Andalusian Spanish
This article needs additional citations for verification. (March 2009) |
Andalusian Spanish | |
---|---|
Region | Andalusia |
Ethnicity | Andalusians, Gibraltarians |
Early forms | |
Dialects | |
Latin (Spanish alphabet) Spanish Braille | |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | – |
Glottolog | anda1279 |
The Andalusian dialects of Spanish (
Due to the large population of Andalusia, Andalusian dialects are among the most widely spoken dialects in Spain. Within the Iberian Peninsula, other southern varieties of Spanish share some core elements of Andalusian, mainly in terms of phonetics – notably Extremaduran Spanish and Murcian Spanish as well as, to a lesser degree, Manchegan Spanish.
Due to massive emigration from Andalusia to the Spanish colonies in the
Phonology
Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n
|
ɲ | |||||||
Stop
|
p | b | t |
d
|
tʃ | ʝ | k | ɡ | ||
Continuant | f | θ* | s | x | ||||||
Lateral | l
|
(ʎ) | ||||||||
Flap
|
ɾ | |||||||||
Trill | r
|
Sibilants
Most Spanish dialects in Spain differentiate, at least in pre-vocalic position, between the sounds represented in traditional spelling by ⟨z⟩ and ⟨c⟩ (before ⟨e⟩ and ⟨i⟩), pronounced [θ], and that of ⟨s⟩, pronounced [s]. However, in many areas of Andalusia, the two phonemes are not distinguished and /s/ is used for both, which is known as
The pronunciation of these sounds in Andalusia differs geographically, socially, and among individual speakers, and there has also been some shift in favor of the standard distinción. As testament to the prevalence of intra-speaker variation, Dalbor (1980) found that many Andalusians alternate between a variety of sibilants, with little discernible pattern.[10] Additionally, the idea that areas of rural Andalusia at one time exclusively used ceceo has been challenged, and many speakers described as ceceante or ceceo-using have in fact alternated between use of [s̟] and [s] with little pattern.[11] While ceceo is stigmatized and usually associated with rural areas, it is worth noting that it was historically found in some large cities such as Huelva and Cádiz,[12] although not in the more prestigious cities of Seville and Córdoba.[13]
Above all in eastern Andalusia, but also in locations in western Andalusia such as Huelva, Jerez, and Seville, there is a shift towards distinción. Higher rates of distinción are associated with education, youth, urban areas, and monitored speech. The strong influence of media and school may be driving this shift.[4][14]
Penny (2000) provides a map showing the different ways of pronouncing these sounds in different parts of Andalusia. The map's information almost entirely corresponds to the results from the Linguistic Atlas of the Iberian Peninsula, realized in the early 1930s in Andalusia and also described in Navarro Tomás, Espinosa & Rodríguez-Castellano (1933). These sources generally highlight the most common pronunciation, in colloquial speech, in a given locality.
According to
Outside Andalusia,
Other general features
Andalusian Spanish phonology includes a large number of other distinctive features, compared to other dialects. Many of these are innovations, especially
The leniting of syllable-final consonants is quite frequent in middle-class speech, and some level of lenition is sociolinguistically unmarked within Andalusia, forming part of the local standard. That said, Andalusian speakers do tend to reduce the rate of syllable-final lenition in formal speech.[4][20]
Yeísmo, or the merging of /ʎ/ into /ʝ/, is general in most of Andalusia, and may likely be able to trace its origin to Astur-leonese settlers.[19] That said, pockets of a distinction remain in rural parts of Huelva, Seville, and Cadiz. This merger has since spread to most of Latin American Spanish, and, in recent decades, to most of urban Peninsular Spanish.[21]
/x/ is usually aspirated, or pronounced [h], except in some eastern Andalusian sub-varieties (i.e.
