Anarchism and capitalism
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The nature of
Anarcho-capitalist author and theorist Murray Rothbard, who coined the term itself and developed such philosophy from the 1950s through the 1970s, stated that individualist anarchism is different from capitalism because the individualist anarchists retain the labor theory of value[22] and socialist doctrines.[29][30][31][32] Left-wing anarchist commentators do not consider anarcho-capitalism as a legitimate form of anarchism due to perceived coercive characteristics of capitalism. In particular, they argue that certain capitalist transactions are not voluntary and that maintaining the class structure of a capitalist society requires coercion in violation of anarchist principles.[33][34]
Anarchist criticism of capitalism and economic issues
It has been pointed out that historically the
[A]ll the so-called laws and theories of political economy are in reality no more than statements of the following nature: "Granting that there are always in a country a considerable number of people who cannot subsist a month, or even a fortnight, without accepting the conditions of work imposed upon them by the State, or offered to them by those whom the State recognizes as owners of land, factories, railways, etc., then the results will be so and so." So far middle-class political economy has been only an enumeration of what happens under the just-mentioned conditions—without distinctly stating the conditions themselves. And then, having described the facts which arise in our society under these conditions, they represent to us these facts as rigid, inevitable economic laws.[36]
Within the realm of anarchist labor issues is the issue of the
Some
The
Equality
Rothbard defined equality as "A and B are 'equal' if they are identical to each other with respect to a given attribute. [...] There is one and only one way, then, in which any two people can really be 'equal' in the fullest sense: they must be identical in all their attributes".[49] Rothbard argued that "men are not uniform, that the species, mankind, is uniquely characterized by a high degree of variety, diversity, differentiation; in short, inequality".[50] This runs counter the concept of equality amongst anarchists as they argue that freedom without equality simply gives more freedom to those who are supposedly superior and that equality without freedom is a form of oppression.[51][37][52]
As further confirmation of equality's misunderstanding,
"But will not life under Anarchy, in economic and social equality mean general leveling?" you ask. No, my friend, quite the contrary. Because equality does not mean an equal amount but equal opportunity. [...] Do not make the mistake of identifying equality in liberty with the forced equality of the convict camp. True anarchist equality implies freedom, not quantity. It does not mean that every one must eat, drink, or wear the same things, do the same work, or live in the same manner. Far from it: the very reverse, in fact. Individual needs and tastes differ, as appetites differ. It is equal opportunity to satisfy them that constitutes true equality. Far from levelling, such equality opens the door for the greatest possible variety of activity and development. For human character is diverse, and only the repression of this free diversity results in levelling, in uniformity and sameness. Free opportunity and acting out your individuality means development of natural dissimilarities and variations. [...] Life in freedom, in Anarchy, will do more than liberate man merely from his present political and economic bondage. That will be only the first step, the preliminary to a truly human existence.[37]
While anarcho-capitalists such as Murray Rothbard consider themselves part of the individualist anarchist tradition, drawing upon the writings of early American individualist anarchists such as Benjamin Tucker and Lysander Spooner while rejecting their normative claims and other socialist doctrines, Tucker, Spooner and others argued that unequal wealth would not equal an unequal society. Those anarchists believed that equality of condition, equality of access to the means of production and equal opportunity would counteract any potential tyranny in a market society. In following William Godwin, anarchists insist that "inequality corrupts freedom. Their anarchism is directed as much against inequality as against tyranny". It has been argued that while anarcho-capitalists such Rothbard and David D. Friedman have been "sympathetic to Spooner's individualist anarchism", they "fail to notice or conveniently overlook its egalitarian implications".[55] Tucker argued for a society with "the greatest amount of liberty compatible with equality of liberty".[56]
Private property
There is some debate about the question of private property and economic organization which is mainly caused by the meaning of private property.
One major point of contention between anarchism and
While anarcho-capitalists make no distinction between private property and personal property, this is extremely important to anarchists and other socialists because in the capitalist mode of production private and personal property are considered to be exactly equivalent. They make the following distinctions:
- Personal property, or possession, includes items intended for personal use (e.g. one's toothbrush, clothes, homes, vehicles and sometimes money).[63] It must be gained in a socially fair manner and the owner has a distributive right to exclude others.
- Anarchists generally agree that private property is a social relationship between the owner and persons deprived (not a relationship between person and thing), e.g. artifacts, factories, mines, dams, infrastructure, natural vegetation, mountains, deserts and seas. In this context, private property and ownership means ownership of the means of production, not personal possessions.
- To anarchists and other socialists alike, private property is
Wage labor
Individualist anarchists such as
The Preamble to the Constitution of the
Instead of the conservative motto, "A fair day's wage for a fair day's work," we must inscribe on our banner the revolutionary watchword, "Abolition of the wage system."[72]
Anarchism and anarcho-capitalism
Anarcho-capitalism
In an anarcho-capitalist society,
Anarcho-capitalists such as Hans-Hermann Hoppe claim that their philosophy predates the socialist forms of anarchism as according to them various liberal theorists have espoused legal and political philosophies similar to anarcho-capitalism.[88] However, the first person to use the term anarcho-capitalism was Murray Rothbard,[89] who synthesized in the mid-20th century elements from the Austrian School, classical liberalism and 19th-century American individualist anarchists Benjamin Tucker and Lysander Spooner while rejecting their labor theory of value and the norms they derived from it.[90] A Rothbardian anarcho-capitalist society would operate under a mutually agreed-upon libertarian "legal code which would be generally accepted, and which the courts would pledge themselves to follow".[91] This pact would recognize self-ownership, property, contracts and tort law in keeping with the universal non-aggression principle, with anarcho-capitalists arguing that it represents the only pure form of anarchism.[92][93]
Rothbard argued that the capitalist system is not properly anarcho-capitalist because it so often colludes with the state, writing: "The difference between free-market capitalism and state capitalism is precisely the difference between, on the one hand, peaceful, voluntary exchange, and on the other, violent expropriation. State capitalism inevitably creates all sorts of problems which become insoluble".
Rothbard maintained that anarcho-capitalism is the only true form of anarchism—the only form of anarchism that could possibly exist in reality as he argues that any other form presupposes an authoritarian enforcement of political ideology such as "redistribution of private property".
Rothbard also wrote a piece published posthumously entitled "Are Libertarians 'Anarchists'?" in which he traced the etymological roots of anarchist philosophy, ultimately coming to the conclusion that "we find that all of the current anarchists are irrational collectivists, and therefore at opposite poles from our position. That none of the proclaimed anarchist groups correspond to the libertarian position, that even the best of them have unrealistic and socialistic elements in their doctrines". Furthermore, he wrote: "We must therefore conclude that we are not anarchists, and that those who call us anarchists are not on firm etymological ground, and are being completely unhistorical. On the other hand, it is clear that we are not archists either: we do not believe in establishing a tyrannical central authority that will coerce the noninvasive as well as the invasive. Perhaps, then, we could call ourselves by a new name: nonarchist".[102]
Anarchist view
Conversely, many anarchists do not believe that anarcho-capitalism can be considered to be a part of the anarchist movement due to the fact that anarchism has historically been an anti-capitalist movement and see anarchism as fundamentally incompatible with
Anarchist organisations such as the
William Gillis has argued that proponents of a genuinely free market, termed
Anarcho-capitalists who argue for private property which supports absentee and
Left-wing market anarchists are closer to mutualism and part of the market anarchist tradition in arguing that a true free-market or laissez-faire system would be best served under socialism rather than capitalism.[137] Chartier has argued that anarcho-capitalists should reject capitalism and call themselves freed-market advocates, writing:
[I]t makes sense for [freed-market advocates] to name what they oppose "capitalism." Doing so calls attention to the freedom movement's radical roots, emphasizes the value of understanding society as an alternative to the state, underscores the fact that proponents of freedom object to non-aggressive as well as aggressive restraints on liberty, ensures that advocates of freedom aren't confused with people who use market rhetoric to prop up an unjust status quo, and expresses solidarity between defenders of freed markets and workers — as well as ordinary people around the world who use "capitalism" as a short-hand label for the world-system that constrains their freedom and stunts their lives.[128]
Criticism of anarcho-capitalism
Anarchists argue that anarcho-capitalism does not in fact get rid of the state and that it simply privatises it. According to Brian Morris, anarcho-capitalists "simply replaced the state with private security firms, and can hardly be described as anarchists as the term is normally understood".[101] According to anarchist Peter Sabatini, anarcho-capitalism "represents a minority perspective that actually argues for the total elimination of the state", but that anarcho-capitalists' claim as anarchists is "quickly voided" because they "only wants an end to the public state" and allow "countless private states",[48] or that it dissolves into city states as argued by Paul Birch.[138]
Another criticism is that
Anarcho-capitalism, in my opinion, is a doctrinal system which, if ever implemented, would lead to forms of tyranny and oppression that have few counterparts in human history. There isn't the slightest possibility that its (in my view, horrendous) ideas would be implemented, because they would quickly destroy any society that made this colossal error. The idea of "free contract" between the potentate and his starving subject is a sick joke, perhaps worth some moments in an academic seminar exploring the consequences of (in my view, absurd) ideas, but nowhere else.[141]
Anarchists argue that certain capitalist transactions are not voluntary and that maintaining the class structure of a capitalist society requires coercion which violates both anarchist principles and anarcho-capitalism's non-aggression principle.[34]
Anarchists view any ownership claims on land and natural resources as immoral and illegitimate.
