mountains
- Outdoor LA Hiking Trails Trails and trailheads with maps and directions.
- Ventura County Trails in SMMNRA Maps and trails descriptions.
- Santa Monica Mountains Conservancy
- Santa Monica Mountains Mountain Bike Trailmap
- Santa Monica Mountains Institute
- Santa Monica Mountains Local Coastal Program Los Angeles County Department of Regional Planning