George II of Great Britain

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George II
George III
Prime Ministers
See list
Born30 October / 9 November 1683O.S./N.S.
Herrenhausen Palace,[1] or Leine Palace,[2] Hanover
Died25 October 1760(1760-10-25) (aged 76)
Kensington Palace, London
Burial11 November 1760
Westminster Abbey, London
ConsortCaroline of Ansbach
IssueFrederick, Prince of Wales
Anne, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange
Princess Amelia
Princess Caroline
Prince George William
Prince William, Duke of Cumberland
Princess Mary, Landgravine of Hesse
Louisa, Queen of Denmark and Norway
Names
George Augustus
German: Georg August
HouseHouse of Hanover
FatherGeorge I of Great Britain
MotherSophia Dorothea of Celle
SignatureGeorge II's signature

George II (George Augustus;

Brunswick-Lüneburg (Hanover) and Archtreasurer and Prince-elector of the Holy Roman Empire
from 11 June 1727 (O.S.) until his death.

George was the last British monarch born outside Great Britain. He was born and brought up in Northern Germany. In 1701, his grandmother, Sophia of Hanover, became second-in-line to the British throne after about fifty Catholics higher in line were excluded by the Act of Settlement, which restricted the succession to Protestants. After the deaths of Sophia and Anne, Queen of Great Britain, in 1714, his father George I, Elector of Hanover, inherited the British throne. In the first years of his father's reign as king, George was associated with opposition politicians, until they re-joined the governing party in 1720.

As king from 1727, George exercised little control over British domestic policy, which was largely controlled by

George III, as heir apparent
and ultimately king.

For two centuries after his death, history tended to view George II with disdain, concentrating on his mistresses, short-temper, and boorishness. Since then, some scholars have re-assessed his legacy and conclude that he held and exercised influence in foreign policy and military appointments.

Early life

Sophia Dorothea and her two children
George as a young boy, pictured with his mother, Sophia Dorothea of Celle, and his sister, Sophia Dorothea of Hanover.

George was born in the city of Hanover in Germany, and was the son of George Louis, Hereditary Prince of Brunswick-Lüneburg (later King George I of Great Britain), and his wife, Sophia Dorothea of Celle. Both of George's parents committed adultery, and in 1694 their marriage was dissolved on the pretext that Sophia had abandoned her husband.[3] She was confined to Ahlden House and denied access to her two children, George and his sister Sophia Dorothea of Hanover, whom she probably never saw again.[4]

Until the age of four, George spoke only French, the language of diplomacy and the court, but he was thereafter taught German by one of his tutors, Johann Hilmar Holstein.[5] He was also schooled in English and Italian, and studied genealogy, military history and battle tactics with particular diligence.[6]

George's second cousin once removed,

Knight of the Garter and created Duke and Marquess of Cambridge, Earl of Milford Haven, Viscount Northallerton and Baron Tewkesbury in the Peerage of England.[7] England and Scotland united in 1707 to form the Kingdom of Great Britain, and jointly accepted the succession as laid down by the Act of Settlement.[8]

Marriage

George's father did not want his son to enter into a loveless arranged marriage as he had, and wanted his son to have the opportunity of meeting his bride before any formal arrangements were made.

Holstein-Gottorp, came to nothing.[10] In June 1705, under the false name of "Monsieur de Busch", George visited the Ansbach court at their summer residence in Triesdorf to investigate incognito a marriage prospect: Caroline of Ansbach, the former ward of his aunt Queen Sophia Charlotte of Prussia. The English envoy to Hanover, Edmund Poley, reported that George was so taken by "the good character he had of her that he would not think of anybody else".[11] A marriage contract was concluded by the end of July.[12] On 22 August / 2 September 1705O.S./N.S. Caroline arrived in Hanover for her wedding, which was held the same evening in the chapel at Herrenhausen.[9]

George was keen to participate in the war against France in Flanders, but his father refused permission for him to join the army in an active role until he had a son and heir.[13] In early 1707, George's hopes were fulfilled when Caroline gave birth to a son, Frederick.[14] In July, Caroline fell seriously ill with smallpox, and George caught the infection himself after staying by her side devotedly during her illness.[15] They both recovered. In 1708, George participated in the Battle of Oudenarde in the vanguard of the Hanoverian cavalry; his horse and a colonel immediately beside him were killed, but George survived unharmed.[16] The British commander, Marlborough, wrote that George "distinguished himself extremely, charging at the head of and animating by his example [the Hanoverian] troops, who played a good part in this happy victory".[17] Between 1709 and 1713 George and Caroline had three more children, all girls: Anne, Amelia, and Caroline.[18]