Definitional issues
While it might be true to say that anarchism is a cluster of political philosophies opposing
- The will for a non-coercive society.
- The rejection of the state apparatus.
- The belief that human nature allows humans to exist in or progress toward such a non-coercive society.
- A suggestion on how to act to pursue the ideal of anarchy.
Usages in political circles have varied considerably. In 1888, the
Anarcho-capitalists are distinguished from the dominant anarchist tradition by their relation to
As anarcho-capitalism puts
Categorizations
Owing to the many anarchist schools of thought, anarchism can be divided into two or more categories, the most used being that of
To differentiate it from individualist anarchism, anarchists prefer using social anarchism to characterize certain strides of anarchism from individualist anarchism. The former focuses on the social aspect and is more working class and mass organisational-oriented, supporting
While some anarcho-capitalists theorists and scholars divide anarchism into individualist anarchism and social anarchism as representing capitalist and socialist viewpoints, anarchist theorists and scholars reject this. Anarchists do not see this as a struggle between socialism and capitalism, or as social anarchism and individualist anarchism as being mutually exclusive, but rather as complementary. Their differences comes from the means to attain
Several
Despite their differences, anarchist schools of thought are forms of libertarian socialism. Anarchists may see those categorisation in
Before socialism became associated in the 20th century with
Left and right anarchism
Left anarchism and left-wing anarchism distinguish
Left anarchism is sometimes used synonymously with
German author Ulrike Heider categorizes anarchism into left anarchism (anarcho-syndicalism), right anarchism (anarcho-capitalism) and green anarchism.[217]
Free-market anarchism
Although
This caused a divide between left-Rothbardians and right-Rothbardians, with most right-Rothbardians identifying as
Some left-Rothbardians are mutualists whereas other left-Rothbardians and market-oriented
In response to claims from anarcho-capitalists that he uses the term capitalism incorrectly, Kevin Carson says he is deliberately choosing to resurrect what he claims to be an old definition of the term in order to "make a point". He claims that "the term 'capitalism,' as it was originally used, did not refer to a free market, but to a type of statist class system in which capitalists controlled the state and the state intervened in the market on their behalf".[241] Carson holds that "capitalism, arising as a new class society directly from the old class society of the Middle Ages, was founded on an act of robbery as massive as the earlier feudal conquest of the land. It has been sustained to the present by continual state intervention to protect its system of privilege without which its survival is unimaginable".[242] In addition to individualist anarchist Benjamin Tucker's big four monopolies (land, money, tariffs and patents), Carson argues that the state has also transferred wealth to the wealthy by subsidizing organizational centralization in the form of transportation and communication subsidies, arguing that in a truly laissez-faire system the ability to extract a profit from labor and capital would be negligible.[243] In response to criticism from anarcho-capitalists who reject the labor theory of value in favor of the subjective theory of value and support marginalism, the theoretical sections of Carson's Studies in Mutualist Political Economy are presented as an attempt to integrate marginalist critiques into the labor theory of value.[235]
Gary Chartier offers an understanding of
Left-wing market anarchism
Left-wing market anarchism identifies with
Left-libertarians favor worker solidarity vis-à-vis bosses, support poor people's squatting on government or abandoned property, and prefer that corporate privileges be repealed before the regulatory restrictions on how those privileges may be exercised. They see Walmart as a symbol of corporate favoritism—supported by highway subsidies and eminent domain—view the fictive personhood of the limited-liability corporation with suspicion, and doubt that Third World sweatshops would be the "best alternative" in the absence of government manipulation. Left-libertarians tend to eschew electoral politics, having little confidence in strategies that work through the government. They prefer to develop alternative institutions and methods of working around the state.[128]
Unlike anarcho-captalists, left-wing market anarchism explicitly supports the
[T]he present status of unions as governmentally privileged labor cartels is in large part the result of legislation supported by big business, inasmuch as the corporate elite found unions less threatening as regulated junior partners in the corporate régime, playing on its terms, than as independent actors. After all, the achievements, much heralded by the Left, which unions won in their heyday, such as the weekend and the eight-hour day, were won primarily by market means, often over strong government resistance; likewise, the most notable victories of unions in recent years have been won mainly by unofficial, disapproved unions, without violence of either the governmental or freelance variety, and outside of the traditional labor-law establishment. By contrast, the influence of mainstream unions has been steadily declining ever since they accepted the devil's bargain of "help" from big-daddy government, with all the regulatory strings that go with it. Thus when left-wingers complain that unions are in decline and that workers are disempowered on the job, they're complaining about a situation created and sustained by government — and once again, we should be pointing that out to them.[257]
Contemporary left-wing market anarchists show markedly more sympathy than anarcho-capitalists towards various cultural movements which challenge non-governmental relations of power. Left-wing market anarchists such as Roderick T. Long and Charles W. Johnson have called for a recovery of the 19th-century alliance with
Market anarchists recognize that
Left-wing market anarchists argue that capitalism necessarily rest on the
Globalization
Anarchists are actively involved in the
The
See also
- Anarcho-capitalism
- Anarchism and anarcho-capitalism
- Fair trade
- Free trade
- Issues in anarchism
- Labor theory of value
- Marginalism
- Renting
- Usury
- Wage slavery
References
- ^ International of Anarchist Federations. "The IAF - IFA fights for : the abolition of all forms of authority whether economical, political, social, religious, cultural or sexual".
- ^ Kropotkin, Peter. "Anarchism: its philosophy and ideal". "That is why Anarchy, when it works to destroy authority in all its aspects, when it demands the abrogation of laws and the abolition of the mechanism that serves to impose them, when it refuses all hierarchical organization and preaches free agreement — at the same time strives to maintain and enlarge the precious kernel of social customs without which no human or animal society can exist".
- ^ "B.1 Why are anarchists against authority and hierarchy?" Archived 2012-06-15 at the Wayback Machine. An Anarchist FAQ. "Anarchists are opposed to irrational (e.g., illegitimate) authority, in other words, hierarchy — hierarchy being the institutionalisation of authority within a society".
- Encyclopedia of Philosophy. "ANARCHISM, a social philosophy that rejects authoritarian government and maintains that voluntary institutions are best suited to express man's natural social tendencies".
- ^ Kropotkin, Peter. "Anarchism". Encyclopædia Britannica. "In a society developed on these lines, the voluntary associations which already now begin to cover all the fields of human activity would take a still greater extension so as to substitute themselves for the state in all its functions".
- OCLC 3930443. Agrell, Siri (14 May 2007). "Working for The Man".ISBN 0-631-20561-6.
- ^ Slevin, Carl (2003). McLean, Aiaun; McMillan, Allistair, eds. "Anarchism". The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics. Oxford University Press.
- ^ Goldman, Emma. "What it Really Stands for Anarchy". Anarchism and Other Essays. "Anarchism, then, really stands for the liberation of the human mind from the dominion of religion; the liberation of the human body from the dominion of property; liberation from the shackles and restraint of government. Anarchism stands for a social order based on the free grouping of individuals for the purpose of producing real social wealth; an order that will guarantee to every human being free access to the earth and full enjoyment of the necessities of life, according to individual desires, tastes, and inclinations".
