User:Superjurek/sandbox/Transgender
Part of a series on |
Transgender topics |
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Transgender is the state of one's
- "Of, relating to, or designating a person whose identity does not conform unambiguously to conventional notions of male or female gender roles, but combines or moves between these."[2]
- "People who were assigned a sex, usually at birth and based on their genitals, but who feel that this is a false or incomplete description of themselves."[3]
- "Non-identification with, or non-presentation as, the sex (and assumed gender) one was assigned at birth."[4]
A transgender individual may have characteristics that are normally associated with a particular gender and identify elsewhere on the traditional gender continuum, or exist outside of it as other,
Evolution of the term transgender
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LGBT topics |
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Writing for health professionals in the second edition of his reference work Sexual Hygiene and Pathology in 1965, psychiatrist John F. Oliven of
In 1979,
Różnice między transgenderyzmem, a transseksualizmem
Jest kilka nieco dwuznacznych i nierzadko pokrywających się wzajemnie pojęć; można je sprowadzić do dwóch terminów: transgenderyzmu i transseksualizmu.
In addition to the larger categories of transgender and transsexual, there is a wide range of gender expressions and identities which are contrary to the mainstream male-female binary. These include
There is ample academic literature on the
There exists political tension between the identities that fall under the "transgender umbrella."
Transgender identities
While people self-identify as transgender, the transgender identity umbrella includes sometimes-overlapping categories. These include
The current definitions of transgender include all transsexual people, although this has been criticized. (See below.) Intersex people have genitalia or other physical sexual characteristics that do not conform to strict definitions of male and/or female, but intersex people are not necessarily transgender, since they do not all disagree with their assigned sex at birth. Transgender and intersex issues often overlap, however, because they both challenge the notion of rigid definitions of sex and gender.
The term trans man refers to female-to-male (FtM or F2M) transgender people, and trans woman refers to male-to-female (MtF or M2F) transgender people. In the past, it was assumed that there were more trans women than trans men, but a Swedish study estimated a ratio of 1.4:1 in favour of trans women for those requesting sex reassignment surgery and a ratio of 1:1 for those who proceeded.[28]
The term cisgender has been coined as an antonym referring to non-transgender people; i.e. those who identify with their gender assigned at birth.[29]
GLAAD notes that, when referring to a transgender person, using that person's preferred name and pronoun regardless of their legal gender status (as not all transgender people can afford surgery or other body modifications) is respectful. Unlike "transsexual", the word "transgender" should be used as an adjective rather than a noun — for example, "Max is transgender" or "Max is a transgender man" rather than "Max is a transgender."[30]
Health-practitioner manuals, professional journalistic style guides, and LGBT advocacy groups advise the adoption by others of the name and pronouns identified by the person in question, including present references to the transgender person's past.[31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42]
Transsexual
Transsexual people may undergo gender transition, the process of aligning one's gender expression or presentation with their internal gender identity. People who have transitioned may or may not necessarily identify as transgender or transsexual any longer, but simply as a man or a woman. Those who continue identifying as transsexual men or women may not want to ignore their pre-transition life, and may continue strong ties with other trans people and raising social consciousness.[45]
The process of
Transvestite or cross-dresser
A
The term "transvestite" and the associated outdated term "transvestism" are conceptually different from the term "
Genderqueer
Androgyne
An
The term androgyne is also sometimes used as a medical synonym for an intersex individual.[59]
Bigender
A
Drag kings and queens
Transgender people and the LGBT community
The concepts of gender identity and transgender identity differ from that of sexual orientation.[61] Sexual orientation describes an individual's enduring physical, romantic, emotional, and/or spiritual attraction to another person, while gender identity is one's personal sense of being a man or a woman.[30] Transgender people have more or less the same variety of sexual orientations as cisgender people.[62] In the past, the terms homosexual and heterosexual were incorrectly used to label transgender individuals' sexual orientation based on their birth sex.[63] Professional literature now uses terms such as attracted to men (androphilic), attracted to women (gynephilic), attracted to both (Bisexual) or attracted to neither (Asexual) to describe a person's sexual orientation without reference to their gender identity.[64] Therapists are coming to understand the necessity of using terms with respect to their clients' gender identities and preferences.[65] For example, a person who is assigned male at birth, transitions to female, and is attracted to men would be identified as heterosexual.
Despite the distinction between sexual orientation and gender, throughout history the
Pride symbols
A common symbol for the transgender community is the
The flag consists of five horizontal stripes, two light
Helms describes the meaning of the flag as follows:
The light blue is the traditional color for baby boys, pink is for
intersexed. The pattern is such that no matter which way you fly it, it will always be correct. This symbolizes us trying to find correctness in our own lives.[This quote needs a citation]
Other transgender symbols include the butterfly (symbolizing transformation or metamorphosis), and a pink/light blue yin and yang symbol.
Transgender people and feminism
Some feminists and feminist groups are supportive of transgender people. Others are not.
Though
Feminist writer Janice Raymond asserts that sex determines gender, and that no practical difference is between the two. In her view, genitalia or "birth sex" or chromosomes deeply and permanently determine one's essential identity as a woman or man; trying to violate this divide is impossible, unnatural, and unhealthy. She argues that although transsexuals may claim to feel like a certain gender, only a biological female can genuinely feel what occupying a woman's body is; e.g., such experiences as childbirth.[67]
Transgender healthcare
Mental healthcare
Most mental health professionals recommend therapy for internal conflicts about gender identity or discomfort in an assigned gender role, especially if one desires to
Transgender people may be eligible for diagnosis of
The terms transsexualism, dual-role transvestism, gender identity disorder in adolescents or adults and gender identity disorder not otherwise specified are listed as such in the
In February 2010, France became the first country in the world to remove transgender identity from the list of mental diseases.[71][72]
The issues around psychological classifications and associated stigma (whether based in paraphilia or not) of cross dressers, transsexual men and women (and lesbian and gay children, who may resemble trans children early in life) have become more complex since
Transgender issues are both new in the scientific field and affect few people; many mental healthcare providers know little about transgender issues. Those who seek help from these professionals often educate the professional without receiving help.
Physical healthcare
Medical and surgical procedures exist for transsexual and some transgender people. (Most categories of transgender people as described above are not known for seeking the following treatments.)