By 1714, Queen Anne's health had declined, and

British Whigs, politicians who supported the Hanoverian succession, thought it prudent for one of the Hanoverians to live in England, to safeguard the Protestant succession on Anne's death. As George was a peer of the realm (as Duke of Cambridge), it was suggested that he be summoned to Parliament to sit in the House of Lords. Both Anne and George's father refused to support the plan, though George, Caroline and Sophia were all in favour.[19] George did not go. Within the year both Sophia and Anne were dead, and George's father was king.[20]

Prince of Wales

Quarrel with the king

George and his father sailed for England from The Hague on 16/27 September and arrived at Greenwich two days later.[21] The following day, they formally entered London in a ceremonial procession.[22] George was given the title of Prince of Wales. Caroline followed her husband to Britain in October with their daughters, while Frederick remained in Hanover to be brought up by private tutors.[23] London was like nothing George had seen before: it was 50 times larger than Hanover,B and the crowd was estimated at up to one and half million spectators.[24] George courted popularity with voluble expressions of praise for the English, and claimed that he had no drop of blood that was not English.[25]

In July 1716, the king returned to Hanover for six months, and George was given limited powers, as "Guardian and Lieutenant of the Realm", to govern in his father's absence.

royal progress through Chichester, Havant, Portsmouth and Guildford in southern England.[27] Spectators were allowed to see him dine in public at Hampton Court Palace.[28] An attempt on his life at Drury Lane Theatre, in which one person was shot dead before the assailant was brought under control, boosted his high public profile.[29]

His father distrusted or was jealous of George's popularity, which contributed to the development of a poor relationship between them.

St. James's Palace, the king's residence.[31] The Prince and Princess of Wales left court, but their children remained in the care of the king.[32]

George and Caroline missed their children, and were desperate to see them. On one occasion they secretly visited the palace without the approval of the king; Caroline fainted and George "cried like a child".[33] The king partially relented and permitted them to visit once a week, though he later allowed Caroline unconditional access.[34] The following February, George William died, with his father by his side.[35]

Political opposition

Banned from the palace and shunned by his own father, for the next several years the Prince of Wales was identified with opposition to

Sir Robert Walpole and Viscount Townshend, who had left the government in 1717.[38]

The king visited Hanover again from May to November 1719. Instead of appointing George to the guardianship, he established a regency council.[39] In 1720, Walpole encouraged the king and his son to reconcile, for the sake of public unity, which they did half-heartedly.[40] Walpole and Townshend returned to political office, and rejoined the ministry.[41] George was soon disillusioned with the terms of the reconciliation; his three daughters who were in the care of the king were not returned and he was still barred from becoming regent during the king's absences.[42] He came to believe that Walpole had tricked him into the rapprochement as part of a scheme to regain power. Over the next few years, he and Caroline lived quietly, avoiding overt political activity. They had three more children: William, Mary and Louisa, who were brought up at Leicester House and Richmond Lodge, George's summer residence.[43]

In 1721, the economic disaster of the

Whig Party were dominant in politics, as the king feared that the Tories would not support the succession laid down in the Act of Settlement.[45] The power of the Whigs was so great that the Tories would not come to hold power for another half-century.[46]

Early reign

George holding a sceptre
Portrait by Charles Jervas, circa 1727

George II succeeded as king and elector on his father's death on 11/22 June 1727 during one of George I's visits to Hanover. His father was buried at Hanover, but George II decided not to go to the funeral, which far from bringing criticism led to praise from the English who considered it proof of the new king's fondness for England.[47] He suppressed his father's will because it attempted to split the Hanoverian succession between George II's grandsons rather than vest all the domains (both Britain and Hanover) in a single person. Both British and Hanoverian ministers considered the will unlawful, as George I did not have the legal power to determine the succession personally.[48] Critics supposed that George hid the will to avoid paying out his father's legacies.[49]

George II was crowned at Westminster Abbey on 11/22 October 1727.[47] The composer George Frideric Handel was commissioned to write four new anthems for the coronation, including Zadok the Priest.[50]

