Abae
Ἄβαι | |
Alternative name | Kalapodi |
---|---|
Location | Ancient Phocis |
Coordinates | 38°38′13.46″N 22°53′44.81″E / 38.6370722°N 22.8957806°E |
Abae (
and excavated in modern times. The results confirm an archaeological existence dating from the Bronze Age, as is suggested by the lore.History
Before the Persian invasion, the temple was richly adorned with treasuries and votive offerings.
Oracle
Despite destruction of the town, the oracle was still consulted, e.g. by the
The sanctity of the shrine ensured certain privileges to the people of Abae,[17] and these were confirmed by the Romans. The Persians did not reflect this opinion and would destroy all the temples that they overcame, Abae included. The Greeks pledged not to rebuild them as a memorial of the ravages of the Persians.[18]
Among the most exciting recent archaeological discoveries in Greece is the recognition that the sanctuary site near the modern village of
The fortified site described below, originally identified as Abae by Colonel William Leake in the 19th century, is much more likely to be that of the Sanctuary of Artemis at Hyampolis:
"The polygonal walls of the acropolis may still be seen in a fair state of preservation on a circular hill standing about 500 ft. [150 m] above the little plain of Exarcho; one gateway remains, and there are also traces of town walls below. The temple site was on a low spur of the hill, below the town. An early terrace wall supports a precinct in which are a stoa and some remains of temples; these were excavated by the British School at Athens in 1894, but very little was found."[19]
The oracle was mentioned in Oedipus Rex.[20]
Attribution
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Smith, William, ed. (1854–1857). "Abae". Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography. London: John Murray.
Notes
- ^ The ancient history of the site is derived from references in ancient works. There is no continuous history. These references are called fragments. The Topos Text Project has undertaken to collect these fragments, combined with archaeological information, on various topics of ancient history. It has found at least 19 on Abae: "Apollo of Abae (phthiotis) 19 Kalapodi". Topos Text. Retrieved 22 September 2020. For example, one from Stephanus of Byzantium. Ethnica. Vol. s.v. Abae. states that Abae is "a city of the Phokians, where there is a sanctuary of Apollo. This was the oracle before the one in Delphi." The s.v. stands for sub verso, "under the heading."
- ^ See reports of the excavations of the German Archaeological Institute in Archaeological Reports for 2008/9 43-45, Archaeological Reports for 2007/8 47-49, Archaeological Reports for 2006/7 41-43, Archaeological Reports for 2005/6 68-69, Archaeological Reports for 2004/5 55-56.
References
- ^ Avery 1962, p. 1
- ^ Schmitz 2013, p. 1
- ^ Herodotus 1920, p. 53
- ^ Hesychius & Schmidt 1867, p. 2
- ^ a b Pausanias 1898, p. 439
- ^ Bell 1989, p. 1
- ^ Herodotus 2003, p. 33
- ^ Smith 2011, p. 1
- ^ Pausanias (1918). "35.1". Description of Greece. Vol. 10. Translated by W. H. S. Jones; H. A. Ormerod. Cambridge, Massachusetts; London: Harvard University Press; William Heinemann – via Perseus Digital Library. et seq.
- ^ Herodotus. Histories. Vol. 1.46, 8.134, 33.
- ^ Diodorus Siculus. Bibliotheca historica (Historical Library). Vol. 16.530.
- ^ Strabo. Geographica. Vol. pp. 423, 445. Page numbers refer to those of Isaac Casaubon's edition.
- ^ Henderson 2000, p. 351
- ^ Henderson 2000a, p. 381
- ^ Pausanias 1898, p. 440
- ^ Hoiberg 2010, p. 7
- ^ Bilco 1882, p. 172
- ^ Henderson 2000a, p. 581
- ^ public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Abae". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 6. One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
- ^ Sophocles, Oedipus Tyrannus 897
Reference bibliography
- Avery, Catherine A., ed. (1962). "Abae". The New Century Classical Handbook. New York, NY: Appleton-Century-Crofts, Inc. LCCN 62-10069.
- Bell, Robert E. (1989). Place-Names in Classical Mythology. Santa Barbara, CA: ISBN 978-0874365078.
- Bilco, J. (1882). "Lettre du roi Philippe aux habitants d'Abae". Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique. 6: 171–175. .
- Henderson, Jeffrey, ed. (2000) [1926]. Pausanian Description of Greece. Vol. II: Books III-V. Translated by W. H. S. Jones; H. A. Ormerod. Cambridge, UK: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-99207-5.
- Henderson, Jeffrey, ed. (2000a) [1935]. Pausanian Description of Greece. Vol. IV: Books VIII §22 — X. Translated by W. H. S. Jones; H. A. Ormerod. Cambridge, UK: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-99328-4.
- ISBN 9780674991316.
- ISBN 978-0862920043.
- Hesychius; Schmidt, Mauricius (1867). "Ἄβαι". Hesychii Alexandrini lexicon (in Ancient Greek) (2nd ed.). Sumptibus Hermanni Dufftii (Libraria Maukiana).
- Hoiberg, Dale H., ed. (2010). "Abae". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 1: A-ak Bayes (15th ed.). Chicago, Illinois: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. LCCN 2002113989.
- Pausanias (1898). Pausanias's Description of Greece. Vol. V. Translated by Frazer, J. G. London, UK: Macmillan and Company, Limited.
- Schmitz, Leonhard (2013) [1867]. "Abaeus". In Smith, William (ed.). ISBN 978-1108060820. Archived from the originalon 2008-07-14.
- ISBN 978-1172756001.
External links
- German Archaeological Institute (German)
- 10-part documentary series (German)
- Excavation archive of the French School at Athens(English and French)