Word-final /n/ often becomes a velar nasal [ŋ], including when before another word starting in a vowel, as in [meðãˈŋasko] for me dan asco 'they disgust me'. This features is shared with many other varieties of Spanish, including much of Latin America and the Canary Islands, as well as much of northwestern Spain, the likely origin of this velarization.[19] This syllable-final nasal can even be deleted, leaving behind just a nasal vowel at the end of a word.[20][22]
Intervocalic /d/ is elided in most instances, for example pesao for pesado ('heavy'), a menúo for a menudo ('often'). This is especially common in the past participle; e.g. he acabado becomes he acabao ('I have finished'). For the -ado suffix, this feature is common to all peninsular variants of Spanish, while in other positions it is widespread throughout most of the southern half of Spain. Also, as occurs in most of the Spanish-speaking world, final /d/ is usually dropped.[23] This widespread elision of intervocalic /d/ throughout the vocabulary is also shared with several Asturian and Cantabrian dialects, pointing to a possible Asturian origin for this feature.[19]
One
/tʃ/ undergoes
, e.g. escucha [ehˈkuʃa] ('s/he listens').Coda obstruents and liquids
A list of Andalusian lenitions and mergers in the syllable coda that affect
- Syllable-final /s/, /x/ and /θ/ (where ceceo or distinción occur) are usually aspirated (pronounced [h]) or deleted. The simple aspiration of final /s/ as [h] occurs in the speech of all social classes within Andalusia, and is the most widespread form of /s/-lenition outside Andalusia. S-aspiration is general in all of the southern half of Spain, and now becoming common in the northern half too.[25]
- Word-final /s/ can also be pronounced as [h], or elided entirely, before a following word that starts with a vowel sound, like [laˈhola(h)] for las olas 'the waves'.[20] This can also occur at morpheme boundaries within a word, as in nosotros being pronounced [noˈhotɾo(h)].[25]
- In Eastern Andalusian dialects, as well as Murcian Spanish, the preceding vowel becomes lax when before an underlying elided obstruent. This results in /a/ fronting to [æ], while the other vowels are lowered.[26] Thus, in these varieties one distinguishes casa [ˈkasa] ('house') and casas [ˈkæsæ] ('houses') by vowel quality, whereas northern Spanish speakers would have central vowels in both words and a terminal alveolar [s] in casas.[27]
- There is disagreement as to whether or not /i, u/ are affected by this process, although most evidence shows they are lowered to a moderate degree.[28]
- The quality of word-final lax /a/, typically transcribed [æ], differs according to a number of geographic and social factors. It may be lower than a typical word-final /a/, or it may instead simply be fronted. In some towns, in the mid-20th century at least, it overlapped with the quality of, or even merged with, [ɛ], the lax allophone of /e/.[29]
As a result, these varieties have five vowel phonemes, each with a tense allophone (roughly the same as the normal realization in northern Spanish; [ä], [e̞], [i], [o̞], [u], hereafter transcribed without diacritics) and a lax allophone ([æ], [ɛ], [ɪ], [ɔ], [ʊ]). In addition to this, a process of vowel harmony may take place where tense vowels that precede a lax vowel may become lax themselves, e.g. trébol [ˈtɾeβol] ('clover, club') vs tréboles [ˈtɾɛβɔlɛ] ('clovers, clubs').[26]
- obstruents (/b d ɡ p t k f s x θ/) often assimilate to the following consonant, producing gemination;[30]e.g. perla [ˈpehla]~[ˈpelːa] ('pearl'), carne [ˈkahne]~[ˈkãnːe] ('meat'), adquirí [ahkiˈɾi]~[akːiˈɾi] ('I acquired'), mismo [ˈmihmo]~[ˈmĩmːo] ('same'), desde [ˈdɛhðe]~[ˈdɛðːe] ('from'), rasgos [ˈrahɣɔh]~[ˈræxːɔ] ('traits').
- In Andalusian Spanish a voiced obstruent may assimilate the voicelessness of a preceding /s/, while that same /s/ may assimilate the place of articulation of the following consonant. As a result, both merge as a single voiceless consonant; Thus, /s/ is often assimilated to [ɸ] before /b/ (/sb/ → [hβ] → [hɸ] → [ɸː]), as in desbaratar → *effaratar [ɛhɸaɾaˈta]~[ɛɸːaɾaˈta] ('to ruin, to disrupt'), to [θ] before /d/, as in [lo θeˈβaneh] los desvanes 'the attics', and to [x] before /g/, as in rasgo [raxːo] 'feature'.[31] This kind of devoicing is less widespread, geographically and socially, than simple assimilation.[25]
- Final /s/ may also become [ as in ascensor [aɹθẽnˈso] ('lift').
- Mainly in Western Andalusia, /s/-aspiration can result in post-aspiration of following voiceless stops,[4][33] as in /resto/ pronounced [ˈretʰo].[4]
- Intervocalic /p/, /t/, /k/ are usually voiced, especially in male speech, and can even become approximants. This means much of the phonetic distinction between intervocalic /p/, /t/, /k/ and /sp/ /st/ /sk/ is in fact maintained by differences in voicing and post-aspiration.[35]
- /l/ may be /r/ becomes /l/ (e.g. sartén [salˈtẽ] 'frying pan'). As briefly mentioned above, aspirated and assimilated realizations ([ˈkahne]~[ˈkanːe] for carne) are also common. Neutralization of final /ɾ/ and /l/ never occurs before a vowel, even at word boundaries. el otro is always [el ˈotɾo]. These consonants may also be dropped in utterance-final position. Merging syllable-final /ɾ/ and /l/ is associated with rural and uncultured speech, but it has made some headway in urban speech.[36]Because of this variation in final liquid consonants, transcriptions in this article follow the distribution found in Standard Peninsular Spanish.
