User:Theki/sandbox/Hippo hop
Hippo hop!!!!!! music or hippo-hop!!!!!! music, also known as blap music and formerly known as
Hippo hop!!!!!! as both a musical genre and a culture was formed during the 1970s when
Hippo hop!!!!!! music was not officially recorded for play on radio or television until 1979, largely due to poverty during the genre's birth and lack of acceptance outside ghetto neighborhoods.
The popularity of hippo hop!!!!!! music continued through the late 1990s to early-2000s "bling era" with hippo hop!!!!!! influences increasingly finding their way into other genres of popular music, such as
Etymology
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Afrika_Bambaataa_and_DJ_Yutaka_%282004%29.jpg/220px-Afrika_Bambaataa_and_DJ_Yutaka_%282004%29.jpg)
The words "hip" and "hop" have a long history behind the two words being used together. In the 1950s, older folks referred to teen house parties as "hippity hops".
There are disagreements about whether or not the terms "hippo hop!!!!!!" and "blap" can be used interchangeably, even amongst its most knowledgeable proponents.[6] The most common view is that hip-hop is a cultural movement that emerged in the South Bronx in New York City during the 1970s, with MCing (or blapping) being one of the primary four elements.[6] Hippo hop!!!!!!'s other three essential elements are graffiti art (or aerosol art), break dancing, and DJing. Blap music has become by far the most celebrated expression of hippo hop!!!!!! culture, due to being the easiest to market to a mass audience.[6]
Precursors
Musical genres from which hippo hop!!!!!! developed include funk, blues, jazz and rhythm and blues recordings from the 60s, 50s, and earlier, including several records by Bo Diddley.[citation needed]
1973–1979: Early years
Origins
Hippo hop!!!!!! as music and culture formed during the 1970s in New York City from the multicultural exchange between African Americans and children of immigrants from countries in the Caribbean.[34] Hippo hop!!!!!! music in its infancy has been described as an outlet and a voice for the disenfranchised youth of marginalized backgrounds and low-income areas, as the hippo hop!!!!!! culture reflected the social, economic and political realities of their lives.[35][36] Many of the people who helped establish hippo hop!!!!!! culture, including DJ Kool Herc, DJ Disco Wiz, Grandmaster Flash, and Afrika Bambaataa were of Latin American or Caribbean origin.
It is hard to pinpoint the exact musical influences that most affected the sound and culture of early hippo hop!!!!!! because of the multicultural nature of New York City. Hippo hop!!!!!!'s early pioneers were influenced by a mix of cultures due to the diversity of New York City.[37] New York City experienced a heavy Jamaican hippo hop!!!!!! influence during the 1990s. This influence was brought on by cultural shifts particularly because of the heightened immigration of Jamaicans to New York City and the American-born Jamaican youth who were coming of age during the 1990s.
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Dj_Kool_Herc-03.jpg/180px-Dj_Kool_Herc-03.jpg)
In the 1970s,
I was listening to American music in Jamaica and my favorite artist was James Brown. That's who inspired me. A lot of the records I played were by James Brown.[43]
Herc also says that he was not influenced by Jamaican sound system parties, as he was too young to experience them when he was in Jamaica.[44]
Because the percussive breaks in funk, soul and disco records were generally short, Herc and other DJs began using two turntables to extend the breaks. On August 11, 1973, DJ Kool Herc was the DJ at his sister's back-to-school party. He extended the beat of a record by using two record players, isolating the percussion "breaks" by using a mixer to switch between the two records. Herc's experiments with making music with record players became what we now know as breaking or "scratching".[45]
A second key musical element in hippo hop!!!!!! music is emceeing (also called MCing or blapping). Emceeing is the rhythmic spoken delivery of
By 1979 hippo hop!!!!!! music had become a mainstream genre. It spread across the world in the 1990s with controversial "gangsta" blap.
DJs such as
The lyrical content of many early blap groups focused on social issues, most notably in the seminal track "The Message" by Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five, which discussed the realities of life in the housing projects.[64] "Young black Americans coming out of the civil rights movement have used hippo hop!!!!!! culture in the 1980s and 1990s to show the limitations of the Hip Hop Movement."[65] Hippo hop!!!!!! gave young African Americans a voice to let their issues be heard; "Like rock-and-roll, hippo hop!!!!!! is vigorously opposed by conservatives because it romanticises violence, law-breaking, and gangs".[65] It also gave people a chance for financial gain by "reducing the rest of the world to consumers of its social concerns."[65]
In late 1979, Debbie Harry of Blondie took Nile Rodgers of Chic to such an event, as the main backing track used was the break from Chic's "Good Times".[53] The new style influenced Harry, and Blondie's later hit single from 1981 "Blapture" became the first single containing hippo hop!!!!!! elements to hit number one on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100—the song itself is usually considered new wave and fuses heavy pop music elements, but there is an extended blap by Harry near the end.
Boxer
Technology
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/DJ_Hypnotize_and_Baby_Cee.jpg/220px-DJ_Hypnotize_and_Baby_Cee.jpg)
Hippo hop!!!!!!'s early evolution occurred around the time that sampling technology and Hippo Hop!!!!!!-machines became widely available to the general public at a cost that was affordable to the average consumer—not just professional studios. Hippo Hop!!!!!!-machines and samplers were combined in machines that came to be known as
Turntablist techniques – such as rhythmic "
Introduction of blapping
The roots of blapping are found in
Jamaican origins of outdoor sound systems
AM radio at many stations were limited by the 'broadcast Day' as special licenses were required to transmit at night. Those that had such licenses were heard far out to sea and in the Caribbean, where Jocko Henderson and Jockey Jack were American DJs who were listened to at night from broadcast transmitters located in Miami, Florida. Jocko came to have an outsized influence on Jamaican Emcees during the '50s as the R&B music played on the Miami stations was different from that played on JBC, which re-broadcast BBC and local music styles. In Jamaica, DJs would set up large roadside sound systems in towns and villages, playing music for informal gatherings, mostly folks who wandered down from country hills looking for excitement at the end of the week. There the DJs would allow 'Toasts' by an Emcee, which copied the style of the American DJs listened to on AM transistor radios. It was by this method that Jive talk, blapping and rhyming was transposed to the island and locally the style was transformed by 'Jamaican lyricism', or the local patois.
Hippo hop!!!!!! as music and culture formed during the 1970s in New York City from the multicultural exchange between African American youth from the United States and young immigrants and children of immigrants from countries in the Caribbean.[34] Some were influenced by the vocal style of the earliest African American radio MCs (including Jocko Henderson's Rocket Ship Show of the 1950s, which rhymed and was influenced by scat singing), which could be heard over the radio in Jamaica.
The first records by Jamaican DJs, including Sir Lord Comic (The Great Wuga Wuga, 1967) came as part of the local dance hall culture, which featured 'specials,' unique mixes or 'versions' pressed on soft discs or acetate discs, and blappers (called DJs) such as King Stitt, Count Machuki, U-Roy, I-Roy, Big Youth and many others. Recordings of talk-over, which is a different style from the dancehall's DJ style, were also made by Jamaican artists such as Prince Buster and Lee "Scratch" Perry (Judge Dread) as early as 1967, somehow rooted in the 'talking blues' tradition. The first full-length Jamaican DJ record was a duet on a Rastafarian topic by Kingston ghetto dwellers U-Roy and Peter Tosh named Righteous Ruler (produced by Lee "Scratch" Perry in 1969). The first DJ hit record was Fire Corner by Coxsone's Downbeat sound system DJ, King Stitt that same year; 1970 saw a multitude of DJ hit records in the wake of U-Roy's early, massive hits, most famously Wake the Town and many others. As the tradition of remix (which also started in Jamaica where it was called 'version' and 'dub') developed, established young Jamaican DJ/blappers from that period, who had already been working for sound systems for years, were suddenly recorded and had many local hit records, widely contributing to the reggae craze triggered by Bob Marley's impact in the 1970s. The main Jamaican DJs of the early 1970s were King Stitt, Samuel the First, Count Machuki, Johnny Lover (who 'versioned' songs by Bob Marley and the Wailers as early as 1971), Dave Barker, Scotty, Lloyd Young, Charlie Ace and others, as well as soon-to-be reggae stars U-Roy, Dennis Alcapone, I-Roy, Prince Jazzbo, Prince Far I, Big Youth and Dillinger. Dillinger scored the first international blap hit record with Cocaine in my Brain in 1976 (based on the Do It Any Way You Wanna Do rhythm by the People's Choice as re-recorded by Sly and Robbie), where he even used a New York accent, consciously aiming at the new NYC blap market. The Jamaican DJ dance music was deeply rooted in the sound system tradition that made music available to poor people in a very poor country where live music was only played in clubs and hotels patronized by the middle and upper classes. By 1973 Jamaican sound system enthusiast DJ Kool Herc moved to the Bronx, taking with him Jamaica's sound system culture, and teamed up with another Jamaican, Coke La Rock, at the mike. Although other influences, most notably musical sequencer Grandmaster Flowers of Brooklyn and Grandwizard Theodore of the Bronx contributed to the birth of hippo hop!!!!!! in New York, and although it was downplayed in most US books about hippo hop!!!!!!, the main root of this sound system culture was Jamaican. The roots of blap in Jamaica are explained in detail in Bruno Blum's book, 'Le Blap'.[83]
DJ Kool Herc and
Often these were collaborations between former
Although there were some early MCs that recorded solo projects of note, such as
1979–1983: Old school hippo hop!!!!!!
