Crown Dependencies
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Crown Dependencies Dépendances de la Couronne ( Jèrriais ) | |
---|---|
Anthem: "God Save the King" | |
Largest territory | Isle of Man |
Official languages | English |
Government | |
Charles III | |
Area | |
• Total | 768 km2 (297 sq mi) |
Population | |
• 2021 Census estimate | 252,719 (exc. Sark) |
Currency | UTC±00:00 (GMT) |
• Summer (DST) | UTC+01:00 (BST) |
Date format | dd/mm/yyyy |
Driving side | left |
Calling code | +44 |
The Crown Dependencies[c] are three offshore island territories in the British Islands that are self-governing possessions of the British Crown: the Bailiwick of Guernsey and the Bailiwick of Jersey, both located in the English Channel and together known as the Channel Islands, and the Isle of Man in the Irish Sea between Great Britain and Ireland.
They are not parts of the United Kingdom (UK) nor are they British Overseas Territories.[1][2] They have the status of "territories for which the United Kingdom is responsible", rather than sovereign states.[3] As a result, they are not member states of the Commonwealth of Nations.[4] However, they do have relationships with the Commonwealth and other international organizations, and are members of the British–Irish Council. They have their own teams in the Commonwealth Games.
Each island's political development has been largely independent from, though often parallel with, that of the UK,[5] and they are akin to "miniature states with wide powers of self-government".[6]
As the Crown Dependencies are not sovereign states, the power to pass legislation affecting the islands ultimately rests with the
Terminology
The term 'Crown Dependencies' has been disputed by Gavin St Pier, former Chief Minister of Guernsey. He argues that the term was an administrative invention of Whitehall, which incorrectly implies that the Islands are dependent upon the Crown, and advocates instead the use of the term 'Crown Dominion'.[8]
List of Crown Dependencies
Name | Location | Title of monarch | Area | Population | Island | Arms | Capital | Airport |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bailiwick of Guernsey |
English Channel | King in right of the Bailiwick[9][d] | 78 km2 (30 sq mi) | 67,334[12] | Alderney |
Saint Anne | Alderney Airport | |
Guernsey |
Saint Peter Port[e] | Guernsey Airport | ||||||
Herm |
(none) | (none) | ||||||
Sark |
La Seigneurie (de facto; Sark does not have a capital city) |
(none) | ||||||
Bailiwick of Jersey |
English Channel | King in right of Jersey[13][f][d] | 118.2 km2 (46 sq mi) | 107,800[15] | Jersey |
Saint Helier
|
Jersey Airport | |
Isle of Man | Irish Sea | Lord of Mann | 572 km2 (221 sq mi) | 83,314[16] | Isle of Man |
Douglas | Isle of Man Airport (Ronaldsway Airport) |
Channel Islands
Since 1290,[17] the Channel Islands have been governed as:
- the Bailiwick of Guernsey, comprising the islands of Alderney, Brecqhou, Guernsey, Herm, Jethou, Lihou, and Sark;
- the Bailiwick of Jersey, comprising the island of Jersey and uninhabited islets such as the Écréhous and Minquiers.
Each Bailiwick is a Crown dependency and each is headed by a Bailiff, with a Lieutenant Governor representing the Crown in each Bailiwick. Each Bailiwick has its own legal and healthcare systems and its own separate immigration policy, with "local status" in one Bailiwick having no validity in the other. The two Bailiwicks exercise bilateral double taxation treaties. Since 1961, the Bailiwicks have had separate courts of appeal, but generally, the Bailiff of each Bailiwick has been appointed to serve on the panel of appellate judges for the other Bailiwick.
Bailiwick of Guernsey
The Bailiwick of Guernsey comprises three separate jurisdictions:
- Alderney, including smaller surrounding uninhabited islands.
- Guernsey, which also includes the nearby islands of Herm, Jethou, Lihou, and other smaller uninhabited islands.
- Sark, which also includes the nearby island of Brecqhou, and other smaller uninhabited islands.
The parliament of Guernsey is the
Bailiwick of Jersey
The Bailiwick of Jersey consists of the island of Jersey and a number of surrounding uninhabited islands.
