Adolf von Baeyer

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For the founder of the pharmaceutical company Bayer, see Friedrich Bayer.
Adolf von Baeyer
Baeyer–Drewson indigo synthesis
Baeyer–Emmerling indole synthesis
Baeyer–Villiger oxidation
Spouse
Adelheid Bendemann
​
(m. 1868)​
Children3; including
Carl Gräbe
Karl Andreas Hofmann

Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Adolf von Baeyer (German pronunciation: [ˈaːdɔlf fɔn ˈbaɪɐ] ⓘ; 31 October 1835 – 20 August 1917) was a German chemist who synthesised indigo[2] and developed a nomenclature for cyclic compounds (that was subsequently extended and adopted as part of the IUPAC organic nomenclature). He was ennobled in the Kingdom of Bavaria in 1885 and was the 1905 recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.[3]

Family and education

geodesist

Baeyer was born in

Lutherans at the time of his birth and he was raised in the Lutheran religion.[5] His mother was the daughter of Julius Eduard Hitzig and a member of the originally Jewish Itzig family, and had converted to Christianity before marrying his father, who was of non-Jewish German descent.[6] Baeyer had four sisters: Clara (born 1826) Emma (born 1831), Johanna (Jeanette) (born 1839), Adelaide (died 1843) and two brothers: Georg (born 1829) and Edward (born 1832). Baeyer lost his mother at a young age while she was giving birth to his sister Adelaide.[7]

Although his birth name was Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Adolf Baeyer, he was known simply as Adolf throughout most of his life. The poet Adelbert von Chamisso and the astronomer Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel were his godparents. On his 50th birthday he was raised to the hereditary nobility by King Ludwig II of Bavaria, conferring on him the "von" distinction.[8]

Baeyer became interested in science early, performing experiments on plant nutrition at his paternal grandfather's Müggelsheim farm as a boy. In Berlin he began chemical experimentation at the age of nine. Three years later, he synthesized a previously unknown chemical compound -double carbonate of copper and sodium.

Thalers for his first dye experiments.[8]

When a schoolboy, his chemistry teacher at the Friedrich Wilhelm Gymnasium appointed him as his assistant. After graduating from secondary school in 1853, he entered the Berlin University to study physics and mathematics. A stint in the Prussian army interrupted his study until 1856, when he returned to academia at the University of Heidelberg, intending to study chemistry under Robert Bunsen.[citation needed] After an argument with the renowned chemist he changed his mentor to August Kekulé. He continued to collaborate with Kekulé even after he returned to Berlin in 1858 for the completion of his doctorate on arsenic methyl chloride, or cacodylic chloride.[8]

Academic career and achievements

After completing his doctorate, he followed Kekulé to the University of Ghent, when Kekulé became professor there. He became a lecturer at the Gewerbeinstitut Berlin [de] (Royal Trade Academy) in 1860 and a professor at the University of Strasbourg in 1871. In 1875, he succeeded Justus von Liebig as Chemistry Professor at the University of Munich.[10]

Baeyer's chief achievements include the

strain theory in small carbon rings.[11]

In 1871 he discovered the synthesis of

pyoverdin that is synthesised by microorganisms (e.g., by some fluorescent strains of Pseudomonas). Baeyer named his finding "resorcinphthalein" as he had synthesised it from phthalic anhydride and resorcinol. The term fluorescein
would not start to be used until 1878.

In 1872 he experimented with phenol and formaldehyde; the resinous product[12] was a precursor for Leo Baekeland's later commercialization of Bakelite.

In 1881 the

Royal Society of London awarded Baeyer the Davy Medal for his work with indigo. He was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1884.[13] In 1905 he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry "in recognition of his services in the advancement of organic chemistry and the chemical industry, through his work on organic dyes and hydroaromatic compounds", and he continued in full active work as one of the best-known teachers in the world of organic chemistry up to within a year of his death.[14]

Honours

The Adolf von Baeyer Medal [de] has been awarded annually since 1911.

His name is reflected in various "name reactions" as the

Baeyer's reagent. There is also the Von Baeyer nomenclature in structural chemistry and Baeyer strain theory (which granted him the Nobel prize) of alicyclic compounds
.

In 2009 von Baeyer lunar crater was named after him.

Personal life

In 1868, Baeyer married Adelheid (Lida) Bendemann, the daughter of a family friend, and together the couple had three children: Eugenie, Hans, and Otto [de].[8]

He died on 20 August 1917 in Starnberg at the age of 81.

See also

References

  1. ^ "Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Adolf von Baeyer". The Mathematics Genealogy Project. Retrieved 18 November 2022.
  2. doi:10.1002/cber.188201502274
    .
  3. Angewandte Chemie International Edition Volume 44, Issue 48, Pages 7836 – 7840 2005 Abstract
  4. ^ "Adolf von Baeyer – Biographical". Nobelprize.org. 1917-08-20. Retrieved 2013-12-09.
  5. ^ Baeyer, Adolf Ritter von in Deutsche Biographie
  6. ^ During the Nazi period, Baeyer's Jewish ancestry caused difficulties for his grandsons, who were compelled to emigrate to Canada and the United States.
  7. ISBN 978-3-643-12678-8
    .
  8. ^
    ISBN 978-1-4381-1882-6
    .
  9. ISBN 978-1-4684-6443-6
    .
  10. ^ Chisholm 1911.
  11. ^ Adolf Baeyer (1885). "Ueber Polyacetylenverbindungen (Zweite Mittheilung)" [On polyacetylene compounds (Part II)].
    doi:10.1002/cber.18850180296
    .     See especially pages 2277-2281.
  12. ^ "Major industrial polymers".
  13. ^ a b "Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter B" (PDF). American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 5 May 2011.
  14. ^  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1922). "Baeyer, Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Adolf von". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 30 (12th ed.). London & New York: The Encyclopædia Britannica Company. p. 365.
  15. ^ "Mitglieder der Vorgängerakademien". Adolf Ritter von Baeyer.
  16. ^ "Adolf Johann Friedrich Wilhelm von Baeyer". American Academy of Arts & Sciences. 2023-02-09. Retrieved 2023-12-07.
  17. ^ "Baeyer, Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Adolf von (1835–1917)". Archive of Royal Society. Archived from the original on 2020-05-27. Retrieved 2016-07-17.
  18. ISBN 978-3-7861-1125-2. Archived from the original
    (PDF) on 2016-07-11. Retrieved 2018-06-22.
  19. ^ "Adolf von Baeyer". www.nasonline.org. Retrieved 2023-12-07.
  20. ^ "APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved 2023-12-07.

External links

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