It was widely believed that George would dismiss Walpole, who had distressed him by joining his father's government, and replace him with Sir Spencer Compton.[51] George asked Compton, rather than Walpole, to write his first speech for him, but Compton asked Walpole to draft it for him. Caroline advised George to retain Walpole, who continued to gain royal favour by securing a generous civil list (a fixed annual amount set by Parliament for the king's official expenditure) of £800,000.[52] Walpole commanded a substantial majority in Parliament and George had little choice but to retain him or risk ministerial instability.[53] Compton was ennobled as Lord Wilmington the following year.[54]

George with his hand on an orb
Portrait by Enoch Seeman, circa 1730

Walpole directed domestic policy, and after the resignation of his brother-in-law Townshend in 1730 also controlled George's foreign policy.

court offices.[59]

Family problems

George II's relationship with his son and heir apparent, Frederick, Prince of Wales, worsened during the 1730s. Frederick had been left behind in Germany when his parents came to England, and they had not met for 14 years. In 1728, he was brought to England, and swiftly became a figurehead of the political opposition.[60] When George visited Hanover in the summers of 1729, 1732 and 1735, he left his wife to chair the regency council in Britain rather than his son.[61] Meanwhile, rivalry between George II and his brother-in-law Frederick William I of Prussia led to tension along the Prussian–Hanoverian border, which eventually culminated in the mobilization of troops in the border zone and suggestions of a duel between the two kings. Negotiations for a marriage between the Prince of Wales and Frederick William's daughter Wilhelmine dragged on for years but neither side would make the concessions demanded of the other, and the idea was shelved.[62] Instead, the prince married Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha in April 1736.[63]

In May 1736, George returned to Hanover, which resulted in unpopularity in England; a satirical notice was even pinned to the gates of St James's Palace decrying his absence. "Lost or strayed out of this house", it read, "a man who has left a wife and six children

piles and a fever, and withdrew to his bed. The Prince of Wales put it about that the king was dying, with the result that George insisted on getting up and attending a social event to disprove the gossip-mongers.[66]

When the Prince of Wales applied to Parliament for an increase in his allowance, an open quarrel broke out. The king, who had a reputation for meanness,[67] offered a private settlement, which Frederick rejected. Parliament voted against the measure, but George reluctantly increased his son's allowance on the advice of Walpole.[68] Further friction between them followed when Frederick excluded the king and queen from the birth of his daughter in July 1737 by bundling his wife, who was in labour, into a coach and driving off in the middle of the night.[69] George banished him and his family from the royal court, much like the punishment his own father had brought upon him with the exception that he allowed Frederick to retain custody of his children.[70]

Soon after banishing his son, George's wife Caroline died on 20 November 1737 (O.S.). He was deeply affected by her death, and to the surprise of many displayed "a tenderness of which the world thought him before utterly incapable".

Johann Ludwig von Wallmoden. Johann Ludwig was born while Amalie was still married to her husband, and so George did not acknowledge him publicly as his own son.[75]

War and rebellion

Against Walpole's wishes, but to George's delight, Britain once again entered into war, the

Maria Theresa, to succeed to his Austrian dominions.[77] George spent the summers of 1740 and 1741 in Hanover, where he was more able to intervene directly in European diplomatic moves in his capacity as elector.[78]

Prince Frederick campaigned actively for the opposition in the

British general election, 1741, and Walpole was unable to secure a stable majority. Walpole attempted to buy off the prince with the promise of an increased allowance and offered to pay off his debts, but Frederick refused.[79] With his support eroded, Walpole retired in 1742 after over twenty years in office. He was replaced by Spencer Compton, Lord Wilmington, whom George had originally considered for the premiership in 1727. Lord Wilmington, however, was a figurehead;[80] actual power was held by others, such as Lord Carteret, George's favourite minister after Walpole.[1] When Wilmington died in 1743, Henry Pelham took his place at the head of the government.[81]

George on a white horse
George II envisioned at the Battle of Dettingen in 1743 by John Wootton
Coin shown heads up
Half-Crown of George II, 1746. The inscription reads GEORGIUS II DEI GRATIA (George II by the Grace of God). The word LIMA under the king's head signifies that the coin was struck from silver seized from the Spanish treasure fleet off Lima, Peru, during the War of the Austrian Succession.[82]