- ^ Tucker, Benjamin. Individual Liberty. "They found that they must turn either to the right or to the left, — follow either the path of Authority or the path of Liberty. Marx went one way; Warren and Proudhon the other. Thus were born State Socialism and Anarchism. [...] Authority, takes many shapes, but, broadly speaking, her enemies divide themselves into three classes: first, those who abhor her both as a means and as an end of progress, opposing her openly, avowedly, sincerely, consistently, universally; second, those who profess to believe in her as a means of progress, but who accept her only so far as they think she will subserve their own selfish interests, denying her and her blessings to the rest of the world; third, those who distrust her as a means of progress, believing in her only as an end to be obtained by first trampling upon, violating, and outraging her. These three phases of opposition to Liberty are met in almost every sphere of thought and human activity. Good representatives of the first are seen in the Catholic Church and the Russian autocracy; of the second, in the Protestant Church and the Manchester school of politics and political economy; of the third, in the atheism of Gambetta and the socialism of the socialism off Karl Marx".
- ^ Ward, Colin (1966). "Anarchism as a Theory of Organization". Archived from the original on 25 March 2010. Retrieved 1 March 2010.
- ^ Anarchist historian George Woodcock report of Mikhail Bakunin's anti-authoritarianism and shows opposition to both state and non-state forms of authority as follows: "All anarchists deny authority; many of them fight against it". (p. 9) "[...] Bakunin did not convert the League's central committee to his full program, but he did persuade them to accept a remarkably radical recommendation to the Berne Congress of September 1868, demanding economic equality and implicitly attacking authority in both Church and State".
- ^ Brown, L. Susan (2002). "Anarchism as a Political Philosophy of Existential Individualism: Implications for Feminism". The Politics of Individualism: Liberalism, Liberal Feminism and Anarchism. Black Rose Books Ltd. Publishing. p. 106.
- ^ Heilbroner, Robert L. Capitalism. New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, Second Edition (2008).
- ^ Tormey, Simon. Anticapitalism. One World Publications, 2004. p. 10.
- ^ Critical Issues in History. Lanham, Md: Rowman and Littlefield, 1999, p. 1.
- ^ Scott, John (2005). Industrialism: A Dictionary of Sociology. Oxford University Press.
- ISBN 0-7618-3221-1.
- ISBN 0-63118082-6.
- Blackwell Publishing. p. 13. "Their successors today, such as Murray Rothbard, having abandoned the labor theory of value, describe themselves as anarcho-capitalists".
- ^ See the following sources:
- Bullosk, Alan; Trombley, Stephen (ed.) (1999). The Norton Dictionary of Modern Thought. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 30.
- Barry, Norman (2000). Modern Political Theory. Palgrave, p. 70.
- Adams, Ian (2002). Political Ideology Today. Manchester University Press. ISBN 0-7190-6020-6, p. 135.
- Grant, Moyra (2003). Key Ideas in Politics. Nelson Thomas. p. 91. ISBN 0-7487-7096-8.
- Heider, Ulrike (1994). Anarchism: Left, Right, and Green. City Lights. p. 3.
- Anarchist Voices: An Oral History of Anarchism in America. Abridged paperback edition. p. 282.
- Tormey, Simon (2004). Anti-Capitalism, One World. pp. 118–119.
- Raico, Ralph (2004). Authentic German Liberalism of the 19th Century. École Polytechnique, Centre de Recherche en Épistémologie Appliquée, Unité associée au CNRS.
- Busky, Donald (2000). Democratic Socialism: A Global Survey. Praeger/Greenwood. p. 4.
- Heywood, Andrew (2002). Politics: Second Edition. Palgrave. p. 61.
- Offer, John (2000). Herbert Spencer: Critical Assessments. Routledge. p. 243.
- ^ .
- ^ a b Rothbard, Murray (1950s). "Are Libertarians 'Anarchists'?". Lew Rockwell.com. Retrieved 1 April 2020.
- Wieck, David (1978). "Anarchist Justice". In Chapman, John W.; Pennock, J. Roland Pennock, eds. Anarchism: Nomos XIX. New York: New York University Press. pp. 227–228. "Out of the history of anarchist thought and action Rothbard has pulled forth a single thread, the thread of individualism, and defines that individualism in a way alien even to the spirit of a Max Stirner or a Benjamin Tucker, whose heritage I presume he would claim – to say nothing of how alien is his way to the spirit of Godwin, Proudhon, Bakunin, Kropotkin, Malatesta, and the historically anonymous persons who through their thoughts and action have tried to give anarchism a living meaning. Out of this thread Rothbard manufactures one more bourgeois ideology." Retrieved 7 April 2020.
- ^ Peacott, Joe (18 April 1985). "Reply to Wendy Mc Elroy". New Libertarian (14). June 1985. Archived 7 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 7 April 2020. "In her article on individualist anarchism in the October, 1984, New Libertarian, Wendy McElroy mistakenly claims that modern-day individualist anarchism is identical with anarchist capitalism. She ignores the fact that there are still individualist anarchists who reject capitalism as well as communism, in the tradition of Warren, Spooner, Tucker, and others. [...] Benjamin Tucker, when he spoke of his ideal "society of contract," was certainly not speaking of anything remotely resembling contemporary capitalist society. [...] I do not quarrel with McElroy's definition of herself as an individualist anarchist. However, I dislike the fact that she tries to equate the term with anarchist capitalism. This is simply not true. I am an individualist anarchist and I am opposed to capitalist economic relations, voluntary or otherwise."
- ^ Baker, J. W. "Native American Anarchism". The Raven. 10 (1): 43‒62. "It is time that anarchists recognise the valuable contributions of individualist anarchist theory and take advantage of its ideas. It would be both futile and criminal to leave it to the capitalist libertarians, whose claims on Tucker and the others can be made only by ignoring the violent opposition they had to capitalist exploitation and monopolistic 'free enterprise' supported by the state." Retrieved 7 April 2020.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-7486-3495-8.: "It is important to distinguish between anarchism and certain strands of right-wing libertarianism which at times go by the same name (for example, Murray Rothbard's anarcho-capitalism). There is a complex debate within this tradition between those like Robert Nozick, who advocate a 'minimal state', and those like Rothbard who want to do away with the state altogether and allow all transactions to be governed by the market alone. From an anarchist perspective, however, both positions—the minimal state (minarchist) and the no-state ('anarchist') positions—neglect the problem of economic domination; in other words, they neglect the hierarchies, oppressions, and forms of exploitation that would inevitably arise in a laissez-faire 'free' market. [...] Anarchism, therefore, has no truck with this right-wing libertarianism, not only because it neglects economic inequality and domination, but also because in practice (and theory) it is highly inconsistent and contradictory. The individual freedom invoked by right-wing libertarians is only a narrow economic freedom within the constraints of a capitalist market, which, as anarchists show, is no freedom at all".
- ^ See the following sources:
- K, David (2005). What is Anarchism?. Bastard Press.
- Marshall, Peter (1992). Demanding the Impossible. Chapther 38. London: Fontana Press. ISBN 0-00-686245-4.
- MacSaorsa, Iain (2009). Is 'Anarcho' Capitalism Against the State?. Spunk Press.
- Wells, Sam (January 1979). Anarcho-Capitalism is Not Anarchism, and Political Competition is Not Economic Competition. Frontlines 1.
- ^ See the following sources:
- Peikoff, Leonard (1991). Objectivism: The Philosophy of Ayn Rand. Chapter "Government". Dutton Adult.
- Doyle, Kevin (2002). Crypto Anarchy, Cyberstates, and Pirate Utopias. New York: Lexington Books. pp. 447–448.
- Sheehan, Seán M. (2003). Anarchism Reaktion Books. p. 17.
- Kelsen, Hans (1988). The Communist Theory of Law. Wm. S. Hein Publishing. p. 110.
- Tellegen, Egbert; Wolsink, Maarten (1998). Society and Its Environment: an introduction. Routledge. p. 64.
- Jones, James (2004). The Merry Month of May. Akashic Books. pp. 37–38.
- Sparks, Chris. Isaacs, Stuart (2004). Political Theorists in Context. Routledge. p. 238.
- Bookchin, Murray (2004). Post-Scarcity Anarchism. AK Press. p. 37.
- Berkman, Alexander (2005). Life of an Anarchist. Seven Stories Press. p. 268.
- ^ a b Martin, James J. (1953). Men Against the State: the State the Expositors of Individualist Anarchism. Dekalb, Illinois: The Adrian Allen Associates.
