Anarchism in Mexico
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Anarchism in Mexico, the
Origins and early movement
The Mexican anarchist movement originated in the mid-19th century, a product of both Mexico's unique historical development and European influences.
The Greek-born philosopher
In the mid-19th century, workers' organizations confronted inadequate working conditions. Mutualist groups offered members compensation for unemployment, medical leave, and old age, and focused on providing equal social provisions to workers rather than critiquing capitalism. Separately, anarchist groups, who blamed capitalism and the state for workers' ills, encouraged worker protest, as influenced by the European anarchist movement. Anarchists organized the country's first industrial strikes. Mutualist groups were hesitant to strike, but eventually joined. The strikes, mostly for wages and working conditions, were primarily in textile and mining industries.[8]
Mexican Revolution
Anselmo L. Figueroa was a Mexican-American anarchist political figure, journalist and member of the Organizing Council of the Mexican Liberal Party (MLP). He was imprisoned in the United States between 1911 and 1914 due to violations of U.S. neutrality laws. He published Regeneración, the official newspaper of the MLP, before and after his imprisonment. At the time of the uprisings, Regeneración generated about US$1,000 per week in subscription fees. Even after covering its publication costs, several hundred dollars per week were made available for MLP revolutionary causes. Smaller sums of money were received from outside donors to the organization.[13] Regeneración was published until 1918. It was distributed in Mexican communities in the United States and used in literacy lessons there, as books were often scarce.[14]
The Mexican Anarchist Federation
The Mexican Anarchist Federation (sp: Federación Anarquista Mexicana) was a Mexican anarchist organization that existed from December 28, 1945, until the 1970s.[17] It appeared as the Anarchist Federation of the Center joined with the Anarchist Federation of the Federal District.[17] It published the periodical Regeneración.[17] It received the energy of recent Spanish anarchists who sought refuge in Mexico escaping from Francisco Franco's dictatorship.[17]
Shortly after its establishment it gained the attention of the Mexican police forces and the Mexican government after some Spanish exiled anarchists along with members of the Mexican Anarchist Federation were arrested after trying to rob a truck that carried large amounts of money from a beer industry.[17] Also linked to the Mexican Anarchist Federation was the Libertarian Youth (sp:Juventudes Libertarias)[17] and the publication Tierra y Libertad.[17]
Present day
Formed in 1997, the Popular Indigenous Council of Oaxaca "Ricardo Flores Magón" (CIPO-RFM) is a grassroots organization based on the philosophy of Ricardo Magón.[18]
Anarcopunk In Mexico
Anarco-punk is a subsect of the larger punk scene primarily associated with political activism and anarchist beliefs. Anarcopunk is a well-entrenched part of the punk scene, but their presence has been most heavily felt in Mexico City and Oaxaca in recent years. The political climate in these cities means that protests and political activism have been near-constant, and anarcho-punks have significantly participated in these movements. The most notable of these events was the Oaxaca protests of 2006.[19] During these protests, anarcho-punks made a name for themselves due to their willingness to engage directly with police forces, often becoming the targets of police brutality.[19] Despite their political activism supporting many marginalized groups, these punks still have a tenuous and occasionally contentious relationship with other activists.