The pro-war faction was led by Carteret, who claimed that French power would increase if Maria Theresa failed to succeed to the Austrian throne. George agreed to send 12,000 hired Hessian and Danish mercenaries to Europe, ostensibly to support Maria Theresa. Without conferring with his British ministers, George stationed them in Hanover to prevent enemy French troops from marching into the electorate.

sale of commissions, but without much success.[85] An allied force of Austrian, British, Dutch, Hanoverian and Hessian troops engaged the French at the Battle of Dettingen on 16/27 June 1743. George personally accompanied them, leading them to victory, thus becoming the last British monarch to lead troops into battle.[86] Though his actions in the battle were admired, the war became unpopular with the British public, who felt that the king and Carteret were subordinating British interests to Hanoverian ones.[87] Carteret lost support, and to George's dismay resigned in 1744.[88]

Tension grew between the Pelham ministry and George, as George continued to take advice from Carteret and rejected pressure to include William Pitt the Elder, who would have broadened the government's support base, in the Cabinet.[89] The king disliked Pitt because he had previously opposed government policy and attacked measures seen as pro-Hanoverian.[90] In February 1746, Pelham and his followers resigned. George asked Lord Bath and Carteret to form an administration, but after less than 48 hours they returned the seals of office, unable to secure sufficient parliamentary support. Pelham returned to office triumphant, and George was forced to appoint Pitt to the ministry.[91]

George's French opponents encouraged

Green Park, London, for which Handel composed Music for the Royal Fireworks.[95]

Later life

George in his seventies
Portrait by John Shackleton, in or after 1755

In the

Dowager Princess of Wales and wept with her.[98] As her son would not reach the age of majority until 1756, a new British Regency Act made her regent, assisted by a council led by the Duke of Cumberland, in case of George II's death.[99] The king also made a new will, which provided for Cumberland to be sole regent in Hanover.[100] After the death of his daughter Louisa at the end of the year, George lamented, "This has been a fatal year for my family. I lost my eldest son – but I am glad of it. ... Now [Louisa] is gone. I know I did not love my children when they were young: I hated to have them running into my room; but now I love them as well as most fathers."[101]

Seven Years' War

Further information: [[:Great Britain in the Seven Years' War]]

In 1754, Pelham died, to be succeeded by his elder brother, the

Battle of Arcot and the Battle of Plassey.[104]

George's son the Duke of Cumberland commanded the king's troops in Northern Germany. In 1757, Hanover was invaded, and George gave Cumberland full powers to conclude a separate peace.[105] By September, however, he was furious at Cumberland's negotiated settlement, which he felt greatly favoured the French.[106] George said his son had "ruined me and disgraced himself".[107] Cumberland, by his own choice, resigned his military offices,[108] and George revoked the peace deal on the grounds that the French had infringed it by disarming Hessian troops after the ceasefire.[109]

In the

plan to invade Britain was defeated following naval battles at Lagos and Quiberon Bay,[110] and a resumed French advance on Hanover was halted by a joint British–Hanoverian force at the Battle of Minden.[111]

Death

By October 1760, the king was blind in one eye, and hard of hearing.[112] On the morning of 25 October, he rose as usual at 6 a.m., drank a cup of hot chocolate, and went to his close stool, alone. After a few minutes, his valet heard a loud crash. He entered the room to find the king on the floor.[113] The king was lifted into his bed, and Princess Amelia was sent for, but before she reached him, he was dead. At the age of nearly 77, he had lived longer than any of his English predecessors.[114] The right ventricle of the king's heart had ruptured as the result of an incipient aortic aneurysm.[115] The commonest cause of such aneurysms is syphilitic infection.[116]

George II was succeeded by his grandson

George III, and was buried on 11 November in Westminster Abbey. He left instructions for the sides of his and his wife's coffins to be removed so that their remains could mingle.[117]

Legacy

John Van Nost erected in 1753 in Golden Square, London[118]

George donated the royal library to the

Georg August University of Göttingen, the first university in the Electorate of Hanover, and visited it in 1748.[122] The asteroid 359 Georgia was named in his honour at the University in 1902. He served as the Chancellor of Trinity College, Dublin, between 1716 and 1727, and in 1754 issued the charter for King's College in New York City, which later become Columbia University. The province of Georgia, founded by royal charter in 1732, was named after George.[123]