Transgender people and the law
Legal procedures exist in some
In Canada, a private members bill protecting the rights of freedom of gender expression and gender identity passed in the House of Commons on February 9, 2011. It amends the Canada Human Rights code to help protect gender-variant people from discrimination by including gender identity and expression in the list of prohibited grounds for discrimination, as well as including gender identity and expression in the description of identifiable group, so that offences deliberately against gender-variant people can be punished to a similar extent as a racial-based crime.[81] The bill may or may not be passed by the Senate.[82]
In the U.S., a federal bill to protect workers from discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity – called the Employment Non-Discrimination Act – has stalled and failed several times over the past two decades.[83] Still, individual states and cities have begun passing their own non-discrimination ordinances. In New York, for example, Governor David Paterson passed the first legislation to include transgender protections in September 2010.[84]
Nicole Maines took a case of whether she is allowed to use her high school's girls' bathroom, as a transgender girl, to Maine's Supreme Court in June, 2013. She claims being denied such access is a violation of Maine's Human Rights Act, though a state judge has already disagreed with her.[85]
In April 2014, the Supreme Court of India declared transgender to be the 'third gender' in Indian law.[86][87][88] Justice KS Radhakrishnan noted in his decision that, "Seldom, our society realizes or cares to realize the trauma, agony and pain which the members of Transgender community undergo, nor appreciates the innate feelings of the members of the Transgender community, especially of those whose mind and body disown their biological sex", adding:
Non-recognition of the identity of Hijras/transgender persons denies them equal protection of law, thereby leaving them extremely vulnerable to harassment, violence and sexual assault in public spaces, at home and in jail, also by the police. Sexual assault, including molestation, rape, forced anal and oral sex, gang rape and stripping is being committed with impunity and there are reliable statistics and materials to support such activities. Further, non-recognition of identity of Hijras /transgender persons results in them facing extreme discrimination in all spheres of society, especially in the field of employment, education, healthcare etc. Hijras/transgender persons face huge discrimination in access to public spaces like restaurants, cinemas, shops, malls etc. Further, access to public toilets is also a serious problem they face quite often. Since, there are no separate toilet facilities for Hijras/transgender persons, they have to use male toilets where they are prone to sexual assault and harassment. Discrimination on the ground of sexual orientation or gender identity, therefore, impairs equality before law and equal protection of law and violates Article 14 of the Constitution of India.[89]
Transgender people and the U.S. military
United States Secretary of Defense Chuck Hegel is quoted as stating that the military should "continually" review its prohibition on transgender individuals and stating: "Every qualified American who wants to serve our country should have an opportunity if they fit the qualifications and can do it."[90]
Transgender people and religion
James D. Whitehead and Evelyn Eaton Whitehead, educators and authors, discuss[91] the links between spirituality and sexuality, and the frequent absence of compassion within the church community, in their case, the Catholic Church, in ministering to this community.[92]
Transsexual people and science
Brain-based studies
Several studies have concentrated on whether sexually dimorphic brain structures in transsexuals are more similar to their preferred sex or to their birth sex. Researchers caution that there are known brain differences between homosexual and heterosexual persons and that the brain changes in response to hormone-treatment, which many transsexuals use. In order to know what in the brain is related to what feature of the person, studies of more uniform groups give clearer results than do studies of more mixed groups.
Androphilic male-to-female transsexuals
Studies have consistently shown that specifically
Rametti and colleagues used
Gynephilic male-to-female transsexuals
Conversely,
These researchers concluded that:
Contrary to the primary hypothesis, no sex-atypical features with signs of 'feminization' were detected in the transsexual group....The present study does not support the dogma that [male-to-female transsexuals] have atypical sex dimorphism in the brain but confirms the previously reported sex differences. The observed differences between MtF-TR and controls raise the question as to whether gender dysphoria may be associated with changes in multiple structures and involve a network (rather than a single nodal area).[95]
In Sweden, non-androphilic transsexual women were tested when they were smelling odorous steroids. The results showed that the transsexual women demonstrated "a pattern of activation away from the biological sex, occupying an intermediate position with predominantly female-like features."[96]
Anne Lawrence, a sexologist, physician, and self-identified autogynephilic transsexual, has hypothesized that the desire by persons with
Mixed samples of male-to-female transsexuals
Several teams of researchers have examined the brains or brain functioning of MtF transsexuals without separating the samples into androphilic (or homosexual) and gynephilic (or
The
In a pair of reports, the Dutch team that Dick Swaab led examined the volume[101] and neuron count[102] in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis in six estrogen-treated transsexuals and one pre-treatment transsexual. They found the BSTc to be female-shifted (smaller) among the transsexuals than among the male control subjects. A subsequent study by Swaab found that the BSTc becomes sexually dimorphic only in adulthood, suggesting that differentiation of the BSTc does not cause transsexualism.[103] Rather, the difference in the BSTc might instead be the result of a "failure to develop a male-like gender identity" (p. 1032). The BSTc has also been reported to be smaller in other sexually atypical populations unrelated to transsexualism.[104]
Another team of Dutch researchers examined the effects of cross-gender hormone treatment on the brain in 8 male-to-female transsexuals and in 6 female-to-male transsexuals, finding that the hormones changed the sizes of the hypothalamus in a gender consistent manner. Treatment with male hormones shifted the hypothalamus towards the male direction in the same way as in male controls, and treatment with female hormones shifted the hypothalamus towards the female direction in the same way as female controls.[105]
A 2003 study by Haraldsen and colleagues compared the performance of 52 persons with Gender Identity Disorder (33 from Norway and 19 from the U.S.) with that of 29 control subjects on a series of tests that tap into the functioning of different parts of the brain and on which men and women perform differently. The people in the GID sample "were either homosexually attracted by males or females (n=38), by both (n=3) or by neither (n=9)." No effects of transsexual status were detected.[106]
Johns Hopkins researchers in 2005 reported on another test of brain functioning using test performance. The study subjects included 27 MtF transsexuals and 16 control men, and the authors reported that no female-typical patterns in cerebral lateralization or cognitive performance were found within the transsexual sample.[107]
In 2009,
Gynephilic female-to-male transsexuals
Brain-based research has repeatedly shown that female-to-male transsexuals have several male-like characteristics in neuroanatomy. In 2010, a team of neuroscientists compared 18 female-to-male transsexuals with 24 male and 19 female gynephilic controls, using an MRI technique called
Another team of neuroscientists, led by Nawata in Japan, used a technique called
Related developments in other fields
Brain structure differences associated with transsexualism do not exist in isolation. Similar brain structure differences have been noted between gay and heterosexual men, and between lesbian and heterosexual women.[111][112]
More recent studies have found that circumstance, such as parenting, and repeated activities such as
Genetic studies
In 2008, a study was performed to attempt to find a link between genes and transsexuality. The researchers compared 112 male-to-female transsexuals (both androphilic and gynephilic), mostly already undergoing hormone treatment, with 258 cis-gendered male controls. The male-to-female transsexuals were more likely than non-transsexual males to have a longer version of a receptor gene for the sex hormone androgen or testosterone. The research suggests reduced androgen and androgen signaling contributes to the female gender identity of male to female transsexuals. The authors say that a decrease in testosterone levels in the brain during development might prevent complete masculinization of the brain in male to female transsexuals and thereby cause a more feminized brain and a female gender identity.[114][115]
Terms and typology
The use of homosexual transsexual and related terms have been applied to transgender people since the middle of the 20th century, though concerns about the terms have been voiced since then. Harry Benjamin said in 1966:
...it seems evident that the question "Is the transsexual homosexual?" must be answered "yes" and " no." "Yes," if his anatomy is considered; "no" if his psyche is given preference.