- ^ a b Tucker, Benjamin (1970). Liberty. Greenwood Reprint Corporation. 7–8. p. 26. "Liberty has always insisted that Individualism and Socialism are not antithetical terms; that, on the contrary, the most ... not of Socialist Anarchism against Individualist Anarchism, but of Communist Socialism against Individualist Socialism."
- ^ ISBN 9781849351225.
- ^ ISBN 9789004356894.
- ISBN 978-1-902593-90-6. Archived from the originalon 28 January 2012.
- ^ Infoshop.org. Archived from the originalon 5 December 2011. Retrieved 3 December 2011.
- . Retrieved 22 June 2020.
- ^ Kropotkin, Peter. Revolutionary Pamphlets. p. 179.
- ^ a b c Berkman, Alexander (1929). The ABC of Anarchism. p. 25.
- Libertyof Boston in 1888. San Francisco: Equity Publishing.
- ^ "Citizens' Money, a critical analysis in the light of free trade in banking delivered by Alfred B. Westrup in Chicago, Sunday, 3 June 1888 and in Toledo, Ohio under the auspices of the Society for Economic Inquiry on 19 February 1891. Chicago: Mutual Bank Propaganda. Archived 27 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ FAQ, Anarchist (11 November 2008). "Is libertarian communism impossible?". Anarchist Writers. Retrieved 21 December 2019.
- ^ FAQ, Anarchist (11 November 2008). "Does capitalism efficiently allocate resources?". Anarchist Writers. Retrieved 21 December 2019.
- ^ a b Rocker, Rudolf (1938). Anarcho-Syndicalism: Theory and Practice. An Introduction to a Subject Which the Spanish War Has Brought into Overwhelming Prominence. Secker and Warburg. p. 11.
[...] as long as within society a possessing and non-possessing group of human beings face one another in enmity, the state will be indispensable to the possessing minority for the protection for its privileges.
- ^ ISBN 978-1845409425.
- ISSN 1751-9020.
- ISSN 1089-7011.
- ^ Rothbard, Murray. For a New Liberty. p. 47.
- ^ Reekie, W. Duncan (1984). Markets, Entrepreneurs and Liberty. pp. 136–137.
- ^ a b Sabatini, Peter (1994–1995). "Libertarianism: Bogus Anarchy". Anarchy: A Journal of Desire Armed. 41 (Fall/Winter 1994–1995). "Within [Right] Libertarianism, Rothbard represents a minority perspective that actually argues for the total elimination of the state. However Rothbard's claim as an anarchist is quickly voided when it is shown that he only wants an end to the public state. In its place he allows countless private states, with each person supplying their own police force, army, and law, or else purchasing these services from capitalist vendors. [...] Rothbard sees nothing at all wrong with the amassing of wealth, therefore those with more capital will inevitably have greater coercive force at their disposal, just as they do now." Retrieved 20 June 2020.
- ^ Rothbard, Murray (1974). Egalitarianism as a Revolt Against Nature and Other Essays. p. 4.
- ^ Rothbard, Murray (1974). Egalitarianism as a Revolt Against Nature and Other Essays. p. 5.
- ^ Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph (1840). What is Property?. p. 118.
- ^ Chomsky, Noam (1987). The Chomsky Reader. p. 190.
- ^ Maximov, G. P., ed. (1953). The Political Philosophy of Bakunin. New York: The Free Press. p. 269.
- ^ Bakunin, Mikhail (1871). "About Freedom". Panarchy. Retrieved 20 June 2020.
- ^ Newman, Stephen L. (1984) Liberalism at Wit's End. pp. 74–76.
- ^ Tucker, Benjamin (1893). Instead of a Book. p. 131.
- ^ Martin, James J. (1953). Men Against the State. p. 223.
- ^ Hymans, E. Pierre-Joseph Proudhon. pp. 190–191.
- ^ Vincent, Steven K. (1984). Pierre-Joseph Proudhon and the Rise of French Republican Socialism. Oxford University Press. pp. 156, 230.
- ^ Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph (1840). What is Property? Or, an Inquiry into the Principle of Right and of Government.
- ^ The Anarchist FAQ Editorial Collective. "Section G - Is individualist anarchism capitalistic?". In An Anarchist FAQ. Retrieved 5 June 2020.
- ^ The Anarchist FAQ Editorial Collective. "Replies to Some Errors and Distortions in Bryan Caplan's 'Anarchist Theory FAQ' version 5.2". In An Anarchist FAQ. Retrieved 24 August 2020. "Tucker and Bakunin both shared Proudhon's opposition to private property (in the capitalist sense of the word), although Tucker confused this opposition (and possibly the casual reader) by talking about possession as 'property'".
- ISBN 978-0804702034.
- ^ "B.3 Why are anarchists against private property?". An Anarchist FAQ. Archived from the original on 14 November 2017. Retrieved 29 April 2018.
- ^ Sunkara, Bhaskar (13 February 2016). "End Private Property, Not Kenny Loggins". Jacobin. Archived from the original on 26 October 2017. Retrieved 29 April 2018.
- ISBN 9781851683420.
- ISBN 9781138276147.
Thus, as David Miller puts it, capitalism is regarded by anarchists as 'both coercive [...] and exploitative – it places workers in the power of their bosses, and fails to give them a just return for their contribution to production' [...].
- ISBN 9780786494576.
Anarchism is a socio-political theory which opposes all systems of domination and oppression such as racism, ableism, sexism, anti-LGBTTQIA, ageism, sizeism, government, competition, capitalism, colonialism, imperialism and punitive justice, and promotes direct democracy, collaboration, interdependence, mutual aid, diversity, peace, transformative justice and equity
- ^ Fiala, Andrew (3 October 2017). "Anarchism". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved 20 June 2020.
- ^ Cheyney, Ryan C. (November 1980). "Social Justice and the Right to the Labor Product". Political Theory (8: 4). p. 506.
- ^ "Individual Liberty: Labor and Its Pay". Archived from the original on 7 April 2005. Retrieved 11 August 2005.
- ^ "Preamble to the IWW Constitution". Industrial Workers of the World. Archived from the original on 1 March 2012. Retrieved 23 June 2017.
- OCLC 750831024.
- ISBN 9781412805797.
- ISBN 9781851683420.
- ^ Perlin, Terry M. (1979). Contemporary Anarchism. Transaction Books.
- ^ Raico, Ralph (2004). Authentic German Liberalism of the 19th Century. Ecole Polytechnique, Centre de Recherce en Epistemologie Appliquee, Unité associée au CNRS.
- ^ Heider, Ulrike (1994). Anarchism:Left, Right, and Green. City Lights. p. 3.
- ^ Outhwaite, William (2002). The Blackwell Dictionary of Modern Social Thought. "Anarchism". p. 21.
- ^ Bottomore, Tom. Dictionary of Marxist Thought, Anarchism entry, 1991.
- ^ Ostergaard, Geofrey. Resisting the Nation State: The Pacifist and Anarchist Tradition. Peace Pledge Union Publications. Archived 25 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 20 June 2020.
- ^ Stringham, Edward (2005). Anarchy, State, and Public Choice. Cheltenham, England: Edward Elgar.
- ^ "B.3 Why are anarchists against private property? - Anarchist Writers". anarchism.pageabode.com. Archived from the original on 14 November 2017. Retrieved 29 April 2018.
- OCLC 750831024.
- ^ Edward Stringham. Anarchy and the law: the political economy of choice. p. 51.
- ^ "Review of Kosanke's Instead of Politics – Don Stacy" (2011). Libertarian Papers. (3:) 3.
- ^ Yilmaz, Yesim (20 April 1998). Policy Analysis No. 303. "Private Regulation: A Real Alternative for Regulatory Reform". Cato Institute. p. 10.
- ^ Hoppe, Hans-Hermann (31 December 2001). "Anarcho-Capitalism: An Annotated Bibliography". "III. Precursors of Modern Anarcho-Capitalism". Lew Rockwell.com. Retrieved 20 June 2020.
- ISBN 9783319607085.
To the original 'anarchocapitalist' (Rothbard cointed the term) [...].
- ISBN 978-0-631-17944-3. "A student and disciple of the Austrian economist Ludwig von Mises, Rothbard combined the laissez-faire economics of his teacher with the absolutist views of human rights and rejection of the state he had absorbed from studying the individualist American anarchists of the 19th century such as Lysander Spooner and Benjamin Tucker".