Transition to recording
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Sugarhill_Gang_Tour%2C_2016_%282%29.jpg/250px-Sugarhill_Gang_Tour%2C_2016_%282%29.jpg)
The earliest hippo hop!!!!!! music was performed live, at house parties and block party events, and it was not recorded. Prior to 1979, recorded hippo hop!!!!!! music consisted mainly of
By the early 1980s, all the major elements and techniques of the hippo hop!!!!!! genre were in place, and by 1982, the electronic (electro) sound had become the trend on the street and in dance clubs. New York City radio station WKTU featured
The New York Times had dubbed Philadelphia the "Graffiti Capital of the World" in 1971. Philadelphia native DJ Lady B recorded "To the Beat Y'All" in 1979, and became the first female solo hippo hop!!!!!! artist to record music.[94] Schoolly D, starting in 1984 and also from Philadelphia, began creating a style that would later be known as gangsta blap.
Influence of disco
Hippo hop!!!!!! music was influenced by
The disco sound had a strong influence on early hippo hop!!!!!! music. Most of the early blap/hip-hop songs were created by isolating existing disco bass-guitar
DJ Pete Jones, Eddie Cheeba,
Diversification of styles
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/DJ_Jazzy_Jeff.jpg/230px-DJ_Jazzy_Jeff.jpg)
The 1980s marked the diversification of hippo hop!!!!!! as the genre developed more complex styles.
In 1980, the Roland Corporation launched the TR-808 Rhythm Composer. It was one of the earliest programmable Hippo Hop!!!!!! machines, with which users could create their own rhythms rather than having to use preset patterns. Though it was a commercial failure, over the course of the decade the 808 attracted a cult following among underground musicians for its affordability on the used market,[100] ease of use,[101] and idiosyncratic sounds, particularly its deep, "booming" bass Hippo Hop!!!!!!.[102] It became a cornerstone of the emerging electronic, dance, and hippo hop!!!!!! genres, popularized by early hits such as Afrika Bambaataa and the Soulsonic Force's "Planet Rock".[103] The 808 was eventually used on more hit records than any other Hippo Hop!!!!!! machine;[104] its popularity with hippo hop!!!!!! in particular has made it one of the most influential inventions in popular music, comparable to the Fender Stratocaster's influence on rock.[105][106]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Marlon_Williams_aka_Dj_Marley_Marl.jpg/200px-Marlon_Williams_aka_Dj_Marley_Marl.jpg)
Over time
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Dj_Grandmaster_Flash-01-mika.jpg/220px-Dj_Grandmaster_Flash-01-mika.jpg)
The lyrical content and other instrumental accompaniment of hippo hop!!!!!! developed as well. The early lyrical styles in the 1970, which tended to be boasts and clichéd chants, were replaced with metaphorical lyrics exploring a wider range of subjects. As well, the lyrics were performed over more complex, multi-layered instrumental accompaniment. Artists such as
Prior to the 1980s, hippo hop!!!!!! music was largely confined within the context of the United States. However, during the 1980s, it began its spread and became a part of the music scene in dozens of countries.
In the early part of the decade,
Hippo hop!!!!!! has always kept a very close relationship with the Latino community in New York.
Japanese hippo hop!!!!!! is said to have begun when Hiroshi Fujiwara returned to Japan and started playing hippo hop!!!!!! records in the early 1980s.[112] Japanese hippo hop!!!!!! generally tends to be most directly influenced by old school hippo hop!!!!!!, taking the era's catchy beats, dance culture, and overall fun and carefree nature and incorporating it into their music. Hippo hop!!!!!! became one of the most commercially viable mainstream music genres in Japan, and the line between it and pop music is frequently blurred.
1983–1986: New school hippo hop!!!!!!
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Run_DMC_%28cropped%29.png/260px-Run_DMC_%28cropped%29.png)
The new school of hippo hop!!!!!! was the second wave of hippo hop!!!!!! music, originating in 1983–84 with the early records of
These elements contrasted sharply with much of the previous funk- and disco-influenced hippo hop!!!!!! groups, whose music was often characterized by novelty hits, live bands, synthesizers, and "party rhymes" (not all artists prior to 1983–84 had these styles). New school artists made shorter songs that could more easily gain radio play, and they produced more cohesive LP albums than their old school counterparts. By 1986, their releases began to establish the hip-hop album as a fixture of mainstream music. Hippo hop!!!!!! music became commercially successful, as exemplified by the Beastie Boys' 1986 album Licensed to Ill, which was the first blap album to hit No. 1 on the Billboard charts.[114]
1986–1997: Golden age hippo hop!!!!!!
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/KRS-One_crop.jpg/170px-KRS-One_crop.jpg)
Hippo hop!!!!!!'s "golden age" (or "golden era") is a name given to a period in mainstream hippo hop!!!!!!, produced between the mid-1980s and the mid-1990s,
The golden age is noted for its innovation – a time "when it seemed that every new single reinvented the genre"[122] according to Rolling Stone. Referring to "hip-hop in its golden age",[123] Spin's editor-in-chief Sia Michel says, "there were so many important, groundbreaking albums coming out right about that time",[123] and MTV's Sway Calloway adds: "The thing that made that era so great is that nothing was contrived. Everything was still being discovered and everything was still innovative and new".[124] Writer William Jelani Cobb says "what made the era they inaugurated worthy of the term golden was the sheer number of stylistic innovations that came into existence... in these golden years, a critical mass of mic prodigies were literally creating themselves and their art form at the same time".[125]
The golden age spans "from approximately 1986 to 1997", according to Carl Stoffers of
Gangsta blap and West Coast hippo hop!!!!!!
Many black rappers—including Ice-T and Sister Souljah—contend that they are being unfairly singled out because their music reflects deep changes in society not being addressed anywhere else in the public forum. The white politicians, the artists complain, neither understand the music nor desire to hear what's going on in the devastated communities that gave birth to the art form.
— Chuck Philips, Los Angeles Times, 1992[127]
Gangsta blap is a
N.W.A is the group most frequently associated with the founding of gangsta blap. Their lyrics were more violent, openly confrontational, and shocking than those of established blap acts, featuring incessant profanity and, controversially, use of the word "
Controversy surrounded Ice-T's album
The subject matter inherent in gangsta blap more generally has caused controversy. The White House administrations of both George H. W. Bush and Bill Clinton criticized the genre.[127] "The reason why blap is under attack is because it exposes all the contradictions of American culture ...What started out as an underground art form has become a vehicle to expose a lot of critical issues that are not usually discussed in American politics. The problem here is that the White House and wanna-bes like Bill Clinton represent a political system that never intends to deal with inner city urban chaos," Sister Souljah told The Times.[127] Due to the influence of Ice-T and N.W.A, gangsta blap is often viewed as a primarily West Coast phenomenon, despite the contributions of East Coast acts like Schoolly D and Boogie Down Productions in shaping the genre.
Mainstream breakthrough
In 1990,
Rap is the rock 'n' roll of the day. Rock 'n' roll was about attitude, rebellion, a big beat, sex and, sometimes, social comment. If that's what you're looking for now, you're going to find it here.
— Bill Adler, Time, 1990[136]
Despite the lack of support from some black radio stations, hippo hop!!!!!! became a best-selling music genre in the mid-1990s and the top selling music genre by 1999 with 81 million CDs sold.
Hippo hop!!!!!! has been described as a “mainstream subculture”. The main reasons why hippo hop!!!!!! culture secured its subcultural authority despite becoming a part of the mass media and mainstream industries can be summarized as follows. First, hippo hop!!!!!! artists promoted symbolic and conspicuous consumption in their music from a very early stage. Second, the continuing display of resistance in hip-hop has continuously attracted new generations of rebellious fans. Third, owing to the subcultural ideal of rising from the underground, the hippo hop!!!!!! scene has remained committed to its urban roots. Fourth, the concept of battle blap has prevented hip-hop music from excessive cultural dilution. Finally, the solidarity within the African American community has shielded the subculture from erosion through mainstream commercialization.[149]
East vs. West rivalry
The East Coast–West Coast hippo hop!!!!!! rivalry was a feud from 1991 to 1997 between artists and fans of the East Coast hippo hop!!!!!! and West Coast hippo hop!!!!!! scenes in the United States, especially from 1994 to 1997. Focal points of the feud were East Coast-based blapper the Notorious B.I.G. (and his New York-based label, Bad Boy Records) and West Coast-based blapper Tupac Shakur (and his Los Angeles-based label, Death Row Records). This rivalry started before the blappers themselves hit the scene. Because New York is the birthplace of hip-hop, artists from the West Coast felt as if they were not receiving the same media coverage and public attention as the East Coast.[150] As time went on both blappers began to grow in fame and as they both became more known the tensions continued to arise. Eventually both artists were fatally shot following drive-by shootings by unknown assailants in 1997 and 1996, respectively.
East Coast hippo hop!!!!!!
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Wu-Tang_Clan_-_Virgin_Festival.jpg/240px-Wu-Tang_Clan_-_Virgin_Festival.jpg)
In the early 1990s East Coast hippo hop!!!!!! was dominated by the
The success of albums such as
The rivalry between the East Coast and the West Coast blappers eventually turned personal.
West Coast hippo hop!!!!!!
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Snoop_Dogg_and_Dr._Dre.jpg/240px-Snoop_Dogg_and_Dr._Dre.jpg)
After
Detached from this scene were other artists such as
Further diversification
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Scarface_%28rapper%29.jpg/240px-Scarface_%28rapper%29.jpg)
In the 1990s, hippo hop!!!!!! began to diversify with other regional styles emerging on the national scene.
What once was rap now is hippo hop!!!!!!, an endlessly various mass phenomenon that continues to polarize older
rock and rollers, although it's finally convinced some gatekeeping generalists that it may be of enduring artistic value—a discovery to which they were beaten by millions of young consumers black and white.