What would be the situation after corrective surgery has been performed and the sex anatomy now resembles that of a woman? Is the "new woman" still a homosexual man? "Yes," if pedantry and technicalities prevail. "No" if reason and common sense are applied and if the respective patient is treated as an individual and not as a rubber stamp.[116]
Many sources, including some supporters of the typology, criticize this choice of wording as confusing and degrading. Biologist Bruce Bagemihl writes "..the point of reference for "heterosexual" or "homosexual" orientation in this nomenclature is solely the individual's genetic sex prior to reassignment (see for example, Blanchard et al. 1987[24], Coleman and Bockting, 1988[25], Blanchard, 1989[26]). These labels thereby ignore the individual’s personal sense of gender identity taking precedence over biological sex, rather than the other way around."[117] Bagemihl goes on to take issue with the way this terminology makes it easy to claim transsexuals are really homosexual males seeking to escape from stigma.[117] Leavitt and Berger stated in 1990 that "The homosexual transsexual label is both confusing and controversial among males seeking sex reassignment.[118][119] Critics argue that the term "homosexual transsexual" is "heterosexist",[117] "archaic",[120] and demeaning because it labels people by sex assigned at birth instead of their gender identity.[121] Benjamin, Leavitt, and Berger have all used the term in their own work.[116][118] Sexologist John Bancroft also recently expressed regret for having used this terminology, which was standard when he used it, to refer to transsexual women.[122] He says that he now tries to choose his words more sensitively.[122][122] Sexologist Charles Allen Moser is likewise critical of the terminology.[123]
Use of androphilia and gynephilia was proposed and popularized by psychologist
Psychiatrist Anil Aggrawal explains why the terms are useful in a glossary:
Androphilia – The romantic and/or sexual attraction to adult males. The term, along with gynephilia, is needed to overcome immense difficulties in characterizing the sexual orientation of transmen and transwomen. For instance, it is difficult to decide whether a transman erotically attracted to males is a heterosexual female or a homosexual male; or a transwoman erotically attracted to females is a heterosexual male or a lesbian female. Any attempt to classify them may not only cause confusion but arouse offense among the affected subjects. In such cases, while defining sexual attraction, it is best to focus on the object of their attraction rather than on the sex or gender of the subject.[126]
Psychologist Rachel Ann Heath writes, "The terms homosexual and heterosexual are awkward, especially when the former is used with, or instead of, gay and lesbian. Alternatively, I use gynephilic and androphilic to refer to sexual preference for women and men, respectively. Gynephilic and androphilic derive from the Greek meaning love of a woman and love of a man respectively. So a gynephilic man is a man who likes women, that is, a heterosexual man, whereas an androphilic man is a man who likes men, that is, a gay man. For completeness, a lesbian is a gynephilic woman, a woman who likes other women. Gynephilic transsexed woman refers to a woman of transsexual background whose sexual preference is for women. Unless homosexual and heterosexual are more readily understood terms in a given context, this more precise terminology will be used throughout the book. Since homosexual, gay, and lesbian are often associated with bigotry and exclusion in many societies, the emphasis on sexual affiliation is both appropriate and socially just."[127] Author Helen Boyd agrees, writing, "It would be much more accurate to define sexual orientation as either "androphilic" (loving men) and "gynephilic" (loving women) instead."[128] Sociomedical scientist Rebecca Jordan-Young challenges researchers like Simon LeVay, J. Michael Bailey, and Martin Lalumiere, who she says "have completely failed to appreciate the implications of alternative ways of framing sexual orientation."[129]
Blanchard's typology
Scientific criticism of the theory includes papers from Veale, Nuttbrock, Moser, and others who argue that the theory is poorly representative of MTF transsexuals, non-instructive, the experiments poorly controlled, or contradicted by other data.[134][135][136][137] Many sources, including some supporters of the theory, criticize Blanchard's choice of wording as confusing or degrading.
Also the DSM V workgroup has been quoted as saying:
In contemporary clinical practice, sexual orientation per se plays only a minor role in treatment protocols or decisions. Also, changes as to the preferred gender of sex partner occur during or after treatment (DeCuypere, Janes, & Rubens, 2005; Lawrence, 2005; Schroder & Carroll, 1999). It can be difficult to assess sexual orientation in individuals with a GI diagnosis, as they preoperatively might give incorrect information in order to be approved for hormonal and surgical treatment (Lawrence, 1999). Because sexual orientation subtyping is of interest to researchers in the field, it is recommended that reference to it be addressed in the text, but not as a specifier. It should also be assessed as a dimensional construct.[138]
Blanchard is a member of the DSM V Sexual and Gender Identity Disorders Work Group chaired by Kenneth J. Zucker. Though it has supporters, the transsexual community has for the most part vehemently rejected Blanchard's typology theory.
By region
Latin America
In Latin American cultures, the travestis generally undergo hormonal treatment, use female gender expression including new names and pronouns from the masculine ones they were given when assigned a sex, and might use breast implants, but they are not offered and/or do not desire sex-reassignment surgery, and might be regarded as a gender in itself (a "third gender"), a mix between man and woman ("intergender/androgynes") or the presence of both masculine and feminine identities in a single person ("bigender").
They are framed as something entirely separate from transgender women, who possess the same gender identity of people assigned female at birth.
More recently, other transgender identities are becoming more known of, as a result of contact with other cultures of the Western world.[139] These newer identities, sometimes known under the umbrella use of the term "genderqueer",[139] along the older travesti one, are known as non-binary, that go along with binary transgenders (those traditionally diagnosed under the now obsolete "transsexualism") under the single umbrella of transgender, but not along crossdressers and drag queens and kings, that are held as nonconforming gender expressions rather than transgender gender identities when a distinction is made.
Nevertheless, deviating from the societal standards for sexual behavior, sexual orientation/identity, gender identity and gender expression have a single umbrella term that is known as sexodiverso or sexodiversa in both Spanish and Portuguese, with its most approximate translation to English being "queer".
Transgender people in non-Western cultures
Asia
In
In India, the Supreme Court on April 15, 2014, recognized a third gender that is neither male nor female, stating "Recognition of transgenders as a third gender is not a social or medical issue but a human rights issue."[157]
North America
In what is now the United States and Canada, many Native American and
Other
In early
Among the ancient Middle Eastern Akkadian people, a salzikrum was a person who appeared biologically female but had distinct male traits. Salzikrum is a compound word meaning male daughter. According to the Code of Hammurabi, salzikrūm had inheritance rights like that of priestesses; they inherited from their fathers, unlike regular daughters. A salzikrum's father could also stipulate that she inherit a certain amount.[170]
Coming out
Transgender people vary greatly in choosing when, whether, and how to disclose their transgender status to family, close friends, and others. The prevalence of discrimination[171] and violence[172] against the transgender community can make coming out a risky decision. Fear of retaliatory behavior, such as being removed from the parental home while underage, is a cause for transgender people to not come out to their families until they have reached adulthood.[173] Parental confusion and lack of acceptance of the child's transgenderism may be met with an effort to change their children back to "normal" by utilizing mental health services to alter the child's sexual orientation and what is seen as a "phase".[174]
See also
- List of transgender people
- List of transgender-related topics
- List of transgender-rights organizations
- List of transgender, transsexual and intersex fictional characters
- List of unlawfully killed transgender people
- Queer
- Transgender American history
- Transgender Day of Remembrance
- Transgender publications
- Transgenderism
- Transphobia
- Transsexual pornography
Notes
- ^
- In April 1970, TV Guide published an article which referenced a post-operative transsexual movie character as being "transgendered."("Sunday Highlights". TV Guide. April 26, 1970. Retrieved 28 May 2012.