- ^ Rothbard, Murray. For a New Liberty. "12 The Public Sector, III: Police, Law, and the Courts".
- ^ "The Rise, Fall, and Renaissance of Classical Liberalism". "Socialists attacked it for upholding the "anarchical" free-market system instead of "scientific" central planning".
- ^ "Are Libertarians "Anarchists"?. "It is the tragic irony of left-wing anarchism that, despite the hopes of its supporters, it is not really anarchism at all. It is either Communism or chaos".
- ^ a b Rothbard, Murray (1973). "A Future of Peace and Capitalism" Archived 2008-10-16 at the Wayback Machine. In Weaver, James H. ed. Modern Political Economy. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. pp. 419–430.
- ^ Dossani, Sameer (10 February 2009). "Chomsky: Understanding the Crisis — Markets, the State and Hypocrisy". Foreign Policy In Focus. Institute for Policy Studies. Archived from the original on 12 October 2009. Retrieved 20 June 2020.
- ^ Liebknecht, Wilhelm (August 1896). "Our Recent Congress". Justice: 4–29. Retrieved 20 June 2020.
- ^ Engels, Friedrich (1970) [1880]. "Historical Materialism". Socialism: Utopian and Scientific. Marx/Engels Selected Works. Vol. 3. Moscow: Progress Publishers. pp. 95–151.
- ^ Rothbard, Murray (25 February 1972). "Exclusive Interview With Murray Rothbard". The New Banner: A Fortnightly Libertarian Journal. Retrieved 20 June 2020.
- ^ Tame, Chris R. (October 1983). The Chicago School: Lessons from the Thirties for the Eighties. Economic Affairs. p. 56.
- ^ Black, Bob (1992). "The Libertarian As Conservative". In The Abolition of Work and Other Essays. p. 144. "To my mind a right-wing anarchist is just a minarchist who'd abolish the state to his own satisfaction by calling it something else. [...] Both camps call for partial or complete privatization of state functions but neither questions the functions themselves. They don't denounce what the state does, they just object to who's doing it."
- ^ a b Morris, Brian (2006). "Global Anti-Capitalism". Anarchist Studies. 14 (2): 170–176. "[Anarcho-capitalists] simply replaced the state with private security firms, and can hardly be described as anarchists as the term is normally understood."
- ^ Rothbard, Murray (4 January 2008). "Are Libertarians "Anarchists"?" Mises Daily. Mises Institute. Retrieved 20 June 2020.
- Anarchy: A Journal of Desire Armed(41). "Within Libertarianism, Rothbard represents a minority perspective that actually argues for the total elimination of the state. However Rothbard's claim as an anarchist is quickly voided when it is shown that he only wants an end to the public state. In its place he allows countless private states, with each person supplying their own police force, army, and law, or else purchasing these services from capitalist venders. [...] [S]o what remains is shrill anti-statism conjoined to a vacuous freedom in hackneyed defense of capitalism. In sum, the "anarchy" of Libertarianism reduces to a liberal fraud".
- ^ Meltzer, Albert (2000). Anarchism: Arguments For and Against. AK Press. p. 50. "The philosophy of "anarcho-capitalism" dreamed up by the "libertarian" New Right, has nothing to do with Anarchism as known by the Anarchist movement proper".
- Anarchist Seeds Beneath the Snow: Left-Libertarian Thought and British Writers from William Morris to Colin Ward. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. p. 4. "'Libertarian' and 'libertarianism' are frequently employed by anarchists as synonyms for 'anarchist' and 'anarchism', largely as an attempt to distance themselves from the negative connotations of 'anarchy' and its derivatives. The situation has been vastly complicated in recent decades with the rise of anarcho-capitalism, 'minimal statism' and an extreme right-wing laissez-faire philosophy advocated by such theorists as Murray Rothbard and Robert Nozickand their adoption of the words 'libertarian' and 'libertarianism'. It has therefore now become necessary to distinguish between their right libertarianism and the left libertarianism of the anarchist tradition".
- Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism. London: Harper Perennial. p. 565. "In fact, few anarchists would accept the 'anarcho-capitalists' into the anarchist camp since they do not share a concern for economic equality and social justice, Their self-interested, calculating market men would be incapable of practising voluntary co-operation and mutual aid. Anarcho-capitalists, even if they do reject the State, might therefore best be called right-wing libertarians rather than anarchists".
- ISBN 978-1902593906.
- ISBN 0748634959. "It is important to distinguish between anarchism and certain strands of right-wing libertarianism which at times go by the same name (for example, Murray Rothbard's anarcho-capitalism)".
- ^ Fernandez, Frank (2001). Cuban Anarchism: The History of a Movement. See Sharp Press. p. 6.
- ^ Anarchism, p. 158.
- ^ Morris, Brian, Anthropology and Anarchism, "Anarchy: A Journal of Desire Armed" (no. 45); Mckay, Iain, The legacy of Voltairine De Cleyre, Anarcho-Syndicalist Review, no. 44; Brown, L. Susan, The Politics of Individualism.
- ^ Brown, Susan Love; Garrier, James G. ed. (1997). The Free Market as Salvation from Government: The Anarcho-Capitalist View, Meanings of the Market: The Free Market in Western Culture. Oxford: Berg. p. 104, p. 107.
- ^ Martin, James J. Men against the State. p. 208.
- JSTOR 2707055.
- JSTOR 361029.
- ^ Anti-capitalist market anarchists support private possession along Warren's, Proudhon's, or similar lines. In contrast, anarcho-capitalists support private property along Lockean or similar lines.
- ^ As Peter Marshall notes in his history of anarchism (Demanding the Impossible), "few anarchists would accept the 'anarcho-capitalists' into the anarchist camp since they do not share a concern for economic equality and social justice". p. 565.
- ^ Peter Marshall, Demanding the Impossible; John Clark, The Anarchist Moment; Albert Meltzer, Anarchism: Arguments for and Against; Noam Chomsky, Understanding Power, David Weick, Anarchist Justice; Brian Morris, "Anthropology and Anarchism," Anarchy: A Journal of Desire Armed (no. 45); Peter Sabatini, Libertarianism: Bogus Anarchy; Donald Rooum, What is Anarchism?; Bob Black, Libertarian as Conservative
- ^ 1) Perlin, Terry M. Contemporary Anarchism. Transaction Books, New Brunswick, NJ 1979, p. 7. 2) Sylvan, Richard. Anarchism. A Companion to Contemporary Political Philosophy, editors Goodin, Robert E. and Pettit, Philip. Blackwell Publishing, 1995, p.231.
- ^ Carson, Kevin A. (2008). Organization Theory: A Libertarian Perspective. Charleston, SC:BookSurge.
- ^ Carson, Kevin A. (2010). The Homebrew Industrial Revolution: A Low-Overhead Manifesto. Charleston, SC: BookSurge.
- ^ Long, Roderick T. (2000). Reason and Value: Aristotle versus Rand. Washington, DC:Objectivist Center
- ^ Long, Roderick T. (2008). "An Interview With Roderick Long"
- ^ Johnson, Charles W. (2008). "Liberty, Equality, Solidarity: Toward a Dialectical Anarchism." Anarchism/Minarchism: Is a Government Part of a Free Country? In Long, Roderick T. and Machan, Tibor Aldershot: Ashgate pp. 155–88.
- ^ Spangler, Brad (15 September 2006). "Market Anarchism as Stigmergic Socialism Archived 10 May 2011 at archive.today.
- ^ Richman, Sheldon (23 June 2010). "Why Left-Libertarian?" The Freeman. Foundation for Economic Education.
- ^ Richman, Sheldon (18 December 2009). "Workers of the World Unite for a Free Market" Archived 22 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine." Foundation for Economic Education.
- ^ a b c d Sheldon Richman (3 February 2011). "Libertarian Left: Free-market anti-capitalism, the unknown ideal". The American Conservative. Archived 10 June 2019 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 5 March 2012.
- ^ Sciabarra, Chris Matthew (2000). Total Freedom: Toward a Dialectical Libertarianism. University Park, PA:Pennsylvania State University Press.