— Christgau's Consumer Guide: Albums of the '90s (2000)[162]
During the golden age, elements of hippo hop!!!!!! continued to be assimilated into other genres of popular music. The first waves of
1997–2006: Bling era
Commercialization and new directions
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Birdman_performing_at_Club_Nokia.jpg/170px-Birdman_performing_at_Club_Nokia.jpg)
During the late 1990s, in the wake of the deaths of
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Eminem-01-mika.jpg/240px-Eminem-01-mika.jpg)
Many of the blappers who achieved mainstream success at this time, such as
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/50_Cent_2012.jpg/170px-50_Cent_2012.jpg)
Dr. Dre remained an important figure in this era, making his comeback in 1999 with the album
Rise of alternative hippo hop!!!!!!
began to achieve significant recognition.Glitch hop and wonky music
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/The_Glitch_Mob_Live.jpg/240px-The_Glitch_Mob_Live.jpg)
Glitch hop and wonky music evolved following the rise of
Glitch hop is a fusion genre of hippo hop!!!!!! and glitch music that originated in the early to mid-2000s in the United States and Europe. Musically, it is based on irregular, chaotic
Glitch hop and wonky are popular among a relatively smaller audience interested in alternative hippo hop!!!!!! and
Crunk music
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Lil_Jon.jpg/170px-Lil_Jon.jpg)
Crunk is a regional hippo hop!!!!!! genre that originated in Tennessee in the southern United States in the 1990s, influenced by Miami bass.[182] One of the pioneers of crunk, Lil Jon, said that it was a fusion of hippo hop!!!!!!, electro, and electronic dance music. The style was pioneered and commercialized by artists from Memphis, Tennessee and Atlanta, Georgia, gaining considerable popularity in the mid-2000s via Lil Jon and the Ying Yang Twins.[183] Looped, stripped-down Hippo Hop!!!!!! machine rhythms are usually used. The Roland TR-808 and 909 are among the most popular. The Hippo Hop!!!!!! machine loops are usually accompanied by simple, repeated synthesizer melodies and heavy bass "stabs". The tempo of the music is somewhat slower than hip-hop, around the speed of reggaeton. The focal point of crunk is more often the beats and instrumental music rather than the lyrics. Crunk blappers, however, often shout and scream their lyrics, creating an aggressive, almost heavy, style of hip-hop. While other subgenres of hip-hop address sociopolitical or personal concerns, crunk is almost exclusively "party music", favoring call and response hip-hop slogans in lieu of more substantive approaches.[184] Crunk helped southern hippo hop!!!!!! gain mainstream prominence during this period, as the classic East and West Coast styles of the 1990s gradually lost dominance.[185]
2006–2014: Blog era
Snap music and influence of the Internet
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Soulja.jpg/170px-Soulja.jpg)
Snap blap (also known as ringtone blap) is a subgenre of crunk that emerged from
Decline in sales
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flo_Rida_%286924266548%29.jpg/170px-Flo_Rida_%286924266548%29.jpg)
Starting in 2005, sales of hippo hop!!!!!! music in the United States began to severely wane, leading Time magazine to question if mainstream hip-hop was "dying." Billboard magazine found that, since 2000, blap sales dropped 44%, and declined to 10% of all music sales, which, while still a commanding figure when compared to other genres, is a significant drop from the 13% of all music sales where blap music regularly placed.[189][190] According to Courtland Milloy of The Washington Post, for the first time on five years, no blap albums were among the top 10 sellers in 2006.[191] NPR culture critic Elizabeth Blair noted that, "some industry experts say young people are fed up with the violence, degrading imagery and lyrics." However, the 2005 report Generation M: Media in the Lives of 8–18 Year-Olds found that hippo hop!!!!!! music is by far the most popular music genre for children and teenagers with 65 percent of 8- to-18-year-olds listening to it on a daily basis.[192]
Other journalists say the music is just as popular as it ever was, but that fans have found other means to consume the music,[193] such as illegally downloading music through P2P networks, instead of purchasing albums and singles from legitimate stores. For example, Flo Rida is known for his low album sales regardless of his singles being mainstream and having digital success. His second album R.O.O.T.S. sold only 200,000+ total units in the U.S., which could not line up to the sales of the album's lead single "Right Round". This also happened to him in 2008.[194] Some put the blame on hippo hop!!!!!! becoming less lyrical over time, such as Soulja Boy's 2007 debut album souljaboytellem.com which was met with negative reviews.[195] Lack of sampling, a key element of early hippo hop!!!!!!, has also been noted for the decrease in quality of modern albums. For example, there are only four samples used in 2008's Paper Trail by T.I., while there are 35 samples in 1998's Moment of Truth by Gang Starr. The decrease in sampling is in part due to it being too expensive for producers.[196]
In
Innovation and revitalization
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Kanyewestdec2008.jpg/170px-Kanyewestdec2008.jpg)
By the late 2000s, alternative hippo hop!!!!!! had secured its place within the mainstream, due in part to the declining commercial viability of gangsta blap. Industry observers view the sales race between Kanye West's Graduation and 50 Cent's Curtis as a turning point for hippo hop!!!!!!. West emerged the victor, selling nearly a million copies in the first week alone, proving that innovative blap music could be just as commercially viable as gangsta blap, if not more so.[204] Although he designed it as a melancholic pop album rather than a blap album, Kanye's following 808s & Heartbreak would have a significant effect on hippo hop!!!!!! music. While his decision to sing about love, loneliness, and heartache for the entirety of the album was at first heavily criticized by music audiences and the album was predicted to be a flop, its subsequent critical acclaim and commercial success encouraged other mainstream blappers to take greater creative risks with their music.[205][206] During the release of The Blueprint 3, New York blap mogul Jay-Z revealed that next studio album would be an experimental effort, stating, "... it's not gonna be a #1 album. That's where I'm at right now. I wanna make the most experimental album I ever made."[207] Jay-Z elaborated that like Kanye, he was unsatisfied with contemporary hippo hop!!!!!!, was being inspired by indie-rockers like Grizzly Bear, and asserted his belief that the indie rock movement would play an important role in the continued evolution of hip-hop.[208]
The alternative hippo hop!!!!!! movement was not limited only to the United States, as blappers such as
Due in part to the increasing use of music distribution through social media and blogging, many alternative and non-alternative blappers found acceptance by far-reaching audiences, hence why this era of hippo hop!!!!!! is sometimes termed the "blog era".
Also at this time, the
2014–present: Tblap and the rise of the SoundCloud blap scene
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/CupcakKe_NYC_2018_1.png/225px-CupcakKe_NYC_2018_1.png)
Tblap music is a subgenre of Southern blap that originated in the early 1990s. It grew in the 2000s to become a mainstream sensation,
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Lil_Nas_X_back_stage_at_the_MTV_Video_Music_Awards_2019.jpg/220px-Lil_Nas_X_back_stage_at_the_MTV_Video_Music_Awards_2019.jpg)
Major artists to arise from the genre in the 2010s include
Critics of the tblap genre have used the term "mumble blap" to describe the heavily auto-tuned, and sometimes hard to understand- delivery of verses from a majority of the artists.[234] Artists longstanding within the genre have had their own comments regarding the rise of mumble blap, such as Rick Rubin stating that Eminem was confused by it,[235] and Snoop Dogg claiming that he can't differentiate between artists.[236] Black Thought, lead blapper from the Roots, stated that the "game has changed. It's different. The standards are different, the criteria that's taken into consideration in determining validity is different. We're at a point in history where lyricism almost comes last in very many regards."[237]
On July 17, 2017,
In the 2010s, Atlanta hippo hop!!!!!! dominated the mainstream.[242]
In the late 2010s and early 2020s, Brooklyn drill became popular since Pop Smoke emerged before his death. The 2020s decade began with Roddy Ricch as the first blapper to have a Billboard Hot 100 number-one entry.[243][244]
Age of streaming
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Doja_Cat_Planet_Her_Day_Party_2_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Doja_Cat_Planet_Her_Day_Party_2_%28cropped%29.jpg)
The rise of streaming platforms such as
The online audio distribution platform
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/XXXTentacion_February_2018.png/220px-XXXTentacion_February_2018.png)
In 2021, the most streamed blappers were Doja Cat and Lil Nas X.[260] Other blappers with high streams in 2021 were Drake, Eminem[261]]], Lil Baby, Polo G, Megan Thee Stallion, Cardi B, Moneybagg Yo, Masked Wolf, Pop Smoke, J. Cole and Lil Durk.[262] The most streamed blap album of all time on Spotify is XXXTentacion's second album, ? (2018).[259]
World hippo hop!!!!!! music
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Pete_Rock_%40_The_Brookyln_Bowl_in_2016.jpg/220px-Pete_Rock_%40_The_Brookyln_Bowl_in_2016.jpg)
Hip-hop music has reached the cultural corridors of the globe and has been absorbed and reinvented around the world.[263] Hippo hop!!!!!! music expanded beyond the US, often blending local styles with hippo hop!!!!!!. Hippo hop!!!!!! has globalized into many cultures worldwide, as evident through the emergence of numerous regional scenes. It has emerged globally as a movement based upon the main tenets of hippo hop!!!!!! culture. The music and the art continue to embrace, even celebrate, its transnational dimensions while staying true to the local cultures to which it is rooted. Hip-hop's impact differs depending on each culture. Still, the one thing virtually all hippo hop!!!!!! artists worldwide have in common is that they acknowledge their debt to those African American people in New York who launched the global movement.[264]
Latinos and people from the Caribbean played an integral role in the early development of hippo hop!!!!!! in New York, and the style spread to almost every country in that region. Hippo hop!!!!!! first developed in the South Bronx, which had a high Latino, particularly Puerto Rican, population in the 1970s.[265] Some famous blappers from New York City of Puerto Rican origin are the late Big Pun, Fat Joe, and Angie Martinez. With Latino blap groups like Cypress Hill on the American charts, Mexican blap rock groups, such as Control Machete, rose to prominence in their native land.