[R]aquel Welch (left), moviedom's sex queen soon to be seen as the heroine/hero of Gore Vidal's transgendered "Myra Breckinridge"…
) - In the 1974 edition of Clinical Sexuality: A Manual for the Physician and the Professions, transgender was used as an umbrella term and the Conference Report from the 1974 "National TV.TS Conference" held in Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK used "trans-gender" and "trans.people" as umbrella terms.(Oliven, John F. (1974). Clinical sexuality: A Manual for the Physician and the Professions (3rd ed.). University of Michigan (digitized Aug 2008): Lippincott. pp. 110, 484–487. ISBN 9780761971634.)
- However A Practical Handbook of Psychiatry (1974) references "transgender surgery" noting, "The transvestite rarely seeks transgender surgery, since the core of his perversion is an attempt to realize the fantasy of a phallic woman."(Novello, Joseph R. (1974). A Practical Handbook of Psychiatry. University of Michigan, digitized August 2008: C. C. Thomas. p. 176. ISBN 9780398028688.)
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location (link
- In April 1970, TV Guide published an article which referenced a post-operative transsexual movie character as being "transgendered."("Sunday Highlights". TV Guide. April 26, 1970. Retrieved 28 May 2012.
References
- ^ a b Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation. "GLAAD Media Reference Guide - Transgender glossary of terms", "GLAAD", USA, May 2010. Retrieved on 2011-02-24.
- ^ Author unknown, (2004) "...Transgender, adj. Of, relating to, or designating a person whose identity does not conform unambiguously to conventional notions of male or female gender, but combines or moves between these..." Definition of transgender[dead link] from the Oxford English Dictionary, draft version March 2004. Retrieved on 2007-04-07.
- ^ "USI LGBT Campaign - Transgender Campaign". Retrieved 11 January 2012.
- ^ Stroud District Council "Gender Equality SCHEME AND ACTION PLAN 2007"
- ^ "Layton, Lynne. In Defense of Gender Ambiguity: Jessica Benjamin. Gender & Psychoanalysis. I, 1996. Pp. 27–43". Retrieved 2007-03-06
- ^ a b Kozee, H. B., Tylka, T. L., & Bauerband, L. A. (2012). Measuring transgender individuals' comfort with gender identity and appearance: Development and validation of the Transgender Congruence Scale. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 36, 179-196. doi: 10.1177/0361684312442161
- . Retrieved 4 June 2012.
- ^ Oliven, John F. (1965). Sexual Hygiene and Pathology. p. 514.
Where the compulsive urge reaches beyond female vestments, and becomes an urge for gender ("sex") change, transvestism becomes "transsexualism." The term is misleading; actually, "transgenderism" is what is meant, because sexuality is not a major factor in primary transvestism. Psychologically, the transsexual often differs from the simple cross-dresser; he is conscious at all times of a strong desire to be a woman, and the urge can be truly consuming.
- ^ ISBN 9780761971634.
- ^ Stryker, S. (2004), "... lived full-time in a social role not typically associated with their natal sex, but who did not resort to genital surgery as a means of supporting their gender presentation ..." in Transgender from the GLBTQ: an encyclopedia of gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgender and queer culture. Retrieved on 2007-04-10.
- ^ The Radio Times (1979: 2 June)
- ^ Parker, Jerry (October 18, 1979). "Christine Recalls Life as Boy from the Bronx". Newsday/Winnipeg Free Press. Retrieved 28 May 2012.
"If you understand trans-genders," she says, (the word she prefers to transsexuals), "then you understand that gender doesn't have to do with bed partners, it has to do with identity."
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(help) - ^ "News From California: 'Transgender'". Appeal-Democrat/Associate Press. May 11, 1982. pp. A-10. Retrieved 28 May 2012.
she describes people who have had such operations' "transgender" rather than transsexual. "Sexuality is who you sleep with, but gender is who you are," she explained
- ^ Peo, TV-TS Tapestry Board of Advisors, Roger E. (1984, Issue 2). "The 'Origins' and 'Cures' for Transgender Behavior". The TV-TS Tapestry. Retrieved 28 May 2012.
{{cite news}}
: Check date values in:|date=
(help) - ^ "First International Conference on Transgender Law and Employment Policy (1992)". organizational pamphlet. ICTLEP/. 1992. Retrieved 28 May 2012.
Transgendered persons include transsexuals, transgenderists, and other crossdressers of both sexes, transitioning in either direction (male to female or female to male), of any sexual orientation, and of all races, creeds, religions, ages, and degrees of physical impediment.
- ^ a b Benjamin, H. (1966). The transsexual phenomenon. New York: Julian Press, page 23.
- ^ Gaughan, Sharon (2006-08-19). "What About Non-op Transsexuals? A No-op Notion". TS-SI. Retrieved 2008-09-30.
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help)[dead link] - ^ Conway, Lynn (2003). "The Strange Saga of Gregory Hemingway".
- ^ Schoenberg, Nara (2001-11-19). "The Son Also Falls From elephant hunter to bejeweled exhibitionist, the tortured life of Gregory Hemingway". CHICAGO TRIBUNE. Archived from the original on 2001-11-20.
- ^ Prince, Virginia Charles (1913-2009)
- ^ Prince, V. (1969), Men Who Choose to be Women, Sexology, February, pp. 441–444. Use of the term "transgenderal".
- ^ Medilexicon "sex" definition and Medilexicon "gender" definition
- ^ UNCW: Developing and Implementing a Scale to Assess Attitudes Regarding Transsexuality
- ^ Liberman, Mark. "Single-X Education". Language Log. Retrieved 28 June 2012.
- ^ Boyd, Hellen. "The Umbrella". enGender. Retrieved 28 June 2012.
the only part of the gender binary we *necessarily* challenge is the notion that people are always assigned to the right side of the binary at birth, and don't need sympathy or help if the assignment goes wrong.
- ISBN 0-231-11191-6.
- ^ Interview with RuPaul, David Shankbone, Wikinews, October 6, 2007.
- ^ Landén, M., Wålinder, J., Lundstrom, B. (1996) "...Results: During the 20-year period of the study, 233 requests for sex reassignment were processed, and the incidence data were calculated on the basis of this group. This means that the average annual frequency was 11.6 cases. The number of inhabitants in Sweden over 15 years of age increased during the study period from 6.5 million to 7.1 million, i.e. there was a mean population of 6.8 million (12), which gives an annual incidence of request for sex reassignment of 0.17 per 100,000 inhabitants. The sex ratio (male:female) is 1.4 :1. To resolve the question of whether transsexualism increases or decreases, we divided the group into two 10-year periods. As can be seen from Table 1, not only do our results agree with the Swedish incidence data published in the 1970s, but also they remain remarkably stable over time. Separating from all applications the group with primary transsexualism yielded 188 cases, i.e. 9.4 cases annually. As is shown in Table 2, this corresponds to an incidence of primary transsexualism of 0.14 per 100,000 inhabitants over 15 years of age. It should also be noted that primary transsexualism is equally common in women and men..." in Incidence and sex ratio of transsexualism in Sweden from Acta Psychiatrica Scandanavica, Volume 93, pages 261-263. Retrieved on 2007-09-22.