- ^ a b Gary Chartier, "Advocates of Freed Markets Should Oppose Capitalism," "Free-Market Anti-Capitalism?" session, annual conference, Association of Private Enterprise Education (Cæsar's Palace, Las Vegas, NV, April 13, 2010); Gary Chartier, "Advocates of Freed Markets Should Embrace 'Anti-Capitalism'"; Gary Chartier, Socialist Ends, Market Means: Five Essays. Cp. Tucker, "Socialism."
- ^ a b Gillis, William (2011). "The Freed Market." In Chartier, Gary and Johnson, Charles. Markets Not Capitalism. Brooklyn, NY: Minor Compositions/Autonomedia. pp. 19–20.
- ^ Chartier, Gary; Johnson, Charles W. (2011). Markets Not Capitalism: Individualist Anarchism Against Bosses, Inequality, Corporate Power, and Structural Poverty. Brooklyn, NY:Minor Compositions/Autonomedia. pp. 1–16.
- ^ Gary Chartier and Charles W. Johnson (eds). Markets Not Capitalism: Individualist Anarchism Against Bosses, Inequality, Corporate Power, and Structural Poverty. Minor Compositions; 1st edition (November 5, 2011
- ^ Gary Chartier, "Advocates of Freed Markets Should Oppose Capitalism," "Free-Market Anti-Capitalism?" session, annual conference, Association of Private Enterprise Education (Cæsar's Palace, Las Vegas, NV, April 13, 2010); Gary Chartier, "Advocates of Freed Markets Should Embrace 'Anti-Capitalism'"; Gary Chartier, Socialist Ends, Market Means: Five Essays. Cp. Tucker, "Socialism".
- ^ ISBN 1-85637-281-2. Retrieved 24 June 2005.
- ^ ISSN 0267-7083. Archived from the original(PDF) on 5 November 2010. Retrieved 5 July 2010.
- ^ "Advocates of Freed Markets Should Embrace "Anti-Capitalism".
- ISSN 0267-7083. Retrieved 20 June 2020.
- ISBN 978-1873176573.
- ISBN 9780006862451. "In fact, few anarchists would accept the 'anarcho-capitalists' into the anarchist camp since they do not share a concern for economic equality and social justice, Their self-interested, calculating market men would be incapable of practicing voluntary co-operation and mutual aid. Anarcho-capitalists, even if they do reject the State, might therefore best be called right-wing libertarians rather than anarchists."
- ^ "On Anarchism: Noam Chomsky interviewed by Tom Lane". Chomsky.info. 23 December 2006. Retrieved 9 January 2016.
- ISBN 978-0-7546-6196-2. "[Opposition to the state] is (contrary to what many scholars believe) not definitive of anarchism".
- ISSN 1089-7011. "One common misconception, which has been rehearsed repeatedly by the few Anglo-American philosophers who have bothered to broach the topic [...] is that anarchism can be defined solely in terms of opposition to states and governments" (p. 507).
- . "[...] many, questionably, regard anti-statism as the irremovable, universal principle at the core of anarchism. [...] The fact that [socialist and individualist anarchisms] share a core concept of 'anti-statism', which is often advanced as [...] a commonality between them [...], is insufficient to produce a shared identity [...] because [they interpret] the concept of state-rejection [...] differently despite the initial similarity in nomenclature" (pp. 386–388).
- ^ Long 2013, p. 217.
- ^ OCLC 318666557.
- ISBN 978-0-415-87456-4.
- ^ Tucker, Benjamin. State Socialism and Anarchism: How Far They Agree and Wherein They Differ.
- ^ Ely, Richard Theodore (1894). Socialism: An Examination of Its Nature, Its Strength and Its Weakness. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell. p. 3.
- ^ Anarchist survey highlighting a general opposition to capitalism: "2010 Anarchist Survey report". Archived from the original on 14 March 2012. Retrieved 8 November 2010.
- ^ Chomsky, Noam (1991). "On Capitalism". Chomsky.info. Archived from the original on 28 September 2013. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
catastrophe of capitalism
- ^ Anarchist FAQ collective. "Is "anarcho-capitalism" a form of capitalism?". Archived from the original on 19 November 2017. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
- ISBN 978-0-00-217855-6. "For a long time, libertarian was interchangeable in France with anarchist but in recent years, its meaning has become more ambivalent."
- ISBN 978-1-4051-9807-3. "[...] 'libertarianism' [...] a term that, until the mid-twentieth century, was synonymous with 'anarchism' per se" (p. 6).
- ISSN 0004-9522.
- ISSN 0004-9522.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-87436-982-3.
- ISBN 978-0-00-217855-6. "Anarcho-capitalists are against the State simply because they are capitalists first and foremost. [...] They are not concerned with the social consequences of capitalism for the weak, powerless and ignorant. [...] As such, anarcho-capitalism overlooks the egalitarian implications of traditional individualist anarchists like Spooner and Tucker. In fact, few anarchists would accept the 'anarcho-capitalists' into the anarchist camp since they do not share a concern for economic equality and social justice. Their self-interested, calculating market men would be incapable of practising voluntary co-operation and mutual aid. Anarcho-capitalists, even if they do reject the state, might therefore best be called right-wing libertarians rather than anarchists."
- ISBN 978-0-86187-096-7. "[...] anarchism does not stand for the untrammelled freedom of the individual (as the 'anarcho-capitalists' appear to believe) but, as we have already seen, for the extension of individuality and community" (p. 143).
- ISBN 978-0-87436-982-3. "For many anarchists (of whatever persuasion), anarcho-capitalism is a contradictory term, since 'traditional' anarchists oppose capitalism".
- OCLC 191924853. "Social anarchists, those anarchists with communitarian leanings, are critical of anarcho-capitalism because it permits individuals to accumulate substantial power through markets and private property."
- ^ Franks, Benjamin (August 2013). Freeden, Michael; Stears, Marc (eds.). "Anarchism". The Oxford Handbook of Political Ideologies. Oxford University Press: 385–404. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199585977.013.0001. pp. 393–394: "Individualisms that defend or reinforce hierarchical forms such as the economic-power relations of anarcho-capitalism [...] are incompatible with practices of social anarchism. [...] Increasingly, academic analysis has followed activist currents in rejecting the view that anarcho-capitalism has anything to do with social anarchism" (pp. 393–394).
- ^ ISBN 978-3-319-75619-6.
- ISBN 978-0-7546-6066-8.
- ^ Iverson, Stan. (1968). "Sex and Anarcho-socialism". Sex Marchers. p. 57. "Libertarian Socialism, or if you please, anarcho-socialism [...]".
- ^ Walford, George (1979). Ideologies and Their Functions: A Study in Systematic Ideology. pp. 139–145.
- McNally, David(1993). "'Proudhon did Enormous Mischief': Marx's Critique of the First Market Socialists". Against the Market: Political Economy, Market Socialism and the Marxist Critique. Verso.
- ^ Sturgis, Amy H. (2003). Presidents from Hayes Through McKinley: Debating the Issues in Pro and Con Primary Documents. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 106. "Composed of many differing strains of thought (such as mutualism, anarcho-individualism, anarcho-socialism, and anarcho-communism), anarchism revolves around the concept of noncoercion and the belief that force is illegitimate and unethical".
- ^ ISBN 9780275968861.
The same may be said of anarchism: social anarchism—a nonstate form of socialism—may be distinguished from the nonsocialist, and, in some cases, procapitalist school of individualist anarchism.
- ^ a b Ostergaard, Geoffrey (2008). "Anarchism". The Blackwell Dictionary of Modern Social Thought. Blackwell Publishing. p. 14.
- ^ a b Bylund, Per (19 March 2019). "The Trouble With Socialist Anarchism". Mises Institute. Retrieved 31 March 2019.
- ^ Baldelli, Giovanni (1971). Social Anarchism. Aldine Atherton. Retrieved 31 March 2019.
- ^ McKay, Iain (18 June 2009). "An Anarchist FAQ". Stirling: AK Press.
- ^ Owens, Connor (25 February 2016). "Why "Social" Anarchism?". The Anarchist Library. Retrieved 31 March 2019.
- ^ a b Thagard, Paul. 2002. Coherence in Thought and Action. MIT Press. p. 153.
- ^ Heider, Ulrike (1994). Anarchism: Left, Right and Green. San Francisco: City Lights Books.