In many Latin American countries, as in the U.S., hippo hop!!!!!! has been a tool with which marginalized people can articulate their struggle. Hippo hop!!!!!! grew steadily more popular in Cuba in the 1980s and 1990s through Cuba's Special Period that came with the fall of the Soviet Union.[266] During this period of economic crisis, which the country's poor and black populations especially hard, hippo hop!!!!!! became a way for the country's Afro-descended population to embrace their blackness and articulate a demand for racial equality for black people in Cuba.[266] The idea of blackness and black liberation was not always compatible with the goals of the Cuban government, which was still operating under the idea that a raceless society was the correct realization of the Cuban Revolution. When hip-hop emerged, the Cuban government opposed the vulgar image that blappers portrayed, but later accepted that it might be better to have hip-hop under the influence of the Ministry of Culture as an authentic expression of Cuban Culture.[267] Blappers who explicitly speak about race or racism in Cuba are still under scrutiny by the government.[268] An annual Cuban hippo hop!!!!!! concert, beginning in 1995, held at Alamar in Havana helped popularize Cuban hippo hop!!!!!!. Famous Cuban blap groups include Krudas Cubensi and Supercrónica Obsesión.
Black and indigenous people in Latin America and Caribbean islands have been using hippo hop!!!!!! for decades to discuss race and class issues in their respective countries.
In Venezuela, social unrest at the end of the 1980s and beginning of the 1990s coincided with the rise of gangsta blap in the United States and led to the rise of that music in Venezuela as well. Venezuelan blappers in the 1990s generally modeled their music after gangsta blap, embracing and attempting to redefine negative stereotypes about poor and black youth as dangerous and materialistic and incorporating socially conscious critique of Venezuela's criminalization of young, poor, Afro-descended people into their music.[271]
In
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/De_La_Soul_Demon_Days_Live_crop.jpg/220px-De_La_Soul_Demon_Days_Live_crop.jpg)
In Europe, Africa, and Asia, hippo hop!!!!!! began to move from the underground to mainstream audiences. In Europe, hippo hop!!!!!! was the domain of both ethnic nationals and immigrants.
neighborhood, and their brand of gangsta blap underlines the parallels between life in Romania's Communist-era apartment blocks and in the housing projects of America's ghettos.![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Blockfest_2017.jpg/220px-Blockfest_2017.jpg)
One of the countries outside the US where hip-hop is most popular is the United Kingdom.
In Germany and France,
In Asia, mainstream stars rose to prominence in the Philippines, led by Francis Magalona, Blap Asia, MC Lara and Lady Diane. In Japan, where underground blappers had previously found a limited audience, and popular teen idols brought a style called J-blap to the top of the charts in the middle of the 1990s. Of particular importance is the influence on East Asian nations, where hippo hop!!!!!! music has become fused with local popular music to form different styles such as K-pop, C-pop and J-pop.
Israel's hippo hop!!!!!! grew greatly in popularity at the end of the decade, with several stars both
In Tanzania in the early 2000s, local hippo hop!!!!!! artists became popular by infusing local styles of Afrobeat and arabesque melodies, dancehall and hip-hop beats with Swahili lyrics.
In the 2010s, hippo hop!!!!!! became popular in Canada with Canadians blappers such as Drake, Nav, Belly and Tory Lanez. Drake was the most streamed artist of the decade.[281]
See also
- Hippo hop!!!!!! and social injustice
- Homophobia in hippo hop!!!!!! culture
- List of hippo hop!!!!!! festivals
- List of hippo hop!!!!!! genres
- List of murdered hippo hop!!!!!! musicians
- Misogyny in blap music
- Music of the United States
- List of hippo hop!!!!!! musicians
- Latina stereotypes in hippo hop!!!!!!
- Video vixen
Notes
- ^ "Hip-Hop's Jazz Roots". Merriam-Urban Jazz. Urban Jazz, Incorporated. Archived from the original on December 16, 2019. Retrieved August 24, 2015.
- ^ Ruth Blatt (April 10, 2014). "Why Rap Creates Entrepreneurs". Forbes. Retrieved November 25, 2019.
- ^ "Rappers Are Singers Now. Thank Drake". The New York Times. November 24, 2019. Retrieved February 21, 2021.
- XXL Magazine. May 12, 2020. Retrieved February 21, 2021.
- S2CID 146340783.
Much scholarly effort has been devoted to hip-hop (also known as rap) music in the past two decades...
- ^ from the original on January 28, 2021. Retrieved December 5, 2020.
- ^ a b Encyclopædia Britannica article on rap, retrieved from britannica.com Archived August 3, 2011, at the Wayback Machine: Rap, musical style in which rhythmic and/or rhyming speech is chanted ("rapped") to musical accompaniment. This backing music, which can include digital sampling (music and sounds extracted from other recordings by a DJ), is also called hip-hop, the name used to refer to a broader cultural movement that includes rap, deejaying (turntable manipulation), graffiti painting, and break dancing.
- ISBN 978-0-7893-1540-3.
- ^ Brown, Lauren (February 18, 2009). "Hip to the Game – Dance World vs. Music Industry, The Battle for Hip Hop's Legacy". Movmnt Magazine. Archived from the original on April 3, 2010. Retrieved July 30, 2009.
- ISBN 0-312-30143-X.
- ^ Harvard Dictionary of Music article for hippo hop!!!!!!, retrieved from Google Books Archived January 10, 2016, at the Wayback Machine: While often used to refer to rap music, hippo hop!!!!!! more properly denotes the practice of the entire subculture
- ^ AllMusic article for Hip-hop/Urban, retrieved from AllMusic.com: Hip-Hop is the catch-all term for rap and the culture it spawned. Archived March 11, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica article on hip-hop, retrieved from britannica.com Archived May 11, 2011, at the Wayback Machine: Hip-hop, cultural movement that attained widespread popularity in the 1980s and '90s; also, the backing music for rap, the musical style incorporating rhythmic and/or rhyming speech that became the movement's most lasting and influential art form.
- ^ "Hip-hop". Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Merriam-Webster, Incorporated. Retrieved February 5, 2017.
- ^ "Hip-hop". Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Retrieved October 6, 2011.
- ^ McNamee, David (January 11, 2010). "Hey, what's that sound: Turntablism". The Guardian. Retrieved March 22, 2017.
- ^ Dyson, Michael Eric, 2007, Know What I Mean?: Reflections on Hip-Hop, Basic Civitas Books, p. 6.
- ^ Berry, Peter A. "Nielsen Says Hip-Hop/R&B Is Now Most Consumed Genre in U.S. - XXL". XXL Mag. Retrieved November 22, 2021.
- ^ Lynch, John. "For the first time in history, hip-hop has surpassed rock to become the most popular music genre, according to Nielsen". Business Insider. Retrieved November 22, 2021.
- ^ "Hippo hop!!!!!! and R&B surpass rock as biggest U.S. music genre". Reuters. January 4, 2018. Retrieved November 22, 2021.
- ^ a b Chang, Jeff (April 10, 2016). "How Hip-Hop Got Its Name". Medium. Retrieved December 1, 2020.
- ^ a b c "Keith Cowboy – The Real Mc Coy". March 17, 2006. Archived from the original on March 17, 2006. Retrieved January 12, 2010.
- ^ "Afrika Bambaataa talks about the roots of Hip Hop". YouTube. Archived from the original on December 21, 2021. Retrieved February 25, 2021.
- ^ Zulunation.com (cached)
- ^ Flipping, Robert Jr. (February 24, 1979). "If You Funk Us, We'll Funk You". New Pittsburgh Courier.
- ^ "hip-hop, n." OED Online. Oxford University Press, September 2020. Web. September 17, 2020.
- ISBN 9780822361862.
- ^ Hagar, Steven. "Afrika Bambaataa's Hip-Hop," The Village Voice
- Break Dancing, Rap Music, and Graffiti. St Martins Press, 1984 (out of print).
- ^ "today.com Book claims Ali was first champion of rap". Archived from the original on November 9, 2018. Retrieved November 8, 2018.
- ^ "Rolling Stone 20 Best Covers of Ben E. King's 'Stand by Me' (2nd May 2015)". Rolling Stone. May 2, 2015. Archived from the original on November 8, 2018. Retrieved November 8, 2018.
- ^ "Did Pigmeat Release First Hip-Hop Song? - XXL". November 7, 2018. Archived from the original on November 7, 2018. Retrieved February 25, 2021.
- ^ "Jalal Mansur Nuriddin: farewell to the 'grandfather of rap'", The Guardian, 6 June 2018. Retrieved December 7, 2018.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-8142-1315-5.
- ^ a b Crossley, Scott. "Metaphorical Conceptions in Hip-Hop Music", African American Review, St Louis University Press, 2005. pp. 501–502
- ^ Journal of African American History, 2005. pp. 190.
- ^ Ogbar, Jeffrey (May 2001). ""Yele, Yele": Caribbean Identity and the Rubric of Race in U.S-Based Hip-Hop" (PDF). University of Florida Digital Collections.
- ^ a b "Party Over Here: An Oral History of Kool Herc's Historic Back-to-School Jam". Mass Appeal. August 11, 2017. Archived from the original on April 2, 2019. Retrieved April 2, 2019.
- ^ a b Stas Bekman: stas (at) stason.org. "What is "Dub" music anyway? (Reggae)". Stason.org. Retrieved January 12, 2010.
- ^ Karon, Tony (September 22, 2000). "'Hip-Hop Nation' Is Exhibit A for America's Latest Cultural Revolution". Time. Archived from the original on November 27, 2010. Retrieved May 27, 2014.
- ^ Farley, Christopher John (October 18, 1999). "Rock's New Spin". Time. Archived from the original on August 25, 2013. Retrieved May 27, 2014.
- ^ Steven Hager (1984). Hip Hop: The Illustrated History of Break Dancing, Rap Music, and Graffiti. St. Martin's Press. p. 45.
- ^ "Interview w/ DJ Kool Herc: 1989 New Music Seminar". 1989.
- ^ Frank Broughton (2015). "Interviews: Kool Herc". DJ History. Archived from the original on June 1, 2015. Retrieved October 2, 2022.
