Sexology

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For the magazine, see Sexology (magazine).

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Sexology is the scientific study of human sexuality, including human sexual interests, behaviors, and functions.[1] The term sexology does not generally refer to the non-scientific study of sexuality, such as social criticism.[2][3]

Sexologists apply tools from several academic fields, such as

sexuality among the elderly. Sexology also spans sexuality among those with mental or physical disabilities. The sexological study of sexual dysfunctions and disorders, including erectile dysfunction and anorgasmia
, are also mainstays.

History

Early

Vatsyayana, the Ananga Ranga, and The Perfumed Garden for the Soul's Recreation. De la prostitution dans la ville de Paris (Prostitution in the City of Paris), an early 1830s study on 3,558 registered prostitutes in Paris, written by Alexander Jean Baptiste Parent-Duchatelet (published in 1837, a year after he died), has been called the first work of modern sex research.[2] In England, James Graham was an early sexologist who lectured on topics such as the process of sex and conception.[6]

The scientific study of sexual behavior in human beings began in the 19th century with Heinrich Kaan, whose book Psychopathia Sexualis (1844) Michel Foucault describes as marking "the date of birth, or in any case the date of the emergence of sexuality and sexual aberrations in the psychiatric field."[7] The term sexology was coined for the first time in the United States by Elizabeth Osgood Goodrich Willard in 1867.[8] Roughly simultaneously a group of homophile activists, not yet identifying themselves as sexologists, were responding to shifts in Europe's national borders, a crisis that brought into conflict laws that were sexually liberal and laws that criminalized behaviors such as homosexual activity.

Victorian era to WWII

Havelock Ellis, a pioneering figure in the movement towards sexual emancipation in the late 19th century

Despite the prevailing social attitude of sexual repression in

Psychopathia Sexualis. That work is considered as having established sexology as a scientific discipline.[9]

In England, the founding father of sexology was the doctor and sexologist

autoerotism and narcissism, both of which were later developed further by Sigmund Freud.[10]

Ellis pioneered transgender phenomena alongside the German Magnus Hirschfeld. He established it as new category that was separate and distinct from homosexuality.[11] Aware of Hirschfeld's studies of transvestism, but disagreeing with his terminology, in 1913 Ellis proposed the term sexo-aesthetic inversion to describe the phenomenon.[12][13]

In 1908, the first scholarly journal of the field, Journal of Sexology (Zeitschrift für Sexualwissenschaft), began publication and was published monthly for one year. Those issues contained articles by Freud, Alfred Adler, and Wilhelm Stekel.[3] In 1913, the first academic association was founded: the Society for Sexology.[14]

Freud developed a theory of sexuality. These stages of development include: Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency and Genital. These stages run from infancy to puberty and onwards.[15] based on his studies of his clients, between the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Wilhelm Reich and Otto Gross were disciples of Freud, but rejected his theories[vague] because of their emphasis on the role of sexuality in the revolutionary struggle for the emancipation of mankind.

Hirschfeld's books were burned by the Nazis in Berlin for being "un-German".

Pre-Nazi Germany, under the sexually liberal

Scientific Humanitarian Committee, the first advocacy for homosexual and transgender rights.[16]

Hirschfeld also set up the first Institut für Sexualwissenschaft (Institute for Sexology) in Berlin in 1919. Its library housed over 20,000 volumes, 35,000 photographs, a large collection of art and other objects. People from around Europe visited the institute to gain a clearer understanding of their sexuality and to be treated for their sexual concerns and dysfunctions.

Hirschfeld developed a system which identified numerous actual or hypothetical types of sexual intermediary between heterosexual male and female to represent the potential diversity of human sexuality, and is credited with identifying a group of people that today are referred to as

Nazi regime.[2] The Institute and its library were destroyed by the Nazis less than three months after they took power, May 8, 1933.[3]
The institute was shut down and Hirschfeld's books were burned.

Other sexologists in the early

gay rights movement included Ernst Burchard and Benedict Friedlaender. Ernst Gräfenberg, after whom the G-spot is named, published the initial research developing the intrauterine device
(IUD).

Post WWII

After World War II, sexology experienced a renaissance, both in the United States and Europe. Large scale studies of sexual behavior, sexual function, and

Indiana University at Bloomington in 1947. This is now called the Kinsey Institute for Research in Sex, Gender and Reproduction. He wrote in his 1948 book that more was scientifically known about the sexual behavior of farm animals than of humans.[19]

Psychologist and sexologist John Money developed theories on sexual identity and gender identity in the 1950s. His work, notably on the David Reimer case has since been regarded as controversial, even while the case was key to the development of treatment protocols for intersex infants and children.[20][21][vague]

sex offenders.[22][23]

In 1966 and 1970,

Masters & Johnson Institute
in 1978.