During George II's reign British interests expanded throughout the world, the Jacobite challenge to the Hanoverian dynasty was extinguished, and the power of ministers and Parliament in Britain became well-established. Nevertheless, in the memoirs of contemporaries such as Lord Hervey and Horace Walpole, George is depicted as a weak buffoon, governed by his wife and ministers.[124] Biographies of George written during the nineteenth and first part of the twentieth century relied on these biased accounts.[125] Since the last quarter of the twentieth century, scholarly analysis of surviving correspondence has indicated that George was not as ineffective as previously thought.[126] Letters from ministers are annotated by George with pertinent remarks and demonstrate that he had a grasp of and interest in foreign policy in particular.[127] He was often able to prevent the appointment of ministers or commanders he disliked, or sideline them into lesser offices.[128] This academic re-assessment of George II, however, has not totally eliminated the popular perception of him as a "faintly ludicrous king".[129] His parsimony, for example, may have opened him to ridicule, but his biographers observe that parsimony is preferable to extravagance.[130] Lord Charlemont excused George's short-temper by explaining that sincerity of feeling is better than deception, "His temper was warm and impetuous, but he was good-natured and sincere. Unskilled in the royal talent of dissimulation, he always was what he appeared to be. He might offend, but he never deceived."[131] Lord Waldegrave wrote, "I am thoroughly convinced that hereafter, when time shall have wore away those specks and blemishes which sully the brightest characters, and from which no man is totally exempt, he will be numbered amongst those patriot kings, under whose government the people have enjoyed the greatest happiness".[132] George may not have played a strong role in history, but he was influential at times and he upheld constitutional government.[133] Elizabeth Montagu said of him, "With him our laws and liberties were safe, he possessed in a great degree the confidence of his people and the respect of foreign governments; and a certain steadiness of character made him of great consequence in these unsettled times … His character would not afford subject for epic poetry, but will look well in the sober page of history."[134]

Titles, styles, honours and arms

Royal styles of
George II of Great Britain
Reference style
His Majesty
Spoken styleYour Majesty
Alternative styleSir[135]

Titles and styles

In Britain:

  • From 9 November 1706 (O.S.): Duke and Marquess of Cambridge, Earl of Milford Haven, Viscount Northallerton, and Baron of Tewkesbury[136]
  • 1 August 1714 (O.S.) – 27 September 1714 (O.S.): His Royal Highness George Augustus, Prince of Great Britain, Electoral Prince of Brunswick-Lüneburg, Duke of Cornwall and Rothesay, etc.[137]
  • 27 September 1714 (O.S.) – 11/22 June 1727: His Royal Highness The Prince of Wales, etc.
  • 11/22 June 1727 – 25 October 1760: His Majesty The King

George II's full style was "George the Second, by the Grace of God, King of Great Britain, France and Ireland,

Defender of the Faith, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, Archtreasurer and Prince-Elector of the Holy Roman Empire".[138] France was included in the title out of tradition as English claims to the French throne were made in the medieval period.[139]

Arms

When George became Prince of Wales in 1714, he was granted the

differenced overall by a label of three points argent. The arms included the royal crest with the single arched coronet of his rank, and the royal supporters charged on the shoulder with a similar label. As king, he used the royal arms as used by his father undifferenced.[140]

Ancestors

Family of George II of Great Britain
8.
Anne Eleonore of Hesse-Darmstadt (= 9)[141]
3. Sophia Dorothea of Celle
14. Alexandre II Desmier, Seigneur d'Olbreuse[142]
7. Éléonore Desmier d'Olbreuse, Countess of Wilhelmsburg
15. Jacquette Poussard de Vandré[142]

Issue

Caroline's ten pregnancies resulted in eight live births. One of her children died in infancy, and seven lived to adulthood.[143]

Name Birth Death Notes
All dates are New Style
Frederick, Prince of Wales 1 February 1707 31 March 1751 married 1736,
George III
Anne, Princess Royal 2 November 1709 12 January 1759 married 1734, William IV, Prince of Orange; had issue
Princess Amelia 10 June 1711 31 October 1786
Princess Caroline 10 June 1713 28 December 1757
Stillborn son 20 November 1716 20 November 1716
Prince George William 13 November 1717 17 February 1718 died in infancy
Prince William, Duke of Cumberland 26 April 1721 31 October 1765
Princess Mary 5 March 1723 14 January 1772 married 1740, Frederick II, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel; had issue
Princess Louisa 18 December 1724 19 December 1751 married 1743, Frederick V, King of Denmark and Norway; had issue