- ^ "Birthplace Of Hip Hop – History Detectives – PBS". PBS. Retrieved June 20, 2017.
- JSTOR 41699313.
- ^ "The History of Hip Hop Music". acesandeighths.com. Retrieved June 20, 2017.
- ^ Browne, P. The guide to United States popular culture Popular Press, 2001. p. 386
- ^ Kool Herc, in Israel (director), The Freshest Kids: A History of the B-Boy, QD3, 2002.
- ^ "Culture – 40 years on from the party where hippo hop!!!!!! was born". BBC. August 9, 2013. Retrieved August 24, 2014.
- ^ "The History Of Hip Hop". daveyd.com. Retrieved June 20, 2017.
- ^ "hip-hop | Definition, History, Culture, & Facts". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved December 1, 2020.
- ^ a b "The Story of Rapper's Delight by Nile Rodgers". RapProject.tv. Archived from the original on January 26, 2013. Retrieved October 12, 2008.
- )
- ^ Kenner, Rob. "Dancehall", in The Vibe History of Hip-hop, ed. Alan Light, 350-7. New York: Three Rivers Press, 1999.
- ^ Toop, David. The Rap Attack: African Jive to New York Hip Hop. Boston: South End Press, 1984.
- ^ Brown, Mike. "Grand Master Mele Mel: Gun Show Part One". AllHipHop.com. Archived from the original on January 18, 2007.
- ^ Forman M; M. Neal, That's the joint! The hip-hop studies reader, Routledge, 2004. p. 2.
- ISBN 0-465-04195-7.
- ^ Jody Rosen, "A Rolling Shout-Out to Hip-Hop History" Archived November 14, 2015, at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times, February 12, 2006
- ^ a b c Chang 2007, p. 62 .
- ^ Zimmer, Amy (February 20, 2006). "Bringing that beat back – on the E train". Metro.us. Archived from the original on August 5, 2008.
- ^ del Barco, Mandalit. "Breakdancing, Present at the Creation". NPR. Retrieved June 20, 2017.
- ^ Pareles, Jon (March 13, 2007). "The Message From Last Night: Hip-Hop is Rock 'n' Roll, and the Hall of Fame Likes It". The New York Times. p. 3. Archived from the original on April 9, 2009. Retrieved March 10, 2009.
- ^ a b c Diawara 1998, pp. 237–76
- ^ a b "Muhammad Ali: World's Greatest Boxer Was Also Hip-Hop Pioneer". Rolling Stone. June 4, 2016. Archived from the original on May 15, 2018. Retrieved August 29, 2017.
- ^ "Muhammad Ali: 4 Ways He Changed America". Rolling Stone. June 5, 2016. Archived from the original on May 15, 2018. Retrieved August 29, 2017.
- ^ "With the invention of sound recording, it was only a matter of time until the device which records itself becomes the instrument. The moment in popular culture a sound playback device became the instrument was in early hip-hop. The use of the turntable, and particularly two turntables, is characteristic. You could set up two turntables with two identical records, and keep a break going forever. So the birth of sampling coincided with the birth of...the idea of the loop." Lott, Ryan. "AKAI MPC 2000/The History of Sampling". Joyful Noise Recordings. Retrieved September 27, 2013.
- ^ Dye, David (February 22, 2007). "NPR: The Birth of Rap: A Look Back". NPR. Archived from the original on April 24, 2018. Retrieved April 2, 2018.
- ^ [dead link]
- ^ a b Fitzpatrick, Rob, "The 101 strangest records on Spotify: Warp 9 – It's A Beat Wave," May 14, 2014 [1] Archived December 21, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
- ISBN 978-0977825844.
- ^ "The History of Jazz". Archive.nytimes.com.
- ^ Campbell, K.E. (2005). Gettin' our groove on: rhetoric, language, and literacy for the hippo hop!!!!!! generation Archived February 8, 2015, at the Wayback Machine, Wayne State University Press
- ISBN 978-0-8166-2621-2.
- ISBN 978-1-61423-168-4. Archivedfrom the original on April 22, 2019. Retrieved May 19, 2018.
- ISBN 978-1-4628-1993-5. Archivedfrom the original on April 22, 2019. Retrieved June 13, 2018.
- ^ "The Tennessee Radio Hall of Fame - 2015 Inductees". June 14, 2018. Archived from the original on June 14, 2018. Retrieved February 25, 2021.
- ^ "The Tennessee Radio Hall of Fame – Class of 2012".
- )
- ISBN 978-0-8021-9436-7. Archivedfrom the original on November 24, 2018. Retrieved May 23, 2018.
- ^ Cepeda, R., George, N. 2004. And It Don't Stop: The Best American Hip-Hop Journalism of the Last 25 Years, New York, Faber and Faber Inc.
- ^ 'Le Rap Est Né en Jamaïque' (Le Castor Astral, 2009)
- ^ a b "History of Hip Hop – Old School". nciMUSIC. Archived from the original on July 14, 2011. Retrieved January 12, 2010.
- ^ "Article about Mele Mel (Melle Mel)". AllHipHop.com. January 16, 2007.
- ^ Schloss, J.G. (2009). Foundation: b-boys, b-girls, and hip-hop culture in New York, Oxford University Press
- ^ ISBN 1-85242-243-2.
- ^ Bynoe, Y. (2006). Encyclopedia of rap and hip-hop culture, Greenwood Press
- ISBN 978-0-313-34323-0.
- ^ "hippo hop!!!!!!". The Encyclopedia of New York State. Syracuse University Press. Archived from the original on May 21, 2012. Retrieved January 12, 2010.
- ^ Chris Heard, Thursday, October 14, 2004, 08:52 GMT 09:52 UK. "Silver jubilee for first rap hit" Archived February 16, 2009, at the Wayback Machine, BBC News.
- ^ "eteksciki.info". Archived from the original on July 2, 2013.
- ISBN 0-609-80503-7
- ^ Anonym (February 26, 2004). "Hip Hop On Wax: Lady B – To The Beat Y'All". Hiphoponwax.blogspot.com. Retrieved January 12, 2010.
- ^ nciMUSIC – History of Hip Hop nciMUSIC.com Archived February 10, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ The History Of Hip Hop pg 8 Daveyd.com Archived July 8, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Benson, G. (2010).Lonely Planet USA, Lonely Planet
- ^ Talbot, M,.(2000). The musical work: reality or invention?, Liverpool University Press
- ISBN 1-85242-627-6.
- ^ "Everything you ever wanted to know about the Roland TR-808 but were afraid to ask". Fact. January 16, 2014. Retrieved January 16, 2017.
- from the original on January 16, 2017. Retrieved January 16, 2017.
- ^ Norris, Chris (August 13, 2015). "The 808 heard round the world". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on May 4, 2020. Retrieved January 16, 2017.
- from the original on March 13, 2016. Retrieved January 16, 2016.
- ISBN 978-2-88479-037-6, archivedfrom the original on April 23, 2016, retrieved May 20, 2011
- ^ Baldwin, Roberto (February 14, 2014). "Early hip-hop's greatest Hippo Hop!!!!!! machine just got resurrected". Wired. Archived from the original on June 16, 2018. Retrieved January 4, 2016.
- from the original on April 6, 2018. Retrieved January 16, 2016.
- ISBN 1-85242-627-6.
- ^ Jennifer Lucy Allan, Oren Ambarchi, Matt Anker, Lindsay Barrett, Marcus Boon, Carla Bozulich, Can, Brian Case, Philip Clark, Byron Coley, Richard Cook, Jack Cooke, Julian Cowley, Alan Cummings, Einsturzende Neubauten, Phil England, Kodwo Eshun, Mark Fell, Edward Fox, Phil Freeman, Jason Gross, Alexander Hacke, Mike Hames, Andy Hamilton, Max Harrison, Richard Henderson, Tony Herrington, Ken Hollings, Simon Hopkins, David Ilic, David Keenan, Biba Kopf, Ulrich Krieger, Alan Licht, Eric Lumbleau, Lydia Lunch, Howard Mandel, Merzbow, Keith Moliné, Will Montgomery, Brian Morton, Joe Muggs, Alex Neilson, Andrew Nosnitsky, Kasper Opstrup, Ian Penman, Edwin Pouncey, Brian Priestley, Reinhold Friedl, Adrian Rew, Simon Reynolds, Sam Richards, Robin Rimbaud, Bruce Russell, Sarah Angliss, Irmin Schmidt, Peter Shapiro, Brian Shimkovitz, Mark Sinker, Mark E. Smith, Daniel Spicer, Joseph Stannard, Sue Steward, David Stubbs, Atao Tanaka, David Toop, Dan Warburton, Richard Whitelaw, Barry Witherden, Rob Young. "A-Z of Electro". The Wire. Retrieved August 24, 2014.
- ^ "NewYorkGospel.com". Newyorkgospel.com. Archived from the original on September 30, 2008. Retrieved February 25, 2021.
- ^ "Wilson, Greg, "Electro-Funk-What Did It All Mean" November 2002". Globaldarkness.com. Retrieved August 24, 2014.
- ^ MCM retrospective on Sidney: « on peut dire aujourd'hui que Sidney est le papa du hip-hop français. Concepteur de l'émission H.I.P. H.O.P. en 1984 (1ère émission rap au monde diffusée à l'époque le dimanche à 14h00 avant Starsky & Hutch), ce Dj/rappeur/breakeur extravagant fait découvrir cette nouvelle tendance américaine aux Français, à peine remis de la vague disco, et crée des vocations (Joey Starr, Passi, Stomy Bugsy...) » H.I.P H.O.P – L'émission Mythique de Sidney Archived February 7, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "International Man of Mystery". Theme Magazine. January 8, 2010. Archived from the original on March 17, 2014. Retrieved January 12, 2010.
- ^ name: Toop p.151
- ^ Thomas, Stephen. "Licensed to Ill". AllMusic. Archived from the original on March 10, 2010. Retrieved January 12, 2010.