Vern Bullough was a historian of sexology during this era, as well as being a researcher in the field.[24]

The emergence of HIV/AIDS in the 1980s caused a dramatic shift in sexological research efforts towards understanding and controlling the spread of the disease.[25][26]

21st century

Technological advances have permitted sexological questions to be addressed with studies using behavioral genetics,[27] neuroimaging,[28] and large-scale Internet-based surveys.[29]

Sexology is a regulated profession in some jurisdictions. In Quebec, sexologists must be members of the Ordre professionnel des sexologues du Québec. They are one of the professions eligible to receive psychotherapy permits from the Ordre des psychologues du Québec.[30]

Notable contributors

See also: Category:Sexologists

This is a list of sexologists and notable contributors to the field of sexology, by year of birth:

See also

References

  1. ^ "Sexology". Merriam Webster. Retrieved December 29, 2013.
  2. ^ a b c d Bullough, V. L. (1989). The society for the scientific study of sex: A brief history. Mt. Vernon, Iowa: The Foundation for the Scientific Study of Sexuality.
  3. ^ a b c d Haeberle, E. J. (1983). The birth of sexology: A brief history in documents. World Association for Sexology.
  4. ISBN 9781118896877
    . Retrieved 27 May 2022.
  5. ^ "Sexology | interdisciplinary science". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2020-07-30.
  6. ISBN 978-0-7190-1903-6
    . Retrieved 2023-06-20.
  7. ^ Michel Foucault, Abnormal: Lectures at the Collège de France, 1974-195 (Picador, 2003)
  8. ^ Benjamin Kahan, "The unexpected American Origins of Sexology and Sexual science: Elizabeth Osgood Goodrich Willard, Orson Squire Fowler, and the Scientification of Sex History of Human Sciences 34.1 (2020): 71-88
  9. ^ Hoenig, J. (1977). Dramatis personae: Selected biographical sketches of 19th century pioneers in sexology. In J. Money and H. Musaph (Eds.), Handbook of Sexology, (pp. 21-43). Elsevier/North-Holland Biomedical Press.
  10. ISBN 9780946439492
    . Retrieved July 25, 2015.
  11. ISBN 0-7619-7163-7
    , pp. 61-64
  12. ISBN 9781443735322
    .
  13. ISBN 9780203992395
    .
  14. ^ Kewenig, W. A. (1983). Foreword. In E. J. Haeberle, The birth of sexology: A brief history in documents. World Association for Sexology. p. 3
  15. ^ Three Contributions to the Theory of Sex by Sigmund Freud - Free Ebook. gutenberg.org. 2005-02-08. Retrieved July 25, 2015.
  16. ISBN 978-0-313-34039-0
  17. ^ Hirschfeld, Magnus (1910), Die Transvestiten. Eine Untersuchung über den erotischen Verkleidungstrieb. Mit umfangreichen casuistischen und historischen, Leipzig: Verlag von Max Spohr (Ferd. Spohr)
  18. ^ Hirschfeld, Magnus (1920), Homosexualitat des Mannes und des Weibes, Berlin{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  19. OCLC 705195970
    .
  20. PMID 9080940
    .
  21. PMID 15183375
    .
  22. ^ "Kurt Freund, 82, notable sexologist". Associated Press. October 26, 1996. Archived from the original on 20 February 1999.
  23. ^ Kuban, Michael (Summer 2004). "Sexual Science Mentor: Dr. Kurt Freund". Sexual Science. 45 (2). Archived from the original on 2010-12-22.
  24. ^ "Dr. Vern L. Bullough: Profile". vernbullough.com. Archived from the original on July 27, 2004. Retrieved July 25, 2015.
  25. PMID 3225745
    .
  26. doi:10.1016/j.wsif.2005.05.002. Pdf.
  27. S2CID 4027333
    .
  28. S2CID 43785115
    .
  29. S2CID 144288926
    .
  30. ^ "Le sexologue". Ordre professionnel des sexologues du Québec. Retrieved 2 November 2020.
  31. ^ Foucault, Michel. The History of Sexuality Vol. 1: The Will to Knowledge. London: Penguin (1976/1998)
  32. ^ Humboldt-Universität, Berlin. Magnus Hirschfeld Archive for Sexology. Retrieved on November 23, 2007.
  33. ISBN 9780803204379
    . Retrieved July 25, 2015.
  34. ISBN 1417904771
  35. ^ McMurry University, Texas Retrieved on July 02, 2009.
  36. ^ "Dr. Vern L Bullough Distinguished Professor Natural and Social Sciences" Archived 2014-05-20 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on November 23, 2007.

External links

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