The parliament is the States Assembly, the first known mention of which is in a document of 1497.[19] The States of Jersey Law 2005 introduced the post of Chief Minister of Jersey, abolished the Bailiff's power of dissent to a resolution of the States and the Lieutenant Governor's power of veto over a resolution of the States, and established that any Order in Council or Act of the United Kingdom proposed to apply to Jersey must be referred to the States so that the States can express their views on it.[20] There are few political parties, as candidates generally stand for election as independents.
Isle of Man
The Isle of Man's
Unlike the other Crown Dependencies, the Isle of Man has a Common Purse Agreement with the United Kingdom.
City status
As overseas territories were added to the land conquered by the British, a number of towns and villages began to request formal recognition to validate their importance, and would be accorded a status if deemed to be deserving such as a borough or as a more prestigious city by the monarch. Many cities were designated over several centuries, and as Anglican dioceses began to be created the process of city creation became aligned to that used in England, being linked to the presence of a cathedral.[22]
Despite this, St Patrick's Isle adjoining the Isle of Man, which had a medieval cathedral, was never granted privileges of a city. Peel Cathedral was later built nearby, but only raised to the status of a cathedral in the 1980s.
The Channel Islands were at first part of a mainland French diocese, and then came under the Bishop of Winchester after the English Reformation. These islands had no cathedral.
Since the year 2000, the UK government has arranged competitions to grant city status to settlements. In 2021, submissions for city status were invited to mark the Platinum Jubilee of Elizabeth II, with Crown Dependencies and British Overseas Territories being allowed to take part for the first time.[23] In the Dependencies, the only applicants were Douglas and Peel, both on the Isle of Man,[24] and Douglas was granted the honour, making it the first formal city.[25]
Constitutional status
According to the 1973
All "insular" legislation has to receive the approval of the "King in Council", in effect, the
A unique constitutional position has arisen in the Channel Islands as successive monarchs have confirmed the liberties and privileges of the Bailiwicks, often referring to the so-called Constitutions of King John, a legendary document supposed to have been granted by King John in the aftermath of 1204. Governments of the Bailiwicks have generally tried to avoid testing the limits of the unwritten constitution by avoiding conflict with British governments. Following the restoration of King Charles II, who had spent part of his exile in Jersey, the Channel Islands were given the right to set their own customs duties, referred to by the Jersey Legal French term as impôts.
The Crown
The monarch is represented by a
The Crown in the Isle of Man
"The Crown" is defined differently in each Crown Dependency. Legislation of the Isle of Man defines the "Crown in right of the Isle of Man" as being separate from the "Crown in right of the United Kingdom".
The Crown in the Channel Islands
The Channel Islands are part of the territory annexed by the
In 1204, the title and lands of the Duchy of
In Jersey, statements in the 21st century of the constitutional position by the
Distinction from Overseas Territories
Crown Dependencies and British Overseas Territories (BOTs) share a similar geopolitical status. They are both categories of self-governing territories which fall under British sovereignty (the Head of State being the King of the United Kingdom) and for which the UK is responsible internationally. Neither Crown Dependencies nor BOTs are part of the UK and neither send representatives to the UK Parliament.[37]
However, Crown Dependencies are distinct from BOTs. Unlike BOTs, which are remnants of the British Empire, the Crown Dependencies have a much older relationship with the UK, springing from their status as 'feudatory kingdoms' subject to the English Crown. The self-governing status of the BOTs evolved through Acts of Parliament and the creation of fairly homogeneous political structures. On the other hand, the political systems of the Crown Dependencies evolved in an ad hoc manner, resulting in particular and unique political structures in each dependency.[37]
Relationship with the UK
The United Kingdom, Crown Dependencies and British Overseas Territories collectively form 'one, undivided realm' under the British monarchy.[38][39] Crown Dependencies have the international status of "territories for which the United Kingdom is responsible" rather than sovereign states.[3] The relationship between the governments of the Crown Dependencies and the UK is "one of mutual respect and support, i.e. a partnership".[40] There is a significant gap between the official and operational relationship between the UK and the islands.[41]
Until 2001, responsibility for the UK Government's relationships with the Crown dependencies rested with the Home Office, but it was then transferred first to the Lord Chancellor's Department, then to the Department for Constitutional Affairs, and finally to the Ministry of Justice. In 2010, the Ministry of Justice stated that relationships with the Crown Dependencies are the responsibility of the United Kingdom Government as a whole, with the Ministry of Justice holding responsibility for the constitutional relationship and other ministries engaging with their opposite numbers in the Crown Dependencies according to their respective policy areas.[4]
The UK Government is solely responsible for defence and international representation[2] (although, in accordance with 2007 framework agreements,[42] the UK has elected not to act internationally on behalf of the Crown Dependencies without prior consultation). The Crown Dependencies are within the Common Travel Area and apply the same visa policy as the UK, but each Crown dependency has responsibility for its own customs and immigration services.