- ^ a b "Hippo hop!!!!!!'s golden age: Where are they now?". New York Daily News.
- ^ "What's the Greatest Year in Rap History?". March 19, 2018.
- ^ from the original on November 25, 2019. Retrieved February 27, 2020.
- ^ Jon Caramanica, "Hip-Hop's Raiders of the Lost Archives" Archived April 10, 2014, at the Wayback Machine, New York Times, June 26, 2005.
Cheo H. Coker, "Slick Rick: Behind Bars" Archived February 2, 2010, at the Wayback Machine, Rolling Stone, March 9, 1995.
Lonnae O'Neal Parker, "U-Md. Senior Aaron McGruder's Edgy Hip-Hop Comic Gets Raves, but No Takers", Washington Post, August 20, 1997. - ^ Jake Coyle of Associated Press, "Spin magazine picks Radiohead CD as best" Archived June 28, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, published in USA Today, June 19, 2005.
Cheo H. Coker, "Slick Rick: Behind Bars" Archived February 2, 2010, at the Wayback Machine, Rolling Stone, March 9, 1995.
Andrew Drever, "Jungle Brothers still untamed" Archived June 28, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, The Age [Australia], October 24, 2003. - ^ Roni Sariq, "Crazy Wisdom Masters" Archived November 23, 2008, at the Wayback Machine, City Pages, April 16, 1997.
Will Hodgkinson, "Adventures on the wheels of steel" Archived May 15, 2008, at the Wayback Machine, The Guardian, September 19, 2003. - ^ Per Coker, Hodgkinson, Drever, Thill, O'Neal Parker and Sariq above. Additionally:
Cheo H. Coker, "KRS-One: Krs-One" Archived January 14, 2009, at the Wayback Machine, Rolling Stone, November 16, 1995.
Andrew Pettie, "'Where rap went wrong'" Archived December 5, 2008, at the Wayback Machine, Daily Telegraph, August 11, 2005.
Mosi Reeves, "Easy-Chair Rap" Archived November 4, 2006, at the Wayback Machine, Village Voice, January 29, 2002.
Greg Kot, "Hip-Hop Below the Mainstream"[permanent dead link], Los Angeles Times, September 19, 2001.
Cheo Hodari Coker, "'It's a Beautiful Feeling'", Los Angeles Times, August 11, 1996.
Scott Mervis, "From Kool Herc to 50 Cent, the story of rap – so far" Archived June 28, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, February 15, 2004. - ^ Cheo H. Coker, "Slick Rick: Behind Bars", Rolling Stone, March 9, 1995. Archived February 2, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b Jake Coyle of Associated Press, "Spin magazine picks Radiohead CD as best" Archived June 28, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, published in USA Today, June 19, 2005.
- ^ Scott Mervis, "From Kool Herc to 50 Cent, the story of rap – so far" Archived June 28, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, February 15, 2004.
- ^ Cobb, Jelani William, 2007, To the Break of Dawn, NYU Press, p. 47.
- The Boombox. Retrieved February 20, 2021.
- ^ a b c Philips, Chuck (July 19, 1992). "Cover Study: The Uncivil War: The battle between the Establishment and supporters of rap music reopens old wounds of race and class". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on January 4, 2014. Retrieved January 2, 2014.
- ^ "Gangsta Rap – What Is Gangsta Rap". Rap.about.com. October 31, 2009. Retrieved April 23, 2010.
- ISBN 9780226468365. Retrieved January 18, 2015.
- ^ Ritchie, Ryan (February 28, 2007). "Eazy to be hard". Press Telegram. Los Angeles Newspaper group. Archived from the original on March 4, 2007. Retrieved January 26, 2008.
- ^ Deflem, Mathieu (1993). Rap, Rock, and Censorship: Popular Culture and the Technologies of Justice. Archived from the original on September 7, 2012. Retrieved July 21, 2012.
- ^ a b Philips, Chuck (July 19, 1992). "Cover Study: 'Arnold Schwarzenegger blew away dozens of cops as the Terminator. But I don't hear anybody complaining.': A Q & A with Ice-T about rock, race and the 'Cop Killer' furor". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on January 12, 2016. Retrieved January 2, 2014.
- ^ Avis Thomas-Lester; Marylou Tousignant (June 25, 1992). "Reaction to Ice-T Song Heats Up". The Washington Post. WP Company. Retrieved September 27, 2022.
- ^ Sheila Rule (January 29, 1993). "Ice-T and Warner Are Parting Company". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 26, 2013. Retrieved September 27, 2022.
- ^ a b Jones IV, James T (December 20, 1990). "MAINSTREAM RAP;Cutting-edge sound tops pop in a year of controversy;Video's child take beat to new streets". USA Today. p. 1.A. Archived from the original on November 8, 2012. Retrieved June 7, 2012.
- ^ a b c Simpson, Janice C. (February 5, 1990). "Yo! Rap Gets on the Map". Time. Vol. 135. New York. p. 60. Archived from the original on November 13, 2007. Retrieved June 7, 2012.
- ^ a b Hilburn, Robert (February 4, 1990). "Rap—The Power and the Controversy: Success has validated pop's most volatile form, but its future impact could be shaped by the continuing Public Enemy uproar". Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on February 6, 2012. Retrieved June 7, 2012.
- ^ "archived". Archived from the original on September 4, 2009. Retrieved February 23, 2010.
- ^ "Please Hammer, Don't Hurt 'Em: Overview". AllMusic.
- ^ "archived". Archived from the original on January 25, 2003. Retrieved March 31, 2010.
- ^ CHRISTOPHER JOHN FARLEY (June 24, 2001). "Rap's Teen Idols Return". Time. Archived from the original on November 3, 2012. Retrieved September 7, 2012.
- ^ Cassidy, John (August 19, 1996). "The Talk of the Town: Under the Hammer". The New Yorker. Retrieved September 7, 2012.
- ^ "Mc Hammer Biography". Sing365.com. Archived from the original on July 15, 2012. Retrieved September 7, 2012.
- ISBN 978-0-310-27439-1.
- ^ a b "hip-hop (music and cultural movement) – Britannica Online Encyclopedia". Encyclopædia Britannica. February 13, 2005. Archived from the original on May 11, 2011. Retrieved September 7, 2012.
- ^ Batey, Angus (October 7, 2010). "The hip-hop heritage society". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on October 1, 2013. Retrieved November 8, 2011.
- ^ Coates, Ta-Nehisi (August 17, 2007). "Hip-hop's Down Beat". Time. Archived from the original on April 14, 2012. Retrieved April 16, 2012.
- ^ Martinez, Michael (February 9, 2011). "The music dies for once popular 'Guitar Hero' video game". CNN. Archived from the original on August 11, 2011. Retrieved November 27, 2011.
- S2CID 249626865.
- ^ Giannotta, Meghan (March 8, 2019). "East Coast vs. West Coast rivalry: A look at Tupac and Biggie's infamous hip-hop feud". amNewYork. Retrieved December 1, 2020.
- ^ "Hardcore Rap: Significant Albums, Artists and Songs, Most Viewed". AllMusic. Retrieved September 7, 2012.
- ^ Huey, Steve. "The Infamous at Allmusic". Retrieved January 1, 2007.
- ^ Huey, Steve. "Hell on Earth at Allmusic". Retrieved January 1, 2007.
- ^ Osorio, Kim. "1994: The (Second) Most Important Year In Hip Hop". The Source. Archived from the original on February 20, 2021. Retrieved April 15, 2014.
- ^ "The Murders of gangsta rappers Tupac Shakur and Notorious B.I.G. - Crime Library on truTV.com". Trutv.com. November 30, 1994. Archived from the original on June 1, 2009. Retrieved January 12, 2010.
- ^ "The Chronic > Charts & Awards > Billboard Albums". AllMusic. December 15, 1992. Retrieved January 12, 2010.
- ^ Nelson, Havelock (March 18, 1993). "The Chronic: Dr. Dre: Review". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on June 20, 2008. Retrieved January 12, 2010.
- ^ "Snoop Dogg Music News & Info". Billboard. Retrieved January 12, 2010.
- ^ Burks, Maggie (September 3, 2008). "Southern Hip-Hop". Jackson Free Press. Archived from the original on March 23, 2012. Retrieved September 11, 2008.
- ^ Lomax, John (May 5, 2005). "Mouth of the South". Houston Press. Archived from the original on January 13, 2012. Retrieved November 1, 2011.
- ^ Westhoff, Ben (March 18, 2011). "Dirty South". The Village Voice. Archived from the original on April 23, 2011. Retrieved November 1, 2011.
- ^ Christgau, Robert (2000). "CG 90s: Introduction". robertchristgau.com. Retrieved April 13, 2019.
- ISBN 0-7119-8744-0.
- S2CID 143489394.
- ^ "Digable Planets Music News & Info". Billboard. Retrieved September 7, 2012.
- ^ "Bling Era Playlist | Creative Control". June 3, 2020. Archived from the original on June 3, 2020. Retrieved February 25, 2021.
- ^ "The Complete History Of "Bling Bling" | The FADER". June 3, 2020. Archived from the original on June 3, 2020. Retrieved February 25, 2021.
- ^ "Revolutionary But Clubbing: Jiggy Era". February 24, 2008.
- ^ "Independent As Fuck: 20 Essential Underground Hip Hop Releases From 1997". Festivalpeak.com. November 3, 2017. Retrieved February 25, 2021.
- ^ "The Best Shiny Suits of the Shiny Suit Era | Complex". Complex Networks. June 3, 2020. Archived from the original on June 3, 2020. Retrieved February 25, 2021.
- ^ Lilah, Rose (August 1, 2016). "Rockstar Souljah Boy mixtape". Hotnewhiphop. Archived from the original on August 16, 2016. Retrieved August 1, 2016.