- ^ Guerin, Daniel (1970). Anarchism: From Theory to Practice. Monthly Review Press. p. 12, 35. "[A]narchism is really a synonym for socialism. The anarchist is primarily a socialist whose aim is to abolish the exploitation of man by man. Anarchism is only one of the streams of socialist thought, that stream whose main components are concern for liberty and haste to abolish the State. [...] The anarchists were unanimous in subjecting authoritarian socialism to a barrage of severe criticism. At the time when they made violent and satirical attacks these were not entirely well founded, for those to whom they were addressed were either primitive or "vulgar" communists, whose thought had not yet been fertilized by Marxist humanism, or else, in the case of Marx and Engels themselves, were not as set on authority and state control as the anarchists made out."
- ISBN 978-1-904859-26-0. p. 123. "Modern anarchism is "the libertarian wing of socialism".
- ISBN 978-1-4051-9807-3. "[...] from the 1890s on, the term 'libertarian socialism' has entered common use as a synonym for anarchism" (p. 4).
- ISBN 978-3-319-75619-6. "As such, many people use the term 'anarchism' to describe the anti-authoritarian wing of the socialist movement."
- ISBN 978-1-56000-132-4.
- ^ Kahn, Joseph (2000). "Anarchism, the Creed That Won't Stay Dead; The Spread of World Capitalism Resurrects a Long-Dormant Movement". The New York Times (5 August 2000).
- ^ Moynihan, Colin (2007). "Book Fair Unites Anarchists. In Spirit, Anyway". The New York Times (16 April 2007).
- ISBN 978-0-00-217855-6.
- ISBN 9780719061516.
- ^ Esenwein, George Richard (1989). Anarchist Ideology and the Working Class Movement in Spain, 1868-1898. p. 135. "Anarchism without adjectives referred to an unhyphenated form of anarchism, that is, a doctrine without any qualifying labels such as communist, collectivist, mutualist, or individualist. For others, [...] [it] was simply understood as an attitude that tolerated the coexistence of different anarchist schools".
- ISBN 9780719066948.
- S2CID 141027974.
- OCLC 7308909– via Hathi Trust.
- ISBN 978-0415110471.
- ISBN 978-0-8369-1828-1.
- What Is Property?.
- ^ Galleani, Luigi (1925). "The End of Anarchism?". The Anarchist Library. Retrieved 2 May 2019.
- ^ Malatesta, Errico (1924). "Note to the article "Individualism and Anarchism" by Adamas". The Anarchist Library. Retrieved 2 May 2019.
- ^ Tucker, Benjamin. Liberty (129). p. 2.
- ^ Baginki, Max (May 1907). "Stirner: The Ego and His Own". Mother Earth (2: 3). "Modern Communists are more individualistic than Stirner. To them, not merely religion, morality, family and State are spooks, but property also is no more than a spook, in whose name the individual is enslaved — and how enslaved! [...] Communism thus creates a basis for the liberty and Eigenheit of the individual. I am a Communist because I am an Individualist. Fully as heartily the Communists concur with Stirner when he puts the word take in place of demand — that leads to the dissolution of property, to expropriation. Individualism and Communism go hand in hand."; Novatore, Renzo (1924). "Towards the Creative Nothing"; Gray, Christopher (1974). Leaving the Twentieth Century. p. 88; Black, Bob (2010). "Nightmares of Reason". "[C]ommunism is the final fulfillment of individualism. [...] The apparent contradiction between individualism and communism rests on a misunderstanding of both. [...] Subjectivity is also objective: the individual really is subjective. It is nonsense to speak of "emphatically prioritizing the social over the individual," [...]. You may as well speak of prioritizing the chicken over the egg. Anarchy is a "method of individualization." It aims to combine the greatest individual development with the greatest communal unity".
- Brown, L. Susan (2 February 2011). "Does Work Really Work?".
- ^ Morriss, Brian (1993). Bakukunin: The Philosophy of Freedom. Black Rose Books Ltd. p. 115.
- ^ Bookchin, Murray (1995). "Social Anarchism or Lifestyle Anarchism: An Unbridgeable Chasm". The Anarchist Library. Retrieved 31 March 2019.
- ^ Ehrlich, Howard J. (2013). "The Best of Social Anarchism". Archived 31 March 2019 at the Wayback Machine. See Sharp Press. Retrieved 31 March 2019.
- ^ "G.1.4 Why is the social context important in evaluating Individualist Anarchism?". An Anarchist FAQ. Archived 15 March 2013 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Chomsky, Noam (1986). "The Soviet Union Versus Socialism". Chomsky.info. Retrieved 29 January 2020.
- .
- ^ Wolff, Richard D. (27 June 2015). "Socialism Means Abolishing the Distinction Between Bosses and Employees" Archived 2018-03-11 at the Wayback Machine. Truthout. Retrieved 29 January 2020.
- .
- ISBN 978-0-230-54697-4.
In the USSR in the late 1980s the system was normally referred to as the 'administrative-command' economy. What was fundamental to this system was not the plan but the role of administrative hierarchies at all levels of decision making; the absence of control over decision making by the population [...].
- ^ Brooks, Frank H. (1994). The Individualist Anarchists: An Anthology of Liberty (1881–1908). Transaction Publishers. p. 75.
- ^ Paul, Ellen Frankel. Miller, Fred Dycus. Paul, Jeffrey. 1993. (no title listed) Cambridge University Press. p. 115.
- ^ Chomsky, Noam (2003). Chomsky on Democracy & Education. Routledge. p. 398.
Chomsky, Noam. Language and Politics. AK Press. p. 153. - ^ Peacock, Adrian. 1999. Two Hundred Pharaohs, Five Billion Slaves. Ellipsis London.
- ^ Goodwin, Barbara (2007). Using Political Ideas. John Wiley & Sons.
- .
- ISBN 978-1-902593-90-6. Archived from the originalon 28 January 2012.
- Infoshop.org. Archived from the originalon 17 November 2011. Retrieved 21 January 2012.
- ISBN 978-1-902593-90-6. Archived from the originalon 28 January 2012.
- Infoshop.org. Archived from the originalon 3 March 2012. Retrieved 22 January 2012.
- ISBN 9780872862890.
- ^ a b Nick Manley (7 May 2014). "Brief Introduction To Left-Wing Laissez Faire Economic Theory: Part One". Center for a Stateless Society. Retrieved 23 April 2019.
- ^ a b Nick Maley (9 May 2014). "Brief Introduction To Left-Wing Laissez Faire Economic Theory: Part Two". Center for a Stateless Society Retrieved 29 April 2019.
- ^ Chartier, Gary; Johnson, Charles W. (2011). Markets Not Capitalism: Individualist Anarchism Against Bosses, Inequality, Corporate Power, and Structural Poverty. Brooklyn, NY:Minor Compositions/Autonomedia
- ^ "It introduces an eye-opening approach to radical social thought, rooted equally in libertarian socialism and market anarchism." Chartier, Gary; Johnson, Charles W. (2011). Markets Not Capitalism: Individualist Anarchism Against Bosses, Inequality, Corporate Power, and Structural Poverty. Brooklyn, NY: Minor Compositions/Autonomedia. p. back cover.
- ^ "But there has always been a market-oriented strand of libertarian socialism that emphasizes voluntary cooperation between producers. And markets, properly understood, have always been about cooperation. As a commenter at Reason magazine's Hit&Run blog, remarking on Jesse Walker's link to the Kelly article, put it: "every trade is a cooperative act." In fact, it's a fairly common observation among market anarchists that genuinely free markets have the most legitimate claim to the label “socialism.”" "Socialism: A Perfectly Good Word Rehabilitated" by Kevin Carson at website of Center for a Stateless Society.
- ^ Tucker, Benjamin. "State Socialism and Anarchism".
- ^ Brown, Susan Love. 1997. "The Free Market as Salvation from Government". In Meanings of the Market: The Free Market in Western Culture. Berg Publishers. p. 107.
- ^ Nick Manley, "Brief Introduction To Left-Wing Laissez Faire Economic Theory: Part One".
- ^ Nick Manley, "Brief Introduction To Left-Wing Laissez Faire Economic Theory: Part Two".
- ^ See Justin Raimondo, An Enemy of the State: The Life of Murray N. Rothbard (Amherst, NY: Prometheus 2001).
- ^ Cp. Raimondo 151–209.
- ^ See Brian M. Doherty, Radicals for Capitalism: A Freewheeling History of the Modern American Libertarian Movement (New York: Public Affairs 2007) 338.
- ^ See Murray N. Rothbard and Ronald Radosh, eds., A New History of Leviathan: Essays on the Rise of the American Corporate State (New York: Dutton 1972).