As in England, but not the United Kingdom as a whole, the Church of England is the established Church in the Isle of Man, Guernsey and Jersey.[43][44]
The constitutional and cultural proximity of the islands to the UK means that there are shared institutions and organisations. The
The growth of offshore finance in all three territories led to a "conflictual relationship" with the UK Governments of the 2000s.[41]
The Crown Dependencies, together with the United Kingdom, are collectively known as the British Islands. Since the British Nationality Act 1981 came into effect, they have been treated as part of the United Kingdom for British nationality law purposes.[45] However, each Crown dependency maintains local controls over housing and employment, with special rules applying to British citizens without specified connections to that Crown dependency (as well as to non-British citizens).
On 15 May 2023, the
International representation
Before 1950, the islands were considered part of the British metropolitan territory. In 1950, a declaration was agreed such that the three territories would henceforth be each considered distinct from the UK and each other for the purposes of international laws.[26]: 19
In 2007–2008, each Crown Dependency and the UK signed agreements[42][47][48] that established frameworks for the development of the international identity of each Crown Dependency. Among the points clarified in the agreements were that:
- The UK has no democratic accountability in and for the Crown Dependencies, which are governed by their own democratically elected assemblies;
- The UK will not act internationally on behalf of the Crown Dependencies without prior consultation;
- Each Crown Dependency has an international identity that is different from that of the UK;
- The UK supports the principle of each Crown Dependency further developing its international identity;
- The UK recognises that the interests of each Crown Dependency may differ from those of the UK, and the UK will seek to represent any differing interests when acting in an international capacity; and
- the UK and each Crown Dependency will work together to resolve or clarify any differences that may arise between their respective interests.
While the Parliament of the United Kingdom has the power to legislate for the Crown Dependencies without prior consultation, the United Kingdom is expected to seek permission from the dependencies before doing so.[49][50]
Generally speaking, the British government will only extend international agreements to the Crown Dependencies with their permission. Under international law, the British government is responsible for ensuring the dependencies comply with any treaties that extend to them.[51]
Legislative independence
The United Kingdom Parliament has power to legislate for the Islands, but Acts of Parliament do not extend to the Islands automatically, but only by express mention or necessary implication [...] 'it can be said that a constitutional convention has been established whereby Parliament does not legislate for the islands without their consent on domestic matters'.
— Baroness Hale, R (Barclay) v Secy of State for Justice [2014] 3 WLR 1142, at para 12.
Acts of the UK Parliament do not usually apply to the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man, unless explicitly stated. UK legislation does not ordinarily extend to them without their consent.[4] For a UK Act to extend otherwise than by an Order in Council is now very unusual.[2] The States of Jersey Law 2005[52] and subsequently the 2019 amended version of The Reform (Guernsey) Law, 1948,[53] established that all Acts of Parliament and Orders in Council which have application to either island were to be referred to their respective States assemblies for debate before registration in their Royal Court.