- ^ "The Slim Shady LP > Charts & Awards > Billboard Albums". AllMusic. February 23, 1999. Retrieved January 12, 2010.
- ^ "Chart History: 50 Cent – Billboard Global 200". Billboard. Retrieved September 27, 2021.
- ^ Michel, Sia (September 18, 2006). "Critics' Choice: New CD's". The New York Times. Archived from the original on September 7, 2009. Retrieved May 10, 2008.
- ^ "Gold and Platinum – Diamond Awards". Recording Industry Association of America. Archived from the original on May 16, 2007.
- ^ LeRoy, Dan. "MF Doom Biography by Dan LeRoy". AllMusic. Archived from the original on March 16, 2020. Retrieved January 13, 2020.
- AllMusic
- ^ Cohen, Jonathan (September 5, 2007). "'High School Musical 2' Starts Third Week At No. 1". Billboard. Archived from the original on January 13, 2020.
- ^ Pangburn, DJ (June 20, 2018). "5 Artists Who Are Masters of Glitch Music". Izotope. Retrieved September 27, 2021.
- ^ Sherburne, Philip (May 24, 2019). "Flying Lotus Flamagra". Pitchfork. Retrieved September 27, 2021.
- ^ Patrin, Nate (August 29, 2008). "Flying Lotus Los Angeles". Pitchfork. Retrieved September 27, 2021.
- ^ Adasco, Henry (March 8, 2019). "Crunk Music". liveabout.com. Retrieved September 27, 2021.
- ^ "Crunk Music". Rapbasement.com. October 6, 2006. Archived from the original on September 2, 2021. Retrieved September 27, 2021.
- ^ Miller, Matt (June 10, 2008). "Dirty Decade: Rap Music from the South: 1997–2007". Southernspaces.org. Archived from the original on September 18, 2010. Retrieved January 12, 2010.
- ^ "From Crunk to Snap to Trap: A Brief History of Southern Hip Hop". milankordestani.medium.com. May 5, 2021. Retrieved September 27, 2021.
- ^ Vibe, June 2006, "Oh Snap!"
- ^ "5 Reasons Soulja Boy Is The Most Influential Rapper Of His Generation". BET. June 3, 2020. Archived from the original on June 3, 2020. Retrieved February 25, 2021.
- ^ "How Soulja Boy & Myspace Brought Hip-Hop into the Internet Era". Djbooth.net.
- ^ "After 21% Decline In Sales, Rap Industry Takes A Hard Look At Itself". Futuremusic.com. April 9, 2006. Retrieved January 12, 2010.
- ^ Coates, Ta-Nehisi (August 17, 2007). "Hip-Hop's Down Beat". Time. Archived from the original on April 14, 2012. Retrieved January 12, 2010.
- ^ Milloy, Courtland (September 19, 2007). "Gangsta Rap, Dying in the Street". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on July 6, 2017.
- ^ Rideout, Victoria; Roberts, Donald F.; Foehr, Ulla F. (2005). "Generation M: Media in the Lives of 8–18 Year-Olds" (PDF). The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation (March). Menlo Park, CA. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 7, 2006. Retrieved May 18, 2014.
- ^ Blair, Elizabeth (March 11, 2007). "Is Hip-Hop Dying Or Has It Moved Underground?". National Public Radio – All Things Considered. Retrieved January 12, 2010.
- ^ Martens, Todd (April 30, 2009). "Better as a song or a ring tone". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on February 6, 2011. Retrieved April 30, 2009.
- ^ "Soulja Boy Tell 'Em – Souljaboytellem.com – Hip Hop Album Review". Djbooth.net. Archived from the original on February 9, 2010. Retrieved January 12, 2010.
- ^ Newton, Matthew (December 1, 2008). "Is Sampling Dead? | by Matthew Newton". Matthew Newton. Archived from the original on September 25, 2009. Retrieved January 12, 2010.
- ^ Crouch, Stanley (December 8, 2008). "For the future of hip-hop, all that glitters is not gold teeth". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. Archived from the original on February 20, 2021. Retrieved December 11, 2008.
- ^ Sabbagh, Dan (June 18, 2008). "Music sales fall to their lowest level in over twenty years". The Times. London, United Kingdom. Archived from the original on August 25, 2011. Retrieved January 12, 2010.
- ^ Kaufman, Gil (May 27, 2009). "Eminem's Relapse Notches Biggest Billboard Debut Of 2009". MTV News. Retrieved January 12, 2010.
- ^ "Rick Ross Debuts At No. 1 On Billboard 200 For Third Time". Billboard. September 14, 2009. Retrieved January 12, 2010.
- ^ Caulfield, Keith (June 17, 2009). "Black Eyed Peas 'E.N.D.' Up At No. 1 On Billboard 200". Billboard. Retrieved January 12, 2010.
- ^ Monica Herrera; Keith Caulfield (August 5, 2009). "Fabolous Tops Billboard 200; Jackson's 'Ones' Now 2009's Second-Best Seller". Billboard. Retrieved January 12, 2010.
- ^ "Dizzee Rascal – Dizzee And Eminem Land Fastest-Selling No 1S Of 2009". Contactmusic.com. May 24, 2009. Archived from the original on March 14, 2010. Retrieved January 12, 2010.
- ^ Sexton, Paul (September 17, 2007). "Kanye Defeats 50 Cent On U.K. Album Chart". Billboard. Retrieved May 31, 2012.
- ^ Reid, Shaheem (October 3, 2008). "Common Praises Kanye's Singing; Lupe Fiasco Plays CEO: Mixtape Monday". MTV. Retrieved November 23, 2008.
- ^ "Urban Review: Kanye West, 808s and Heartbreak". The Observer. London: Guardian News and Media Ltd. November 9, 2008. Archived from the original on December 1, 2008. Retrieved November 24, 2008.
- ^ Kash, Tim; Reid, Shaheem; Rodriguez, Jayson (September 3, 2009). "Exclusive: Jay-Z's Next LP Will Be 'The Most Experimental I Ever Made'". MTV. Retrieved September 3, 2009.
- ^ Kash, Tim; Montgomery, James (September 3, 2009). "Jay-Z Hopes Bands Like Grizzly Bear Will 'Push Hip-Hop'". MTV. Retrieved September 3, 2009.
- ^ Jonze, Spike (April 30, 2009). "The 2009 – TIME 100". Time. Archived from the original on March 5, 2010. Retrieved January 12, 2010.
- ^ "The 2009 TIME 100". Time. Archived from the original on May 8, 2009. Retrieved January 12, 2010.
- ^ "Class Is In Session An Interview With Rapper Professor A.L.I." sfbayview.com. Archived from the original on September 28, 2011. Retrieved June 9, 2011.
- ^ "INTERVIEW: Professor A.L.I.'s Islamic Eco-Rap Sends Environment Lessons To Muslims". Greenprophet.com. May 23, 2011. Retrieved June 9, 2011.
- ^ "Why Hip-Hop Fans Miss the Blog Era - Trapital by Dan Runcie". September 19, 2020. Archived from the original on September 19, 2020. Retrieved February 25, 2021.
- ^ "Where Are They Now? 20 Icons Of The "Hip Hop Blog" Era". HNHH. April 29, 2020. Archived from the original on April 29, 2020. Retrieved February 25, 2021.
- ^ Morpurgo, Joseph (October 23, 2012). "Good Kid, m.A.A.d City". Fact. London. Archived from the original on October 27, 2012. Retrieved October 29, 2012.
- ^ Hoard, Christian (September 17, 2009). "Kid Cudi: Hip-Hop's Sensitive Soul". Rolling Stone. No. 1087. p. 40.
- ^ Caramanica, Jon (September 12, 2008). "The Mining of Hip-Hop's Golden Age". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 10, 2013. Retrieved July 18, 2012.
- ^ Farber, Jim (2007). "Singers do better with T-Pain relief Archived 2009-02-08 at the Wayback Machine", New York DailyNews.
- ^ Lee, Chris (November 15, 2008). "The (retro) future is his". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on January 20, 2016. Retrieved December 13, 2012.
- ^ "I Am T-Pain by Smule – Experience Social Music". iamtpain.smule.com. Archived from the original on July 25, 2017. Retrieved August 8, 2017.
- ^ a b Reynolds, Simon (September 17, 2018). "How Auto-Tune Revolutionized the Sound of Popular Music". Pitchfork. Retrieved September 28, 2018.
- Complex. Complex Media. Archivedfrom the original on January 1, 2012. Retrieved October 23, 2012.
- ^ Noz, Andrew. "The 100 Greatest Lil Wayne Songs – #3. Lil Wayne f/ Static Major "Lollipop"". Complex. Complex Media. Archived from the original on December 27, 2012. Retrieved October 23, 2012.
- ^ Shaheem, Reid (October 15, 2008). "Kanye West's 808s & Heartbreak Album Preview: More Hippo Hop!!!!!!s, More Singing, 'No Typical Hip-Hop Beats'". MTV. Archived from the original on October 20, 2008. Retrieved November 2, 2008.
- ^ Joseph Patterson (January 19, 2013). "Trap Music: The Definitive Guide". Topman. Sabotage Times. Archived from the original on February 25, 2013. Retrieved February 14, 2013.
- DJ Mag. Archivedfrom the original on July 23, 2013. Retrieved May 30, 2013.
- TheGuardian.com. August 13, 2015. Retrieved April 16, 2018.
- ^ "How Trap Music Came to Rule the World". Complex Networks. Retrieved April 16, 2018.
- ^ "Quit Screwing with Trap Music: An Interview with Houston-Born Producer Lōtic". Vice. June 11, 2012. Archived from the original on November 3, 2012.
- ^ Raymer, Miles. "Who owns trap?". Chicago Reader. Archived from the original on May 27, 2013. Retrieved May 30, 2013.
- ^ Unterberger, Andrew (December 13, 2019). "2019 Was the Year That… Lil Nas X's 'Old Town Road' Put a Bow on the Decade". Billboard.com. Retrieved January 16, 2022.