- In Western Andalusian, an aspirated /r/ before /x/ can be elided due to the fact that /x/ itself is glottal. Thus, virgen /ˈbirxen/ ('virgin') varies between [ˈbirhẽ] and [ˈbihẽ], with the latter being degeminated from [hh].
Morphology and syntax
- Subject pronouns
Many Western Andalusian speakers replace the informal second person plural vosotros with the formal ustedes (without the formal connotation, as happens in other parts of Spain). For example, the standard second person plural verb forms for ir ('to go') are vosotros vais (informal) and ustedes van (formal), but in Western Andalusian one often hears ustedes vais for the informal version.[37]
- Object pronouns
Although mass media have generalised the use of le as a pronoun for animate, masculine direct objects, a phenomenon known as
- Verbs
The standard form of the second-person plural imperative with a reflexive pronoun (os) is -aos, or -aros in informal speech, whereas in Andalusian, and other dialects, too, -se is used instead, so ¡callaos ya! / ¡callaros ya! ('shut up!') becomes ¡callarse ya! and ¡sentaos! / ¡sentaros! ('sit down!') becomes ¡sentarse!.
- Gender
The gender of some words may not match that of Standard Spanish, e.g. la calor not el calor ('the heat'), el chinche not la chinche ('the bedbug'). La mar is also more frequently used than el mar. La mar de and tela de are lexicalised expressions to mean a lot of....
Lexicon
Many words of
Influence
Some words pronounced in the Andalusian dialects have entered general Spanish with a specific meaning. One example is juerga,[39] ("debauchery", or "partying"), the Andalusian pronunciation of huelga[40] (originally "period without work", now "work strike"). The flamenco lexicon incorporates many Andalusisms, for example, cantaor, tocaor, and bailaor, which are examples of the dropped "d"; in standard spelling these would be cantador, tocador, and bailador, while the same terms in more general Spanish may be cantante, músico, and bailarín. Note that, when referring to the flamenco terms, the correct spelling drops the "d"; a flamenco cantaor is written this way, not cantador. In other cases, the dropped "d" may be used in standard Spanish for terms closely associated with Andalusian culture. For example, pescaíto frito ("little fried fish") is a popular dish in Andalusia, and this spelling is used in many parts of Spain when referring to this dish. For general usage, the spelling would be pescadito frito.
Language movement
In Andalusia, there is a movement promoting the status of Andalusian as a separate language and not as a dialect of Spanish.[41]
See also
- Castúo
- Spanish dialects and varieties
- Standard Spanish
- The cant Romani
- Andalusi Arabic
References
- ^ Eberhard, David M., Gary F. Simons, and Charles D. Fennig (eds.). 2020. Ethnologue: Languages of the World. Twenty-third edition. Dallas, Texas: SIL International. Online version: http://www.ethnologue.com.
- ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian, eds. (2022). "Castilic". Glottolog 4.6. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
- ^ Penny (2000:118)
- ^ ISSN 2049-7547.
- ISSN 0148-7639.
- ^ Penny (2000:140)
- ^ Penny (2000:129–130)
- ^ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:255)
- ^ Herrero de Haro & Hajek (2020:136)
- ^ Dalbor (1980:6)
- ^ Brogan (2018:16, 84)
- ^ Navarro Tomás, Espinosa & Rodríguez-Castellano (1933:235, 241–242)
- ^ a b Alvar (1972:50)
- .
- ^ a b Penny (2000:118–120)
- ^ Navarro Tomás, Espinosa & Rodríguez-Castellano (1933:241–242)
- ^ Navarro Tomás, Espinosa & Rodríguez-Castellano (1933:227–229)
- ^ Navarro Tomás, Espinosa & Rodríguez-Castellano (1933:258–260)
- ^ ISSN 0212-0534. Archived from the original(PDF) on 22 June 2013. Retrieved 20 November 2022.
- ^ a b c Lipski, John M. (1986). "Sobre el bilingüismo anglo-hispánico en Gibraltar" (PDF). Neuphilologische Mitteilungen (in Spanish). LXXXVII (3): 414–427.