When deemed advisable, Acts of Parliament may be extended to the islands by means of an Order in Council (thus giving the UK Government some responsibility for
Each dependency retains its own distinct law and legal system. The Channel Islands' law systems are founded in the traditions of Norman law. For all three states, there is a right of judicial appeal to
Westminster retains the right to legislate for the islands against their will as a last resort, but this is also rarely exercised, and may, according to legal opinion from the Attorney-General of Jersey, have fallen into desuetude — although the Department for Constitutional Affairs did not accept this argument. The Marine, &c., Broadcasting (Offences) Act 1967 was one recent piece of legislation extended to the Isle of Man against the wishes of Tynwald.[citation needed]
There are many highly authoritative assertions of Parliament's sovereignty over Jersey, such as the 1861 Civil Commissioners. According to the Kilbrandon Report, the long-standing convention against Parliament intervening in domestic matters did not limit Parliament's authority to legislate for the Crown Dependencies without consent. Baroness Hale further asserted this legal opinion in 2014 (quotation above), though she did not hear arguments from Crown Dependency governments in that case.[55]
Conversely, Jeffrey Jowell argues that Parliament's powers are 'of last resort' and do not therefore constitute paramount power to intervene in the Dependencies' internal affairs. He argues that as the powers have always been used within the limits of their justification, these have become constitutional law. Henry John Stephen argued that, as the Duchy of Normandy conquered England and its territory has never been annexed into England, the level of parliamentary sovereignty exercised elsewhere in the British Empire may not apply to the Channel Islands.[55]
Royal prerogative
The UK Government has a monopoly on advising how the royal prerogative – such as giving royal assent to Channel Islands' legislation – should be exercised in the Crown Dependencies.[55] Gavin St Pier, former Chief Minister of Guernsey, has called in 2023 for the Channel Islands to reconsider their constitutional relationship with the UK, 'making us less susceptible to whimsical breach of conventions should the UK continue to convulse politically'. He called for the Islands to have more power of the exercise of the royal prerogative by their appointment of Privy Counsellors.[56]
International relations
Commonwealth
While their constitutional status bears some resemblance to that of the
All three Crown Dependencies regard the existing situation as unsatisfactory and have lobbied for change. The States of Jersey have called on the British Foreign Secretary to request that the
European Union
This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (February 2023) |
The Crown Dependencies have never been EU member states, including during the period when the UK was. During that time, their relationship with the EU was governed by Protocol 3 of the European Communities Act 1972. The Dependencies were part of the EU customs territory[61] (though only the Isle of Man was in the VAT area)[62] and took part in the free movements of goods, but not the free movement of persons, services or capital.[61] The Common Agricultural Policy of the EU never applied to the Crown Dependencies, and their citizens never took part in elections to the European Parliament. Although they were still European citizens, British citizens who had a connection to the Crown Dependencies only were not entitled to freedom of movement rights.[63][64]
With the
The most contentious Brexit issue was an upset to the arrangement of fishing rights of fishermen from France, Jersey, or Guernsey who wished to fish in the territorial waters of a different jurisdiction; proof of historic fishing in the jurisdiction was required in order to obtain a fishing permit, but all communications on the matter had to be routed via national or EU officials in London, Paris, or Brussels, leading to delays. This was resolved after officials in the affected French regions were allowed to communicate directly to counterparts in Guernsey and Jersey.[67]
The UK requirement for EU citizens to present passports to enter the Common Travel Area resulted in a drop of day visitors to Jersey in particular. This issue was resolved in 2022 when Jersey (with UK approval) began to allow French nationals to enter the bailiwick on day trips using just their national ID card.[68] Guernsey followed suit.
Common Travel Area
All three Crown Dependencies participate in an open borders area, along with the United Kingdom and Ireland. An informal memorandum of understanding exists between the member countries of the
In May 2019, the British and Irish governments signed a Memorandum of Understanding in an effort to secure the rights of British and Irish citizens after Brexit.
The agreement, which is the culmination of over two years' work of both governments, means the rights of both countries' citizens are protected after Brexit whilst also ensuring that Ireland can continue to meet its obligations under European Union law. The agreement took effect on 31 January 2020 when the United Kingdom left the European Union. The maintenance of the CTA involves considerable cooperation on immigration matters between the British and Irish authorities.
Customs Union
On 26 November 2018 Jersey, Guernsey and the Isle of Man each signed a customs agreement with the United Kingdom to collectively establish a customs union.[71]
Notes
- ^
- As the King in right of the Bailiwick in the Bailiwick of Guernsey
- As the King in right of Jersey in the Bailiwick of Jersey
- As the Isle of Mann
- ^ Each dependency produces their own local issue coins and notes and accept all UK notes.