Notes

  • ^O.S./N.S. Over the course of George's life, two calendars were used: the Old Style Julian calendar and the New Style Gregorian calendar. Hanover switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 19 February (O.S.) / 1 March (N.S.) 1700. Great Britain switched on 3/14 September 1752. In this article, individual dates before September 1752 are indicated as either O.S. or N.S. or both. All dates after September 1752 are N.S. only. All years are assumed to start from 1 January and not 25 March, which was the English New Year.
  • ^B Hanover had about 1,800 houses, whereas London had 100,000.[144]
  • ^C George shook his fist at Newcastle and said "You are a rascal; I shall find you out!", which the duke apparently misheard as "You are a rascal; I shall fight you!"[145]

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  1. ^ a b Cannon
  2. ^ Thompson, p. 10
  3. ^ Van der Kiste, p. 6
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  5. ^ Thompson, p. 16
  6. ^ Trench, p. 7; Van der Kiste, p. 9
  7. ^ Thompson, pp. 35–36
  8. ^ Union with Scotland Act 1706 and Union with England Act 1707, The National Archives, retrieved 20 September 2011
  9. ^ a b Van der Kiste, p. 17
  10. ^ Thompson, p. 28
  11. ^ Van der Kiste, p. 15
  12. ^ Thompson, p. 30; Van der Kiste, p. 16
  13. ^ Thompson, p. 31; Van der Kiste, p. 18
  14. ^ Van der Kiste, p. 19
  15. ^ Van der Kiste, p. 21
  16. ^ Thompson, p. 32; Trench, p. 18; Van der Kiste, p. 22
  17. ^ Van der Kiste, p. 23
  18. ^ Thompson, p. 37
  19. ^ Van der Kiste, p. 30
  20. ^ Thompson, p. 38
  21. ^ Van der Kiste, p. 36
  22. ^ Trench, p. 38; Van der Kiste, p. 37
  23. ^ Thompson, pp. 39–40; Trench, p. 39
  24. ^ Van der Kiste, p. 37
  25. ^ Trench, p. 55; Van der Kiste, p. 44
  26. ^ Trench, pp. 63–65; Van der Kiste, p. 55
  27. ^ Van der Kiste, p. 59
  28. ^ Black, George II, p. 45; Thompson, p. 47
  29. ^ Van der Kiste, p. 61
  30. ^ Trench, p. 75; Van der Kiste, p. 61
  31. ^ Trench, p. 77
  32. ^ Black, George II, p. 46; Thompson, p. 53; Trench, p. 78
  33. ^ Van der Kiste, p. 66
  34. ^ Van der Kiste, pp. 66–67
  35. ^ Trench, p. 80
  36. ^ Trench, pp. 67, 87
  37. ^ Thompson, pp. 48–50, 55
  38. ^ Trench, pp. 79, 82
  39. ^ Van der Kiste, p. 71
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  41. ^ Black, George II, p. 52; Thompson, p. 58; Trench, p. 89
  42. ^ Trench, pp. 88–89
  43. ^ Black, George II, p. 54; Thompson, pp. 58–59
  44. ^ Trench, pp. 104–105
  45. ^ Trench, pp. 106–107
  46. ^ Thompson, p. 45; Trench, p. 107
  47. ^ a b Van der Kiste, p. 97
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  50. ^ Black, George II, p. 77
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  52. ^ Trench, pp. 132–133
  53. ^ Black, George II, pp. 81–84; Black, Walpole in Power, pp. 29–31, 53, 61
  54. ^ Van der Kiste, p. 95
  55. ^ Trench, p. 149
  56. ^ Thompson, p. 92
  57. ^ Black, George II, p. 95
  58. ^ Trench, pp. 173–174; Van der Kiste, p. 138
  59. ^ Black, George II, pp. 141–143; Thompson, pp. 102–103; Trench, pp. 166–167
  60. ^ Trench, pp. 141–142; Van der Kiste, pp.115–116
  61. ^ Thompson, pp. 85–86; Van der Kiste, pp. 118, 126, 139
  62. ^ Van der Kiste, p. 118
  63. ^ Trench, p. 179
  64. ^ Trench, pp. 182–184; Van der Kiste, pp. 149–150
  65. ^ Trench, p. 185–187; Van der Kiste, p. 152
  66. ^ Van der Kiste, p. 153
  67. ^ Black, George II, p. 136; Thompson, pp. 7, 64; Trench, p. 150
  68. ^ Trench, pp. 189–190; Van der Kiste, pp. 153–154
  69. ^ Thompson, p. 120; Trench, p. 192; Van der Kiste, pp. 155–157
  70. ^ Trench, p. 196; Van der Kiste, p. 158