- ^ Penny (2000:121)
- ^ Penny (2000:151)
- ISSN 2013-2247. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
- ^ Penny (2000:121–122)
- ^ a b c Penny (2000:122–125)
- ^ a b Lloret (2007:24–25)
- ^ Penny (2000:125–126)
- ^ Herrero de Haro & Hajek (2020:144)
- ^ Hualde & Sanders (1995:429), citing Alonso, Dámaso (1956). En la Andalucía de la e: Dialectología pintoresca (PDF) (in Spanish). Madrid.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - OCLC 48640468.
- JSTOR 339038.
- ^ Recasens (2004:436) citing Fougeron (1999) and Browman & Goldstein (1995)
- ISBN 978-90-272-4797-1.
- ^ Moya Corral, Juan Antonio; Baliña García, Leopoldo I.; Cobos Navarro, Ana María (2007). "La nueva africada andaluza" (PDF). In Moya Corral, Juan Antonio; Sosiński, Marcin (eds.). Las hablas andaluzas y la enseñanza de la lengua. Actas de las XII Jornadas sobre la enseñanza de la lengua española (in Spanish). Granada. pp. 275–281. Retrieved 25 February 2009.
- ^ O'Neill, Paul (2010). "Variación y cambio en las consonantes oclusivas del español de Andalucía" (PDF). Estudios de Fonética Experimental. XIX: 11–41. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
- ^ Penny (2000:126–127)
- ^ Penny (2000:128)
- ^ Penny (2000:127)
- Diccionario de la Real Academia Española.
- Diccionario de la Real Academia Española.
- ^ "La extrema izquierda andaluza reivindica el 'andalûh' en el Senado". Libertad Digital (in Spanish). 27 September 2021.
Bibliography
- Alvar, Manuel (1972). "A vueltas con el seseo y el ceceo" (PDF). Románica (in Spanish): 41–58. Retrieved 19 October 2022.
- Brogan, Franny D. (2018). Sociophonetically-based phonology: An Optimality Theoretic account of /s/ lenition in Salvadoran Spanish (PhD). University of California, Los Angeles.
- Browman, C. P.; Goldstein, L. (1995), "Gestural syllable position effects in American English" (PDF), in Bell-Berti, F.; Raphael, L.J. (eds.), Producing Speech: Contemporary Issues for K Harris, New York: AIP, pp. 19–33
- Dalbor, John B. (March 1980). "Observations on Present-Day Seseo and Ceceo in Southern Spain". Hispania. 63 (1). American Association of Teachers of Spanish and Portuguese: 5–19. JSTOR 340806.
- Fougeron, C (1999), "Prosodically Conditioned Articulatory Variation: A Review", U.C.L.A Working Papers in Phonetics, vol. 97, pp. 1–73
- Herrero de Haro, Alfredo; Hajek, John (2020), "Eastern Andalusian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 52: 135–156, S2CID 229484009
- .
- Lloret, Maria-Rosa (2007), "On the Nature of Vowel Harmony: Spreading with a Purpose", in Bisetto, Antonietta; Barbieri, Francesco (eds.), Proceedings of the XXXIII Incontro di Grammatica Generativa, pp. 15–35
- Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish",
- Navarro Tomás, Tomás; Espinosa, Aurelio Macedonio Jr.; Rodríguez-Castellano, L. (1933). "La frontera del andaluz" (PDF). Revista de Filología Española (in Spanish). XX (3): 225–277. Retrieved 19 October 2022.
- Penny, Ralph J. (2000). Variation and change in Spanish. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-78045-2.
- Recasens, Daniel (2004), "The Effect of Syllable Position on Consonant Reduction (Evidence from Catalan Consonant Clusters)" (PDF),
- Zamora Vicente, Alonso (1967), Dialectología española (2nd ed.), Biblioteca Romanica Hispanica, Editorial Gredos, ISBN 9788424911157
Further reading
- Guitarte, Guillermo L. (1992): "Cecear y palabras afines" (en Cervantes Virtual)
- Ropero Núñez, Miguel (1992): "Un aspecto de lexicología histórica marginado: los préstamos del caló" (en Cervantes Virtual)
External links
- Isogloss maps of phonetic variants in the Iberian Peninsula
- Ariza, Manuel: Lingüística e historia de Andalucía
- Gomez Solis, Felipe: Contribucion a las Historia Linguistica de Andalucia: Cordoba.
- Morillo-Velarde Pérez, Ramon: "Un modelo de variación sintáctica dialectal: El demostrativo de realce en el andaluz".
- Castilian-Andalusian phonetic transformer