- ^ French: Dépendances de la Couronne; Manx: Croghaneyn-crooin; Jèrriais: Dépendances d'la Couronne
- ^ a b On the Chanel island the monacrch is informally known as the Duke of Normandy. The title is, however, not used in formal government publications, and, as a matter of Channel Islands law, does not exist.[10][11]
- ^ St Peter Port is also the de facto capital of the whole Bailiwick
- ^ Also known in legislation as the "Sovereign of the Bailiwick of Jersey" and "Sovereign in right of the Bailiwick of Jersey".[14]
See also
- European microstates
- List of the leaders of the Crown Dependencies
- Royal charters applying to the Channel Islands
- United Kingdom–Crown Dependencies Customs Union
References
- ^ "Crown Dependencies – Justice Committee". Parliament of the United Kingdom. 30 March 2010. Archived from the original on 25 June 2012. Retrieved 14 November 2016.
- ^ a b c "Background briefing on the Crown dependencies: Jersey, Guernsey and the Isle of Man" (PDF). Ministry of Justice. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 November 2019. Retrieved 31 July 2017.
- ^ a b "Fact sheet on the UK's relationship with the Crown Dependencies" (PDF). Ministry of Justice. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 May 2021. Retrieved 25 August 2014.
- ^ a b c "Government Response to the Justice Select Committee's report: Crown Dependencies" (PDF). Ministry of Justice. November 2010. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 November 2017. Retrieved 31 July 2017.
- ^ Kelleher, John D. (1991). The rural community in nineteenth century Jersey (Thesis). S.l.: typescript. Archived from the original on 28 March 2021. Retrieved 21 March 2021.
- ^ Report of the Royal Commission on the Constitution, "Kilbrandon Report". 1973. Vol 1.
- States of Jersey. Archived from the originalon 2 September 2006. Retrieved 31 July 2008.
The legislature passes primary legislation, which requires approval by The King in Council, and enacts subordinate legislation in many areas without any requirement for Royal Sanction and under powers conferred by primary legislation.
- ^ Express, Bailiwick. "Should we be Crown Dependencies… or Crown Dominions?". Bailiwick Express. Retrieved 17 February 2024.
- ^ a b "The Unregistered Design Rights (Bailiwick of Guernsey) Ordinance". Guernsey Legal Resources. 2005. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011.
- Jersey Legal Information Board.
- ^ The Channel Islands, p. 11, at Google Books
- ^ "Guernsey - The World Factbook". Central Intelligence Agency. 30 March 2022. Archived from the original on 12 January 2021. Retrieved 4 January 2022.
- ^ a b "Review of the Roles of the Crown Officers" (PDF). States of Jersey. 4 May 2010. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 July 2017. Retrieved 31 July 2017.
- ^ Jersey Legal Information Board. 2013. Retrieved 24 November 2013.
- ^ "Jersey's population increases by 1,100 in the last year". itv.com/. 18 June 2020. Archived from the original on 18 June 2020. Retrieved 4 January 2022.
- ^ "2016 Isle of Man Census Report" (PDF). Gov.im. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 April 2020. Retrieved 19 July 2019.
- ^ Mollet, Ralph (1954). A Chronology of Jersey. Jersey: Société Jersiaise.
- ^ "CIA World Factbook: Guernsey". Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original on 12 January 2021. Retrieved 3 November 2010.
- ISBN 1-86077-065-7.
- Jersey Legal Information Board. 5 May 2006.
- ^ "The Council of Ministers". Isle of Man Government. Archived from the original on 29 April 2013. Retrieved 29 January 2013.
- ISBN 978-0-7546-5067-6.
- ^ "Platinum Jubilee Civic Honours Competition". GOV.UK. Retrieved 2 April 2024.
- ^ "Full list of places aiming to become Jubilee cities revealed". GOV.UK. 4 January 2022. Retrieved 2 April 2024.
- ^ "List of cities (HTML)". GOV.UK. Retrieved 2 April 2024.