- ISBN 0-8058-5684-6. p.61.
- ^ a b Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation. "GLAAD's Transgender Resource Page", "GLAAD", USA. Retrieved on 2011-02-24.
- ^ Glicksman, Eve (April 2013). "Transgender terminology: It's complicated". Vol 44, No. 4: American Psychological Association. p. 39. Retrieved 2013-09-17.
Use whatever name and gender pronoun the person prefers
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: location (link) - ^ Sponsored by the American Medical Association and The Fenway Health with unrestricted support from Fenway Health and Pfizer. "Meeting the Health Care Needs of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender (LGBT) People: The End to LGBT Invisibility" (PowerPoint Presentation). The Fenway Institute. p. 24. Retrieved 2013-09-17.
Use the pronoun that matches the person's gender identity
- ^ "Glossary of Gender and Transgender Terms" (PDF). Preface: Fenway Health. January 2010. p. 2. Retrieved 2013-09-17.
listen to your clients – what terms do they use to describe themselves
- ^ "Therapists with Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Clients" (Word Document). Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies. 2010. p. 2. Retrieved 2013-09-17.
transsexuals prefer to be referred to using the pronoun of identified gender, regardless of their level of transition
[dead link] - ^ Elizondo, Paul M. III, D.O.; Wilkinson, Willy, M.P.H.; Daley, Christopher, M.D. (6 September 2012). "Working With Transgender Persons". Phychiatric Times. Retrieved 2013-09-17.
If you are not sure which pronoun to use, you can ask the patient
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "Competencies for Counseling with Transgender Clients" (PDF). Association for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Issues in Counseling. 18 September 2009. p. 3.
honor the set of pronouns that clients select and use them throughout the counseling process
- ^ "AP editors' note on Manning". The AP Blog. Associated Press. 22 August 2013. Retrieved 2013-09-17.
Use the pronoun preferred by the individuals who have acquired the physical characteristics of the opposite sex or present themselves in a way that does not correspond with their sex at birth.
- ^ Division of Public Affairs (September 2011). "Style Guide" (PDF). Vanderbilt University. p. 34. Retrieved 2013-09-17.
Use the pronoun preferred by the individuals who have acquired the physical characteristics of the opposite sex or present themselves in a way that does not correspond with their sex at birth.
- ^ "Frequently Asked Questions on Trans Identity" (PDF). Common Ground – Trans Etiquette. University of Richmond. Retrieved 2013-09-17.
be considerate of one's gender identity by using the pronouns of the respective gender pronouns, or gender-‐neutral pronouns, they use
{{cite web}}
: soft hyphen character in|quote=
at position 108 (help) - ^ "Journalists: Commit to Fair and Accurate Coverage of Transgender People, including Pvt. Chelsea Manning". Transgender Law Center. 2013. Retrieved 2013-09-17.
Avoid pronoun confusion when examining the stories and backgrounds of transgender people prior to their transition.
- ^ "NAMES, PRONOUN USAGE & DESCRIPTIONS" (PDF). GLAAD Media Reference Guide. GLAAD. May 2010. p. 11. Retrieved 2013-09-17.
It is usually best to report on transgender people's stories from the present day instead of narrating them from some point or multiple points in the past, thus avoiding confusion and potentially disrespectful use of incorrect pronouns.
- ^ "Transgender FAQ". Resources. Human Rights Campaign. Retrieved 2013-09-17.
should be identified with their preferred pronoun
- ^ APA task force (1994) "...There must be evidence of a strong and persistent cross-gender identification, which is the desire to be, or the insistence that one is of the other sex..." in DSM-IV: Sections 302.6 and 302.85 published by the American Psychiatric Association. Retrieved via Mental Health Matters on 2007-04-08.
- ^ World Health Organisation (1992) "...The desire to live and be accepted as a member of the opposite sex..." in ICD-10, Gender Identity Disorder, category F64.0 published by the World Health Organisation. Retrieved on 2007-04-09.
- ^ Author and date unknown. "... For some, maintaining a link to their transness or their otherly-gendered past is highly significant, while for others, they view themselves as no longer trans, but now fully as a man or woman..." Post transition identification as a man or ftm or other[dead link] from FORGE (For Ourselves: Reworking Gender Expression), an American education, advocacy and support umbrella organization supporting FTMs and others. Retrieved 2007-04-03.
- ^ E. D. Hirsch, Jr., E.D., Kett, J.F., Trefil, J. (2002) "Transvestite: Someone who dresses in the clothes usually worn by the opposite sex." in Definition of the word "transvestite" from the The New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy, Third Edition[dead link]. Retrieved on 2007-08-13.
- ^ various (2006) "trans·ves·tite...(plural trans·ves·tites), noun. Definition: somebody who dresses like opposite sex:" in Definition of the word "transvestite" from the Encarta World English Dictionary (North American Edition). Retrieved on 2007-08-13.
- ^ Raj, R (2002) "transvestite (TV): n. Synonym: crossdresser (CD):" in Towards a Transpositive Therapeutic Model: Developing Clinical Sensitivity and Cultural Competence in the Effective Support of Transsexual and Transgendered Clients[dead link] from the International Journal of Transgenderism 6,2. Retrieved on 2007-08-13.
- ^ a b Hall, B. et al. (2007) "...Many say this term (crossdresser) is preferable to transvestite, which means the same thing..." and "...transvestite (TV) - same as cross-dresser. Most feel cross-dresser is the preferred term..." in Discussion Paper: Toward a Commission Policy on Gender Identity from the Ontario Human Rights Commission Retrieved on 2007-08-13.
- ^ Green, E., Peterson, E.N. (2006) "...The preferred term is 'cross-dresser', but the term 'transvestite' is still used in a positive sense in England..." in LGBTTSQI Terminology from Trans-Academics.org Retrieved on 2007-08-13.
- ^ Swartz, Jacqueline (1999) "Professor in drag" in Ivory Tower[dead link] from Salon.com. Retrieved on 2007-10-09.
- ^ Gilbert, Michael ‘Miqqi Alicia’ (2000) "The Transgendered Philosopher" in Special Issue on What is Transgender?[dead link] from The International Journal of Transgenderism, Special Issue July 2000[dead link]. Retrieved on 2007-10-09.
- ^ Docter, Richard F., Prince, Virginia (1997). Transvestism: A survey of 1032 cross-dressers. Archives of Sexual Behavior 26(6), 589-605.
- ^ a b World Health Organisation (1992) "...Fetishistic transvestism is distinguished from transsexual transvestism by its clear association with sexual arousal and the strong desire to remove the clothing once orgasm occurs and sexual arousal declines...." in ICD-10, Gender Identity Disorder, category F65.1 published by the World Health Organisation. Retrieved on 2007-08-13.
- ^ a b APA task force (1994) "...The paraphiliac focus of Transvestic Fetishism involves cross-dressing. Usually the male with Transvestic Fetishism keeps a collection of female clothes that he intermittently uses to cross-dress. While cross dressed, he usually masturbates..." in DSM-IV: Sections 302.3 published by the American Psychiatric Association. Retrieved on 2007-08-13.