  71. ^ Hervey's Memoirs, vol. III, p. 916 quoted in Thompson, p. 124 and Van der Kiste, p. 165
  72. ^ Thompson, p. 124; Trench, p. 199
  73. ^ Thompson, p. 92; Trench, pp. 175, 181
  74. ^ Van der Kiste, pp. 25, 137
  75. ^ Black, George II, p. 157
  76. ^ Trench, pp. 205–206
  77. ^ Trench, p. 210
  78. ^ Thompson, pp. 133, 139
  79. ^ Black, George II, p. 174; Trench, p. 212
  80. ^ Black, George II, p. 86
  81. ^ Thompson, p. 150
  82. ^ "Silver 'Lima' crown (5 shillings) of George II", British Museum, retrieved 26 August 2011
  83. ^ Trench, pp. 211–212
  84. ^ Trench, pp. 206–209
  85. ^ Black, George II, p. 111; Trench, pp. 136, 208; Van der Kiste, p. 173
  86. ^ Thompson, p. 148; Trench, pp. 217–223
  87. ^ Black, George II, pp. 181–184; Van der Kiste, pp. 179–180
  88. ^ Black, George II, pp. 185–186; Thompson, p. 160; Van der Kiste, p. 181
  89. ^ Black, George II, pp. 190–193; Thompson, pp. 162, 169; Trench, pp. 234–235
  90. ^ Black, George II, pp. 164, 184, 195
  91. ^ Black, George II, pp. 190–193; Cannon; Trench, pp. 234–235
  92. ^ Van der Kiste, p. 184
  93. ^ Black, George II, pp. 190–191
  94. ^ Van der Kiste, pp. 186–187
  95. ^ Thompson, pp. 187–189
  96. ^ Black, George II, p. 199; Trench, p. 243; Van der Kiste, p. 188
  97. ^ Van der Kiste, p. 189
  98. ^ Thompson, p. 208; Trench, p. 247
  99. ^ Black, George II, pp. 207–211; Thompson, p. 209; Trench, p. 249; Van der Kiste, p. 195
  100. ^ Thompson, p. 211
  101. ^ Horace Walpole's memoirs, vol. I, p. 152, quoted in Thompson, p. 213 and Trench, p. 250
  102. ^ Thompson, pp. 233–238
  103. ^ Black, George II, pp. 231–232; Thompson, p. 252; Trench, pp. 271–274
  104. ^ Ashley, p. 677
  105. ^ Thompson, pp. 265–266; Trench, p. 283
  106. ^ Thompson, p. 268; Trench, p. 284
  107. ^ Horace Walpole's memoirs, vol. III, p. 61, quoted in Trench, p. 286
  108. ^ Thompson, p. 276; Trench, p. 286
  109. ^ Thompson, p. 270; Trench, p. 287
  110. ^ Trench, pp. 293–296
  111. ^ Thompson, pp. 282–283
  112. ^ Thompson, p. 275; Trench, p. 292; Van der Kiste, p. 212
  113. ^ Thompson, pp. 289–290; Van der Kiste, p. 213
  114. ^ Van der Kiste, p. 213
  115. ^ Nicholls, Frank (1761) "Observations concerning the body of His Late Majesty", Philos Trans Lond 52: 265–274
  116. ^ Brewer, p. 219
  117. ^ Black, George II, p. 253; Thompson, p. 290
  118. ^ Van der Kiste, between pp. 150 and 151
  119. ^ Black, George II, pp. 68, 127
  120. ^ Black, George II, p. 127; Thompson, pp. 97–98; Trench, p. 153
  121. ^ Black, George II, p. 128; Trench, pp. 140, 152
  122. ^ Black, George II, p. 128
  123. ^ Thompson, p. 96
  124. ^ Black, George II, pp. 255–257
  125. ^ Black, George II, pp. 257–258
  126. ^ Black, George II, pp. 258–259
  127. ^ Black, George II, pp. 144–146; Cannon; Trench, pp. 135–136
  128. ^ Black, George II, p. 195
  129. ^ Best, p. 71
  130. ^ Black, George II, p. 82; Trench, p. 300; Lord Waldegrave's Memoirs quoted in Trench, p. 270
  131. ^ Charlemont quoted in Cannon and Trench, p. 299
  132. ^ Quoted in Trench, p. 270
  133. ^ Black, George II, p. 138; Cannon; Trench, p. 300
  134. ^ Quoted in Black, George II, p. 254
  135. ^ e.g. Duke of Newcastle quoted in Van der Kiste, p. 203
  136. ^ Weir, p. 277
  137. ^ e.g. "No. 5264". The London Gazette. 28 September 1714.
  138. ^ e.g. A Lima half-crown (MEC1598), National Maritime Museum, retrieved 7 September 2011
  139. ^ Weir, p. 286
  140. ^ Pinches, p. 206
  141. ^ a b c d e f Weir, pp. 272–275
  142. ^ a b Haag et al., pp. 347–349
  143. ^ Weir, pp. 277–285
  144. ^ Van der Kiste, p. 39
  145. ^ Van der Kiste, p. 63