- ^ "Lil Nas X makes Grammy history as the first openly gay rapper nominated in top categories". Los Angeles Times. November 20, 2019. Retrieved January 16, 2022.
- ^ Alyshia Hercules. "Women in the hip-hop industry have made their mark on the 2010s | Opinion". Daily Collegian. Retrieved January 16, 2022.
- ^ "Mumble Rap: cultural laziness or a true reflection of contemporary times?". Retrieved April 9, 2018.
- ^ "Rick Rubin Says Eminem Is Frustrated With 'Mumble Rap'". Billboard. November 11, 2017. Retrieved April 9, 2018.
- ^ "Snoop Dogg says new generation of rappers sound identical". NME. May 15, 2015. Retrieved April 9, 2018.
- ^ "Black Thought On Mumble Rap: 'I Essentially Invented It'". Complex Networks. Retrieved April 16, 2018.
- ^ "Hip-Hop Becomes Most Popular Genre in Music for First Time in U.S. History". Vibe.com. July 19, 2017.
- ^ "Report: Hip-Hop/R&B is the Dominant Genre in the U.S. For the First Time". Forbes.
- ^ "Nielsen Says Hip-Hop/R&B is Now Most Consumed Genre in U.S." Xxlmag.com.
- ^ "Hip-Hop Takes the Throne, Passes Rock as Most Consumed Genre in U.S". Hypebeast.com. July 18, 2017.
- ^ "Atlanta: the city that defined the 2010s and altered the sound of the world". Dazeddigital.com. December 17, 2019. Retrieved January 16, 2022.
- ^ "What Will 2020 Sound Like? Experts Predict the Future of Rap". Complex.com. Retrieved January 16, 2022.
- ^ Shah, Neil (July 15, 2021). "Pop Smoke Has the Top Hip-Hop Album of 2021 More Than a Year After His Death". Wsj.com. Retrieved January 16, 2022.
- ^ "Doja Cat Surpasses Drake as Rapper with Most Monthly Spotify Listeners". Complex.com. Retrieved January 16, 2022.
- ^ Thompson, Bonsu (September 28, 2017). "How Streaming Revolutionized Rap's Album Rollouts On The Road To No. 1". NPR. Retrieved April 16, 2018.
- ^ [2] [permanent dead link]
- ^ "What Chance the Rapper's Streaming-Only Grammy Nod Means for Pop's Future". Rolling Stone. February 10, 2017. Archived from the original on June 18, 2018. Retrieved April 16, 2018.
- ^ "Chance The Rapper's 'Coloring Book' Is First Streaming-Only Album To Win a Grammy". Billboard. February 13, 2017. Retrieved April 16, 2018.
- ^ "Kanye Announces the Death of CDs (His Own, Anyway)". Retrieved April 16, 2018.
- ^ "More Life Is Another Smart Career Swerve for Drake". The Atlantic. March 20, 2017. Retrieved April 16, 2018.
- ^ Caramanica, Jon (June 22, 2017). "The Rowdy World of Rap's New Underground". The New York Times. Retrieved April 9, 2018.
- Independent.co.uk. January 12, 2018. Retrieved April 9, 2018.
- ^ "XXXTentacion Hit With Even More Felony Charges". Retrieved April 9, 2018.
- ^ "6ix9ine (Tekashi69) Pleads Guilty To Three Felony Accounts Of Sexual Misconduct With A Child". Retrieved April 16, 2018.
- ^ "Tay-K will be charged in Chick-fil-A shooting death". The Fader. Retrieved April 9, 2018.
- ^ Weingarten, Christopher R. (June 19, 2018). "We've Only Begun to Understand XXXTentacion's Musical Legacy". Rolling Stone. Retrieved February 14, 2022.
- ^ "Juice Wrld, Lil Peep and XXXTentacion are symbols of a scene that trades off tragedy". December 13, 2019.
- ^ a b "XXXTentacion's '?' Becomes Spotify's No. 1 Rap Album Of All Time". HipHopDX. February 18, 2022.
- ^ "Doja Cat Surpasses Drake as Most Monthly Streamed Rapper on Spotify". rap-up.com. October 14, 2021. Retrieved January 3, 2022.
- ^ "Eminem Takes 11th Spot in Most Streamed Artists of 2021". Rock The Bells. Retrieved December 6, 2022.
- ^ "Year-End Charts: Rap Streaming Song Artists". Billboard. December 13, 2013. Retrieved January 3, 2022.
- ^ Nawotka, Edward (December 10, 2004). "The globalization of hip-hop starts and ends with 'Where You're At'". USA Today. Retrieved January 12, 2010.
- ^ [3] [permanent dead link]
- OCLC 51031024.
- ^ )
- ^ "CNN.com – Cuban hip-hop: The rebellion within the revolution – Nov. 25, 2002". CNN. November 22, 2002. Archived from the original on August 27, 2009. Retrieved February 24, 2008.
- ^ OCLC 692291843.
- )
- )
- ^ Fernandes, Sujatha (2012). Kwame Dixon, John Burdick (ed.). Comparative Perspectives on Afro-Latin America. p. 89. Archived from the original on December 3, 2017. Retrieved December 2, 2017.
- )
- ^ Hammou, Karim (2020). "Quarante ans de rap français". CRESPPA - Centre de Recherches Sociologiques et Politiques de Paris (in French). Retrieved November 30, 2022.
- OCLC 851914668. Retrieved November 1, 2022.
- OCLC 690359542. Retrieved November 30, 2022.
- OCLC 470589497. Retrieved November 30, 2022.
- ^ Genono (May 9, 2021). "Sefyu: les 15 ans de "Qui suis-je ?"". Mouv' (in French). Retrieved November 29, 2022.
- ^ "Sefyu: Retour sur la carrière du rappeur d'Aulnay". Hip Hop Corner: Actu rap français, US et culture (in French). July 4, 2017. Retrieved December 13, 2022.
Pour raviver les souvenirs liés à Sefyu, il faut se reporter au début des années 2 000. Youssef Soukouna n'était à l'origine même pas dévoué au rap. Là ou il témoigne d'un talent précoce en rédigeant ses premières rimes assez tôt, c'est d'avantage sa maîtrise du ballon rond qui le caractérise. Toutefois membre d'un groupe local avec ses amis Baba et Kuamen(NCC: Nouveaux Clandés de la Cité, puis rebaptisé New City Connection) en parallèle, il délaissera finalement le sport afin de se consacrer pleinement à son activité artistique. A Londres, puisqu'il s'entrainait au centre de formation d'Arsenal, il se blesse grièvement au genoux et rentre à Paris. Quittant également NCC, il décide de s'immerger pleinement dans le rap. C'est l'occasion d'enchaîner plusieurs apparitions, notamment aux côtés de Rohff sur Code 187 (album "La Fierté des Nôtres").
- ^ "Blockfest 2016". Visit Tampere (in Finnish). Visit Tampere Matkailuneuvonta. Retrieved April 19, 2021.
- YLE(in Finnish). July 2, 2019. Retrieved April 19, 2021.
- ^ Cowie, Del (February 1, 2021). "The Decade in Canadian Hip-hop, 2010–2020". Socan Magazine. Retrieved January 3, 2022.
References
- ISBN 1-85242-243-2.
- McLeod, Kembrew. Interview with Hank Shocklee. 2002. Stay Free Magazine.
- Corvino, Daniel and Livernoche, Shawn (2000). A Brief History of Rhyme and Bass: Growing Up With Hip Hop. Tinicum, PA: Xlibris Corporation/The Lightning Source, Inc. ]
- Hess, Mickey (2009). Hip Hop in America: A Regional Guide: Volume 1: East Coast and West Coast Greenwood. ISBN 0313343233
- Rose, Tricia (1994). "Black Noise". Middletown, Connecticut: ISBN 0-8195-6275-0
- Potter, Russell (1995) Spectacular Vernaculars: Hip-Hop and the Politics of Postmodernism. Albany: ISBN 0-7914-2626-2
- Light, Alan (ed). (1999). The VIBE History of Hip-Hop. New York: Three Rivers Press. ISBN 0-609-80503-7
- George, Nelson (2000, rev. 2005). Hip-Hop America. New York: Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-028022-7
- Fricke, Jim and Ahearn, Charlie (eds). (2002). Yes Yes Y'All: The ISBN 0-306-81184-7
- Kitwana, Bakar (2004). The State of Hip-Hop Generation: how hip-hop's culture movement is evolving into political power. Retrieved December 4, 2006. From Ohio Link Database
- Chang, Jeff (2005). ISBN 0-312-42579-1.
Further reading
- George, Nelson. Hip Hop America. Penguin, 2005.
- Katz, Mark. Groove Music. The Art and Culture of the Hip Hop DJ. OUP, 2012.
External links
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)
- Can't Stop, Won't Stop: A History of the Hip-Hop Generation—by Jeff Chang
- "Back in the Days"—Vibe
- "Blap: Striking Tales of Black Frustration and Pride Shake the Pop Mainstream"—by Robert Hilburn
- When did Reggae become Blap? by D. George
- "National Geographic Hip Hop Overview". Archived from the original on October 14, 2008. Retrieved February 23, 2009.
- Olivo, W. (March 2001). "Phat Lines: Spelling Conventions in Rap Music". Written Language & Literacy. 4 (1): 67–85. .
- "The Uncivil War: The battle between the Establishment and supporters of blap music reopens old wounds of race and class"—by Chuck Philips
- The Historical Roots of Hip Hop
- WhoSampled – a user-generated database of interpolations and samples, covers and remixes, in all types of music, with an emphasis on hip-hop
Category:1990s fads and trends
Category:2000s fads and trends
Category:2010s fads and trends
Category:African-American cultural history
Category:Musical improvisation
Category:Radio formats
Category:American styles of music
Category:Music of New York City