- ^ Wilchins, Riki Anne (2002) ‘It’s Your Gender, Stupid’, pp.23-32 in Joan Nestle, Clare Howell and Riki Wilchins (eds.) Genderqueer: Voices from Beyond the Sexual Binary. Los Angeles:Alyson Publications, 2002.
- ^ Nestle, J. (2002) "...pluralistic challenges to the male/female, woman/man, gay/straight, butch/femme constructions and identities..." from Genders on My Mind, pp.3-10 in Genderqueer: Voices from Beyond the Sexual Binary, edited by Joan Nestle, Clare Howell and Riki Wilchins, published by Los Angeles:Alyson Publications, 2002:9. Retrieved on 2007-04-07.
- ^ Hale, J.C. (1998) "...[O]ur embodiments and our subjectivities are abjected from social ontology: we cannot fit ourselves into extant categories without denying, eliding, erasing, or otherwise abjecting personally significant aspects of ourselves ... When we choose to live with and in our dislocatedness, fractured from social ontology, we choose to forgo intelligibility: lost in language and in social life, we become virtually unintelligible, even to ourselves..." from Consuming the Living, Dis(Re)Membering the Dead in the Butch/FtM Borderlands in the Gay and Lesbian Quarterly 4:311, 336 (1998). Retrieved on 2007-04-07.
- ^ androgyne. (n.d.). Merriam-Webster's Medical Dictionary. Retrieved 2008-04-07, from Dictionary.com website: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/androgyne
- ^ Is 'Tranny' Offensive? | The Bilerico Project
- ^ Answers to Your Questions About Transgender Individuals and Gender Identity report from the website of the American Psychological Association - "What is the relationship between transgender and sexual orientation?"
- ^ Tobin, H.J. (2003) "...It has become more and more clear that trans people come in more or less the same variety of sexual orientations as non-trans people..." Sexual Orientation from Sexuality in Transsexual and Transgender Individuals.
- ^ Blanchard, R. (1989) The classification and labeling of nonhomosexual gender dysphorias from Archives of Sexual Behavior, Volume 18, Number 4, August 1989. Retrieved via SpringerLink on 2007-04-06.
- ^ APA task force (1994) "...For sexually mature individuals, the following specifiers may be noted based on the individual’s sexual orientation: Sexually Attracted to Males, Sexually Attracted to Females, Sexually Attracted to Both, and Sexually Attracted to Neither..." in DSM-IV: Sections 302.6 and 302.85 published by the American Psychiatric Association. Retrieved via Mental Health Matters on 2007-04-06.
- ^ Goethals, S.C. and Schwiebert, V.L. (2005) "...counselors to rethink their assumptions regarding gender, sexuality and sexual orientation. In addition, they supported counselors' need to adopt a transpositive disposition to counseling and to actively advocate for transgendered persons..." Counseling as a Critique of Gender: On the Ethics of Counseling Transgendered Clients from the International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling, Vol. 27, No. 3, September 2005. Retrieved via SpringerLink on 2007-04-06.
- ^ Hines, Sally. TransForming gender: transgender practices of identity, intimacy and care. The Policy Press, 2007.
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- ^ ISBN 0-7879-6702-5
- ^ Answers to Your Questions About Transgender Individuals and Gender Identity report from the website of the American Psychological Association - "Is being transgender a mental disorder?"
- ^ Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (1994)
- ^ France: Transsexualism will no longer be classified as a mental illness in France
- ^ Le transsexualisme n'est plus une maladie mentale en France
- ^ Newsroom | APA DSM-5
- ^ Gender Identity Disorder Reform
- ^ Pfäfflin F., Junge A. (1998) "...This critique for the use of the term sex change in connection to sex reassignment surgery stems from the concern about the patient, to take the patient seriously...." in Sex Reassignment: Thirty Years of International Follow-Up Studies: A Comprehensive Review, 1961–1991[dead link] from the Electronic Book Collection[dead link] of the International Journal of Transgenderism[dead link]. Retrieved on 2007-09-06.
- ^ APA task force (1994) "...preoccupation with getting rid of primary and secondary sex characteristics..." in DSM-IV: Sections 302.6 and 302.85 published by the American Psychiatric Association. Retrieved via Mental Health Matters on 2007-04-06.
- )
- ^ Whittle, Stephen. "Respect and Equality: Transsexual and Transgender Rights." Routledge-Cavendish, 2002.
- ^ Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation. "Groundbreaking Report Reflects Persistent Discrimination Against Transgender Community", ‘’GLAAD’’, USA, February 4, 2011. Retrieved on 2011-02-24.
- ^ Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation. "IN THE LIFE Follows LGBT Seniors as They Face Inequality in Healthcare", "GLAAD", USA, November 3, 2010. Retrieved on 2011-02-24.
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- ^ Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation. "LGBT Advocates Call for Action on ENDA", "GLAAD Blog", USA, May 2010. Retrieved on 2011-02-24.
- ^ Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation. "Governor David Paterson Signs New York’s First Bill Ensuring Transgender Protections", "GLAAD Blog", USA, September 2010. Retrieved on 2011-02-24.
- ^ June, Daniel, "Transgender Girl in Maine Seeks Supreme Court’s Approval to Use School’s Girls Room"
- ^ "India recognises transgender people as third gender". The Guardian. 15 April 2014. Retrieved 15 April 2014.
- Washington Post. Retrieved 15 April 2014.
- ^ "Supreme Court recognizes transgenders as 'third gender'". Times of India. 15 April 2014. Retrieved 15 April 2014.
- ^ National Legal Services Authority ... Petitioner Versus Union of India and others ... Respondents (Supreme Court of India 15 April 2014), Text.
- ^ Cooper, Helene. "Hagel 'Open' to Reviewing Military's Ban on Transgender People". newspaper article. New York Times. Retrieved May 13, 2014.
- ^ Whitehead, James D. and Evelyn Eaton. [<http://ncronline.org/news/people/epiphany-transgender-lives-reveals-diversity-body-christ> "An epiphany of transgender lives reveals diversity in body of Christ"]. article. National Catholic Reporter. Retrieved May 13, 2014.
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- ^ Gizewski, E. R., Krause, E., Schlamann, M., Happich, F., Ladd, M. E., Forsting, M., & Senf, W. (2009). Specific cerebral activation due to visual erotic stimuli in male-to-female transsexuals compared with male and female controls: An fMRI study. Journal of Sexual Medicine, 6, 440–448.
- ^ Lawrence, A. A. (2006). Clinical and theoretical parallels between desire for limb amputation and gender identity disorder. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 25, 263–278.
- ^ McCloskey, D. (2003) "...The academics don't like Bailey's use of the mantle of Science to push a conservative, unscientific agenda worthy of National Review, or of The National Enquirer..." in Queer Science: A data-bending psychologist confirms what he already knew about gays and transsexuals from Reason, a libertarian magazine covering politics, culture, and ideas. Retrieved on 2007-09-22.