- ^ Cp. Karl Hess, Dear America (New York: Morrow 1975).
- ^ On partnerships between the state and big business and the role of big business in promoting regulation, see Gabriel Kolko, The Triumph of Conservatism: A Reinterpretation of American History, 1900–1916 (New York: Free 1977); Butler Shaffer, In Restraint of Trade: The Business Campaign against Competition, 1918–1938 (Auburn, AL: Mises 2008).
- ^ Rothbard, Murray N. (15 June 1969). "Confiscation and the Homestead Principle." Libertarian Forum. 1:6. pp. 3–4.
- ^ See Raimondo 277-8; Doherty 562-5.
- ^ a b Carson, Kevin. "Studies in Mutualist Political Economy". Archived 23 January 2005 at the Wayback Machine Chs. 1–3.
- ^ See Kevin A. Carson, Studies in Mutualist Political Economy (Charleston, SC: BookSurge 2007). This book was the focus of a symposium in the Journal of Libertarian Studies.
- ^ Roderick T. Long, "Land Locked: A Critique of Carson on Property Rights," Journal of Libertarian Studies 20.1 (Winter 2006): 87–95.
- Kevin A. Carson, "Another Free-for-All: Libertarian Class Analysis, Organized Labor, Etc.," Mutualist Blog: Free-Market Anti-Capitalism (n.p., Jan. 26, 2006); Walter E. Grinder and John Hagel, "Toward a Theory of State Capitalism: Ultimate Decision Making and Class Structure," Journal of Libertarian Studies 1.1 (1977): 59–79; David M. Hart, "The Radical Liberalism of Charles Comte and Charles Dunoyer" (PhD diss., U of Cambridge, 1994); Hans-Hermann Hoppe, "Marxist and Austrian Class Analysis," Journal of Libertarian Studies 9.2 (1990): 79–93; Roderick T. Long, "Toward a Libertarian Theory of Class," Social Philosophy and Policy 15.2 (Sum. 1998): 303–49.
- ^ Long, Roderick T. (4 August 2006). "Rothbard's 'Left and Right': Forty Years Later". Rothbard Memorial Lecture, Austrian Scholars Conference 2006. Mises Institute. Retrieved 10 January 2020.
- ^ Carson, Kevin (28 September 2012). "The Left-Rothbardians, Part I: Rothbard". Center for a Stateless Society. "What most people ordinarily identify as the stereotypical "libertarian" privatization proposal, unfortunately, goes something like this: sell it to a giant corporation on terms that are most advantageous to the corporation. Rothbard proposed, instead, was to treat state property as unowned, and allowing it to be homesteaded by those actually occupying it and mixing their labor with it. This would mean transforming government utilities, schools and other services into consumer cooperatives and placing them under the direct control of their present clientele. It would mean handing over state industry to workers' syndicates and transforming it into worker-owned cooperatives". Retrieved 10 January 2020.
- ^ Carson, Kevin A. Carson's Rejoinders. Journal of Libertarian Studies, Volume 20, No. 1 (Winter 2006): 97–136, pp. 116, 117.
- ^ Richman, Sheldon (March 2011). "Libertarian Left". The American ConservativeArchived 14 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 14 August 2011
- ^ Dean, Brian (Winter 2002). "Bluffer's Guide to Revolutionary Economics". The Idler. Retrieved 24 May 2009.
- ^ Gary Chartier, Anarchy and Legal Order: Law and Politics for a Stateless Society (New York: Cambridge UP 2013) pp. 44–156.
- ^ Justice, pp. 32–46.
- ^ Gary Chartier, "Natural Law and Non-Aggression," Acta Juridica Hungarica 51.2 (June 2010): pp. 79–96.
- ^ Justice, pp. 47–68.
- ^ Justice 89–120.
- ^ Gary Chartier, "Pirate Constitutions and Workplace Democracy," Jahrbuch für Recht und Ethik 18 (2010): pp. 449–467.
- ^ Justice, pp. 123–154.
- ^ Gary Chartier,' "Intellectual Property and Natural Law," Australian Journal of Legal Philosophy 36 (2011): pp. 58–88.
- ^ Justice, pp. 176–182.
- ^ Steiner, Hillel Vallentyne, Peter (2000). The Origins of Left Libertarianism. Palgrave.
- ^ Long, Roderick T. (2006). "Rothbard's 'Left and Right': Forty Years Later." Rothbard Memorial Lecture, Austrian Scholars Conference.
- ^ Carson, Kevin. "May Day Thoughts: Individualist Anarchism and the Labor Movement". Mutualist Blog: Free Market Anti-Capitalism.
- ^ Richman, Sheldon (3 February 2011). "Libertarian Left". The American Conservative. Retrieved 16 April 2014.
- ^ Roderick T. Long. "How to Reach the Left".
- ^ Long, Roderick T.; Johnson, Charles W. (1 May 2005). "Libertarian Feminism: Can this Marriage Be Saved?" Molinari Society.
- ^ Jason Lee Byas. "The Moral Irrelevance of Rent".
- ^ William Schnack. "Panarchy Flourishes Under Geo-Mutualism". Archived 10 August 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 12 July 2020.
- ^ Kevin Carson. "Are We All Mutualists?".
- ^ Willam Gillis. "The Organic Emergence of Property from Reputation".
- ^ Roderick T. Long. "A Plea for Public Property". Panarchy. Retrieved 20 June 2020.
- ^ Makdisi, Saree; Casarino, Cesare; Karl, Rebecca E. (1996). Marxism Beyond Marxism. Routledge. p. 198.
- ^ Sayers, Sean (1998). Marxism and Human Nature. Routledge. p. 105.
- ^ Stossel, John (14 January 2011). Let's Take the "Crony" Out of "Crony Capitalism". Reason. Reason Foundation. Retrieved 12 July 2020.
- ^ Bottomore, Thomas B. (1964). Elites and Society p. 54.
- ^ Gouldner, A. W. (November 1982). "Marx's Last Battle: Bakunin and the First International". Theory and Society. (11: 6). pp. 853–884. Gouldner argues that Bakunin formulated an original critique of Marxism as "the ideology, not of the working class, but of a new class of scientific intelligentsia—who would corrupt socialism, make themselves a new elite, and impose their rule on the majority" (pp. 860–861).
- ^ Shatz, Marshall S. "Jan Waclaw Machajski: A Radical Critic Of The Russian Intelligentsia And Socialism". Archived from the original on 26 October 2009. Retrieved 26 October 2009.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) - ^ Fox, Michael S. "Ante Ciliga, Trotskii and State Capitalism: Theory, Tactics and Reevaluation during the Purge Era, 1935-1939" (PDF). Archived from the original on 27 October 2009. Retrieved 27 October 2009.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) - ^ "Why is state socialism just state capitalism?". Archived 19 December 2009 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "L'Angleterre a-t-elle l'heureux privilège de n'avoir ni Agioteurs, ni Banquiers, ni Faiseurs de services, ni Capitalistes ?". In Clavier, Étienne (1788). De la foi publique envers les créanciers de l'état : lettres à M. Linguet sur le n° CXVI de ses annales (in French). p. 19.
- ^ Braudel, Fernand (1979). The Wheels of Commerce: Civilization and Capitalism 15th–18th Century. Harper and Row.
- ^ Hodgson, Geoffrey (2015). Conceptualizing Capitalism: Institutions, Evolution, Future. University of Chicago Press. p. 252.
- ISBN 978-0-415-61021-6.
- ^ "Reclaim the Streets" Donnacha DeLong, RTÉ News Online 2002. Retrieved 5 September 2006.
- ^ "The New Anarchists", Graeber, David, New Left Review 13, January–February 2002. Retrieved 6 September 2006.
- ^ "G8 Summit - J18: Global Carnival Against Corporate Tyranny, London, England", C. L. Staten, EmergencyNet News journalist, writing for RTÉ's website in 2002. Retrieved 5 September 2006
- ^ "May Day demonstrations: Who's who". BBC News. 28 April 2003. Retrieved 2 April 2020.
- ^ "Anarchism as a Scapegoat of the 21st century: violence, anarchism and anti-globalisation protests" (2001). Archived 21 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine. Thrall (21). Retrieved 5 September 2006.
External links
- An Anarchist FAQ contains arguments against both capitalism and anarcho-capitalism