Politics
Anarcho-punks are known for being the most politically active and motivated subsect of the punk scene, and these politics are a core part of their identity[1]. The specific politics of any self-identifying anarcho-punk are likely to vary, but they all share common traits. They are profoundly anti-authoritarian and anti-capitalist and view the Mexican government’s tactics of control to be particularly repressive. With these antiauthoritarian politics comes a belief in the concept of Autogestión or self-determination[1]. The political activism of the anarcho-punk movement has led them to be significant participants in several activism groups. These groups include Autonomy, Autogestión, Self-Determination Collective (AAA), and the Autonomous Block of Liberationist Resistance (BARL).[19]
Timeline
- 1861: Plotino Rhodakanaty immigrates to Mexico
- 1867: Julio López Chávez leads a 1,500-strong proto-anarchist peasant insurrection
- 1900: The anarchist Mexican Liberal Party and their newspaper Regeneración are formed
- 1906: Cananea strike
- 1907: Río Blanco strike
- 1910: Práxedis Guerrero is killed in unclear circumstances
- 1911: Magonista rebellion of 1911
- 1912: The anarcho-syndicalist Casa del Obrero Mundial is formed in Mexico City
- 1913: The Magonist Margarita Ortega is killed
- 1916: The anarcho-syndicalist Red Battalions are disbanded
- 1922: Ricardo Flores Magón dies in prison in the USA
- 1945: Mexican Anarchist Federation formed
- 1983: The Zapatista Army of National Liberation is founded
- 1989: Tomás Cruz Lorenzo is assassinated by unknown entities
- 1994: The Zapatista uprising occurs leading to the Chiapas Conflict and the 1995 Zapatista Crisis
- 1996: The San Andrés Accords are signed between the Zapatistas and the Mexican government
- 1997: The Popular Indigenous Council of Oaxaca "Ricardo Flores Magón" formed
- 1997: The Acteal massacre occurs, where the Mexican government kills 45 Zapatista supporters
- 1998: The pro-Zapatista Chiapas Media Project is launched
- 2000: The Okupa Che social center is launched at the campus of the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM) in Mexico City
- 2003: The Zapatistas launch Radio Insurgente
- 2003: The Chanti Ollin social center is launched in Mexico City
- 2005: Zapatistas make the Sixth Declaration of the Lacandon Jungle
- 2006: Zapatistas launch The Other Campaign
- 2006: In Villa de Zaachila, a parallel government is formed
- 2006: US anarchist Brad Will is assassinated during the 2006 Oaxaca protests
- 2009: The anarchist urban guerilla group Práxedis G. Guerrero Autonomous Cells of Immediate Revolution is formed
- 2010: The anarchist urban guerilla group Mariano Sánchez Añón Insurrectional Cell is formed in Mexico City
- 2011: The town of Cherán expels politicians and police following an uprising
- 2011: The anarcho-primitivist urban guerilla group Individualists Tending to the Wild is formed in
- 2017: The Chanti Ollin social center in Mexico City is evicted and shut down
- 2021: Zapatistas launch the Journey for Life, traveling to 5 continents
Notable Bands
See also
References
- ISBN 978-1-4051-9807-3.
- ^ Hart 1978, p. 3.
- ^ Cappelletti 2017, pp. 291–292.
- ^ Cappelletti 2017, pp. 280–284, Hart 1978, pp. 19–20.
- ^ Hart 1978, p. 20, Valadés 1970, p. 9.
- ^ Hart 1978, pp. 20–21.
- ISBN 978-1-60846-776-1.
- ISBN 978-0-313-36602-4.
- ISBN 978-1-57607-132-8.
- ISBN 978-1-4522-6565-0.
- ISBN 978-0-520-21531-3.
- ISBN 978-1-4008-3863-9.
- ^ Crawford, Richard W., ed. (Winter 1999). "The Magonista Revolt in Baja California". Journal of San Diego History. 45 (1). Archived from the original on October 16, 2015. Retrieved June 22, 2013.
- ^ "A History of Mexican Americans in California: Historic Sites". Five Views: An Ethnic Historic Site Survey for California. National Park Service. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved June 22, 2013.
- ISBN 978-0-7734-3665-7.
- ^ Pouwels, Joel Bollinger. Political Journalism by Mexican Women During the Age of Revolution 1876-1940. New York: Edwin Mellen Press, 2006]
- ^ a b c d e f g "Regeneración y la Federación Anarquista Mexicana (1952–1960)" by Ulises Ortega Aguilar Archived 2011-07-26 at the Wayback Machine
- Z Magazine(December 2005)
- ^ OCLC 1158507213.)
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Bibliography
- Cappelletti, Ángel J. (2017). "Mexico". Anarchism in Latin America. Translated by Palmer-Fernández, Gabriel. OCLC 1124018966.
- Hart, John M. (1978). Anarchism & The Mexican Working Class, 1860-1931. OCLC 253767474.
- Valadés, José C. (1970). "Cartilla socialista de Plotino C. Rhodakanaty. Noticia sobre el socialismo en México durante el siglo XIX". Estudios de Historia Moderna y Contemporánea de México. 3 (03): 9–41. .