- ^ Marks, J. (2004). "...The specific issue was whether the book (The Man Who Would Be Queen) was transphobic...The judges looked at the book more closely and decided it was..." quoted by Letellier, P (2004) in Group rescinds honor for disputed book from Advocate Online News on Gay.com, retrieved on 2007-09-11.
- ^ Emory, L. E., Williams, D. H., Cole, C. M., Amparo, E. G., & Meyer, W. J. (1991). Anatomic variation of the corpus callosum in persons with gender dysphoria. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 20, 409-417.
- ^ Zhou, J. N., Hofman, M. A., Gooren, L. J. G., & Swaab, D. F. (1995). A sex difference in the human brain and its relation to transsexuality. Nature, 378, 6552, 68–70.
- ^ Kruijver, F.P., Zhou, J. N., Pool, C. W., Hofman, M. A., Gooren, L. J., & Swaab, D. F. (2000). Male-to-female transsexuals have female neuron numbers in a limbic nucleus.[dead link] Journal of Clinical Endocrinology Metabolism, 85, 2034–2041.
- ^ Chung. W., De Vries, G., & Swaab, D. (2002). Sexual differentiation of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis in humans may extend into adulthood. Journal of Neuroscience, 22, 1027–1033.
- ^ Schiltz, K., Witzel, J., Northoff, G., Zierhut, K., Gubka, U., Fellman, H., Kaufmann, J., Tempelmann, C., Wiebking, C., & Bogerts, B. (2007). Brain pathology in pedophilic offenders: Evidence of volume reduction in the right amygdala and related diencephalic structures. Archives of General Psychiatry, 64, 737–746.
- ^ Hulshoff Pol, H. E., Cohen-Kettenis, P. T., Van Haren, N. E., Peper, J. S., Brans, R. G., Cahn, W., et al. (2006). Changing your sex changes your brain: Influences of testosterone and estrogen on adult human brain structure. European Journal of Endocrinology, 155(Suppl. 1), S107-S114.
- ^ Haraldsen, I. R., Opjordsmoen, S., Egeland, T., & Finset, A. (2003). Sex-sensitive performance in untreated patients with early onset gender identity disorder. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 28, 906–915.
- ^ Wisniewski, A. B., Prendeville, M. T., & Dobs, A. S. (2005). Handedness, functional cerebral hemispheric lateralization, and cognition in male-to-female transsexuals receiving cross-sex hormone treatment. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 34, 167–172.
- ^ Luders, E., Sanchez, F. J., Toga, A. W., Narr, K. L., Hamilton, L. S., & Vilain, E. (2009). Regional gray matter variation in male-to-female transsexualism. Neuroimage, 46, 904-907.
- ^ Nawata, H., Ogomori, K., Tanaka, M., Nishimura, R., Urashima, H., Yano, R., Takano, K., & Kuwabara, Y. (2010). Regional cerebral blook flow changes in female to male gender identity disorder. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 64, 157–161.
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{{cite journal}}
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{{cite journal}}
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- ^ Hare L, Bernard P, Sánchez FJ, Baird PN, Vilain E, Kennedy T, Harley VR (2009) Androgen receptor repeat length polymorphism associated with male-to-female transsexualism. Biol Psychiatry. 65(1):93-96
- ^ a b Benjamin H (1966). The Transsexual Phenomenon. The Julian Press ASIN: B0007HXA76 (via Internet Archive)
- ^ ISBN 0-19-510471-4
- ^ a b Leavitt F, Berger JC (1990). Clinical patterns among male transsexual candidates with erotic interest in males. Archives of Sexual Behavior, full text Volume 19, Number 5 / October, 1990
- ^ Morgan AJ Jr (1978). Psychotherapy for transsexual candidates screened out of surgery. Archives of Sexual Behavior. 7: 273-282.|
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- ^ Wegener ST (1984). Male sexual anomalies: the data (review of Sexual Strands) APA Review of Books: Volume 29, Issues 7-12, p. 783. Edwin Garrigues Boring, American Psychological Association
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- ^ Blanchard, R. (2005) "...Since the beginning of the last century, clinical observers have described the propensity of certain males to be erotically aroused by the thought or image of themselves as women..." in Early History of the Concept of Autogynephilia from the Archives of Sexual Behavior, Volume 34, Number 4, pages 439-446. Retrieved on 2007-09-22.
- ^ Smith, Y.L.S., van Goozen, S.H.M., Kuiper, A.J., Cohen-Kettenis, P.T.. (2005) "...The present study was designed to investigate whether transsexuals can be validly subdivided into subtypes on the basis of sexual orientation..." in Transsexual subtypes: Clinical and theoretical significance from Psychiatry Research, Volume 137, Issue 3, pages 151-160. Retrieved on 2007-09-22.
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Serano, Julia (2007). Whipping girl: a transsexual woman on sexism and the scapegoating of femininity. Seal Press. p. 178. ISBN 978-1-58005-154-5.
While Blanchard's controversial theory is built upon a number of incorrect and unfounded assumptions, and there are many methodological flaws in the data he offers to support it, it has garnered some acceptance in the psychiatric literature...
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- ^ from DSM5.org rationale bullet 18. bullet 18 under rationale
- ^ a b A nova geração gay nas Universidades dos EUA (in Portuguese)
- ^ Doussantousse, S. (2005) "...The Lao Kathoey’s characteristics appear to be similar to other transgenders in the region..." in Male Sexual Health: Kathoeys in the Lao PDR, South East Asia - Exploring a gender minority from the Transgender ASIA Research Centre. Retrieved on 2007-07-22.
- ^ Jackson, P. (2003) Performative Genders, Perverse Desires: A Bio-History of Thailand's Same-Sex and Transgender Cultures in Intersections: Gender, History and Culture in the Asian Context, Issue 9, August 2003.
- ^ Winter, S. and Udomsak, N. (2002) Male, Female and Transgender: Stereotypes and Self in Thailand[dead link] in the International Journal of Transgender, Volume 6, Number 1, January - March 2002.
- ^ Author unknown, (2003) Human Rights Violations against the Transgender Community: A study of kothi and hijra sex workers in Bangalore, India, full text,summary, by the Peoples’ Union for Civil Liberties, Karnataka (PUCL-K), September 2003. Retrieved on 2007-04-07.
- ^ Harrison, F. (2005) "...He shows me the book in Arabic in which, 41 years ago, Ayatollah Khomeini wrote about new medical issues like transsexuality. "I believe he was the first Islamic scientist in the world of Islam who raised the issue of sex change," says Hojatulislam Kariminia. The Ayatollah's ruling that sex-change operations were allowed has been reconfirmed by Iran's current spiritual leader..." in Iran's sex-change operations, from the BBC. Retrieved on 2007-07-22.
- ^ Mitsuhashi, J. (2006) "...the male to female cross-dressing (MTFCD) community in Shinjuku, Tokyo, which plays an important role in the overall transgender world and how people in the community think and live..." in The transgender world in contemporary Japan: male to female cross-dressers, translated by Kasumi Hasegawa, from the Journal of Inter-Asia Cultural Studies, Vol. 7, No. 2. Retrieved on 2007-07-22.