Bibliography

  • Ashley, Mike (1998) The Mammoth Book of British Kings and Queens. London: Robinson. ISBN 1-84119-096-9
  • Best, Nicholas (1995) The Kings and Queens of England. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 0-297-83487-8
  • Black, Jeremy (2001) Walpole in Power. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Sutton Publishing. ISBN 0-7509-2523-X
  • Black, Jeremy (2007) George II: Puppet of the Politicians? Exeter: University of Exeter Press. ISBN 0-85989-807-2
  • Brewer, Clifford (2000) The Death of Kings. London: Abson. ISBN 978-0-902920-99-6
  • Cannon, John (2004) "George II (1683–1760)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, retrieved 16 August 2011 doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/10539 (Subscription required for online access)
  • Haag, Eugène; Haag, Émile; Bordier, Henri Léonard (1877) La France Protestante. Paris: Sandoz et Fischbacher Template:Fr icon online edition
  • Pinches, John Harvey; Pinches, Rosemary (1974) The Royal Heraldry of England. Slough, Buckinghamshire: Hollen Street Press. ISBN 0-900455-25-X
  • Thompson, Andrew C. (2011) George II: King and Elector. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-11892-6
  • Trench, Charles Chevenix (1975) George II. London: Allen Lane. ISBN 0-7139-0481-X
  • Van der Kiste, John (1997) George II and Queen Caroline. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Sutton Publishing. ISBN 0-7509-1321-5
  • Weir, Alison (1996) Britain's Royal Families: The Complete Genealogy. London: Random House. ISBN 0-7126-7448-9

Further reading

  • Dickinson, Harry T.; introduced by A. L. Rowse (1973) Walpole and the Whig Supremacy. London: The English Universities Press. ISBN 0-340-11515-7
  • Williams, Basil; revised by C. H. Stuart (1962) The Whig Supremacy 1714–1760. Second edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press

External links

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George II of Great Britain
Cadet branch of the House of Welf
Born: 9 November 1683 Died: 25 October 1760
Regnal titles
Preceded by
Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg
1
11/22 June 1727 – 25 October 1760 		Succeeded by
George III
British royalty
Preceded by
George, Elector of Brunswick-Lüneburg
later became King George I
 Heir to the Throne
as heir apparent
1714–1727 		Succeeded by
Vacant
Title last held by
James Stuart 		Prince of Wales
1714–1727 		Succeeded by
Peerage of England
Vacant
Title last held by
James Stuart 		Duke of Cornwall
1714–1727 		Succeeded by
New creation Duke of Cambridge
5th creation
1706–1727 		Merged in the crown
Peerage of Scotland
Vacant
Title last held by
James Stuart 		Duke of Rothesay
1714–1727 		Succeeded by
Notes and references
1. Title over Saxe-Lauenburg recognized by Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor, in 1728

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