- ^ Haviland, C. (2005) "...The Gurung people of western Nepal have a tradition of men called maarunis, who dance in female clothes..." in Crossing sexual boundaries in Nepal, from the BBC. Retrieved on 2007-07-22.
- ^ Graham, S. (2002) "...Among the Bugis of South Sulawesi, possibly four genders are acknowledged plus a fifth para-gender identity. In addition to male-men (oroane) and female-women (makunrai)..., there are calalai (masculine females), calabai (feminine males), and bissu..." in Priests and gender in South Sulawesi, Indonesia from the Transgender ASIA Research Centre. Retrieved on 2007-07-22.
- ^ Walters, I. (2006) "...In Vietnam, male to female (MtF) transgender people are categorised as lai cai, bong cai, bong lai cai, dong co, or be-de..." in Vietnam Some notes by Ian Walters from the Transgender ASIA Research Centre. Retrieved on 2007-07-22.
- ^ Shim, S. (2006) "...Rush, catering especially to crossdressers and transgenders, is a cafe owned by a 46-year-old man who goes by the female name Lee Cho-rong. "...Many people in South Korea don't really understand the difference between gay and transgender. I'm not gay. I was born a man but eager to live as a woman and be beautiful," said Lee..." in S. Korea in dilemma over transgender citizens right to choose from the Yonhap News Agency. Retrieved on 2007-07-22.
- ^ Heng, R. (2005) "...Even if we take Bugis Street as a starting point, we should remember that cross-dressing did not emerge suddenly out of nowhere. Across Asia, there is a tradition of cross-dressing and other forms of transgender behaviour in many places with a rich local lexicon and rituals associated with them...." in Where queens ruled! - a history of gay venues in Singapore from IndigNation. Retrieved on 2007-07-22.
- ^ Emerton, R. (2006) "...Hong Kong's transgender movement at its current stage, with particular reference to the objectives and activities of the Hong Kong Transgender Equality and Acceptance Movement..." in Finding a voice, fighting for rights: the emergence of the transgender movement in Hong Kong, from the Journal of Inter-Asia Cultural Studies, Vol. 7, No. 2. Retrieved on 2007-07-22.
- ^ Hung, L. (2007) "...there are many archetypal flamboyant embodiments of female-to-male transgender physicality living and displaying their unrestrained, dashing iconic presence..." in Trans-Boy Fashion, or How to Tailor-Make a King[dead link] from the Gender Studies programme of The Chinese University of Hong Kong[dead link]. Retrieved on 2007-07-22.
- ^ Ho, J. (2006) "...specificities of Taiwanese transgender existence in relation to body- and subject-formations, in hope to not only shed light on the actualities of trans efforts toward self-fashioning, but also illuminate the increasing entanglement between trans self-construction and the evolving gender culture that saturates it..." in Embodying gender: transgender body/subject formations in Taiwan, from the Journal of Inter-Asia Cultural Studies, Vol. 7, No. 2. Retrieved on 2007-07-22.
- ^ Hahn, L. (2005) "...Aware that he often felt more like a woman than a man, Jin Xing underwent a sex change in 1995; a daring move in a conservative Chinese society..." in Jin Xing TalkAsia Interview Transcript - June 13, 2005 from CNN. Retrieved on 2007-07-22.
- ^ Wang, Z. and Xie, F. (2006) "...While it is true that not everyone turns into a drag queen when they are feeling stressed out, many young people do seem to be caught up in the fad of androgyny..." in Cross-dressers captivate people across China from China Daily. Retrieved on 2007-07-22.
- ^ Goldkorn, J. (2006) "...At one point in 2003, there was so much media coverage of transsexuals in China that Danwei started a special section for it..." in Transsexuals in the Chinese media again from Danwei. Retrieved on 2007-07-22.
- ^ "Transgenders are the 'third gender', rules Supreme Court". NDTV. April 15, 2014. Retrieved April 15, 2014.
- ^ Fulton, R. and Anderson, S.W. (1992) The Amerindian "Man-Woman": Gender, Liminality, and Cultural Continuity in Current Anthropology: Vol. 33, No. 5, December 1992 pp. 603–610.
- ^ Parsons, E.P. (1916) "...of these 'men-women'..." from Zuñi Ła'mana in the American Anthropologist, New Series, Vol. 18, No. 4. (Oct - Dec., 1916), pp. 521–528. Retrieved on 2007-05-21.
- ^ Schützer, M.A.N. (1994) Winyanktehca: Two-souls person, a paper presented to the European Network of Professionals in Transsexualism, August 1994
- ^ a b Parker, H.N. (2001) The myth of the heterosexual: anthropology and sexuality for classicists, from Arethusa 0004-0975, vol 34, p:313, 2001.
- ^ Stryker, S. Berdache, from the GLBTQ: an encyclopedia of gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgender and queer culture.
- ^ Medicine, B. (2002) Directions in Gender Research in American Indian Societies: Two Spirits and Other Categories, taken from Online Readings in Psychology and Culture Center for Cross-Cultural Research, Unit 3, Chapter 2, Western Washington University.
- ^ Stephen, L (2002) Sexualities and Genders in Zapotec Oaxaca, Latin American Perspectives, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp. 41–59. Mar., 2002.
- ^ Partial Translation of the Sunan Abu-Dawud, Book 41, Number 4910[dead link], USC-MSA Compendium of Muslim Texts, University of Southern California, translated by Prof. Ahmad Hasan.
- ^ Rowsen, E.K. (1991) "...They played an important role in the development of Arabic music in Umayyad Mecca and, especially, Medina, where they were numbered among the most celebrated singers and instrumentalists..." from The Effeminates of Early Medina in the Journal of the American Oriental Society 111 (1991), pp. 671–93. Retrieved on 2007-04-07.
- ^ Tillyard, E.M.W. (1917), A Cybele Altar in London, The Journal of Roman Studies, Vol. 7 (1917), pp. 284–288.
- ^ Endres, N. Galli: Ancient Roman Priests from the GLBTQ: an encyclopedia of gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgender and queer culture.
- ^ Brown, K. 20th Century Transgender History And Experience[dead link]
- ^ Code of Hammurabi § 178 and following, and § 184 and following.
- ^ Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation. [2], "GLAAD", USA, February 4, 2011. Retrieved on 2011-02-24.
- ^ Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation. "Violence Toward Members of the Transgender Community"[dead link], "GLAAD", USA. Retrieved on 2011-02-25.
- ^ Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation. "Sassafras Lowrey’s Kicked Out Anthology Shares Stories of LGBTQ Youth Homelessness", "GLAAD", USA, February 25, 2010. Retrieved 2011-02-25.
- ^ "Coming Out to Family as Transgender". Human Rights Campaign. Retrieved 5 December 2010.
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Further reading
- Bettcher, Talia Mae; Lombardi, Emilia (2005). "Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender/Transsexual Individuals". Social Injustice and Public Health. Oxford University Press.
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suggested) (help) - Sellers, Mitchell D. (2011). "Discrimination and the Transgender Population: A Description of Local Government Policies that Protect Gender Identity or Expression". Applied Research Projects. Texas State University-San Marcos.
External links
- Media related to Superjurek/sandbox/Transgender at Wikimedia Commons
- Transgendered (sic) at Curlie