- ^ a b c Torrance, David (5 July 2019). Briefing Paper: The Crown Dependencies (PDF) (Report). House of Commons Library. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 October 2021. Retrieved 8 December 2021.
- ^ Royal Commission on the Constitution 1969-1973 Volume 1, Cmnd 5460, London: HMSO, para 1360.
- ^ "Review of the Roles of the Crown Officers" (PDF). States of Jersey. 29 March 2010. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 July 2017. Retrieved 31 July 2017.
- Jersey Legal Information Board.
- ^ "£105,000 – the tax-free reward for being a royal rep". This Is Jersey. 6 July 2010. Archived from the original on 16 August 2011.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ Ogier, Thom (3 July 2010). "Guernsey will choose its next Lt-Governor". This Is Guernsey. Archived from the original on 13 August 2011.
- ^ "The Air Navigation (Isle of Man) Order 2007 (No. 1115)". The National Archives. Archived from the original on 28 March 2021. Retrieved 31 July 2017.
- ^ "Review of the Roles of the Crown Officers" (PDF). States of Jersey. 2 July 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 August 2011.
- ^ "Written Question To H.M. Attorney General by Deputy P.V.F. Le Claire of St. Helier". States of Jersey. 22 June 2010. Archived from the original on 27 September 2011.
- ^ a b "Review of the Roles of the Jersey Crown officers" (PDF). States of Jersey. 30 March 2012. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 31 July 2017.
- ^ de Woolfson, Joel (21 June 2010). "It's a power thing…". Guernsey Press. Archived from the original on 10 June 2011. Retrieved 31 July 2017.
- ^ S2CID 218937362.
- ^ Bosque, Maria Mut (2022). "Questioning the current status of the British Crown Dependencies". Small States & Territories. 5 (1): 55–70. Archived from the original on 9 January 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2023 – via University of Malta.
- ^ Loft, Philip (1 November 2022). The separation of powers in the UK's Overseas Territories (Report). House of Commons Library. Archived from the original on 9 January 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2023.
- ^ "Crown Dependencies – Justice Committee: Memorandum submitted by the Policy Council of the States of Guernsey". Parliament of the United Kingdom. October 2009. Archived from the original on 7 July 2017. Retrieved 31 July 2017.
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- ^ a b "Framework for developing the international identity of Jersey" (PDF). States of Jersey. 1 May 2007. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 July 2017. Retrieved 31 July 2017.
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- ^ "Channel Islands represented in Speaker's House". BBC News. 15 May 2023. Retrieved 10 February 2024.
- ^ "Framework for developing the international identity of Guernsey". States of Guernsey. 18 December 2008. Archived from the original on 8 July 2017. Retrieved 31 July 2017.
- ^ "Framework for developing the international identity of the Isle of Man" (PDF). Isle of Man Government. 1 May 2007. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 April 2013. Retrieved 31 July 2017.
- ^ Royal Commission on the Constitution 1969–1973, p. Paragraphs 1469–1473
- ^ "How autonomous are the Crown Dependencies?". Archived from the original on 16 August 2022. Retrieved 16 August 2022.
- ^ "Fact sheet on the UK's relationship with the Crown Dependencies: International Personality" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 December 2021. Retrieved 16 August 2022.
- ^ "States of Jersey Law 2005". jerseylaw.je. Archived from the original on 13 May 2018. Retrieved 8 December 2021.
- STATES OF DELIBERATIONof the ISLAND OF GUERNSEY to pass PROJECT DE LOI entitled THE REFORM (GUERNSEY) (AMENDMENT) LAW, 2019. [Accessed: 8 December 2021]
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- ^ Jersey Legal Information Board.
- ^ Express, Bailiwick. "Should we be Crown Dependencies… or Crown Dominions?". Bailiwick Express Jersey. Retrieved 12 February 2023.
- ^ "Foreign Affairs Committee: Written evidence from States of Jersey". Parliament of the United Kingdom. Archived from the original on 9 February 2013. Retrieved 18 March 2013.
- ^ "Foreign Affairs Committee: The role and future of the Commonwealth". Parliament of the United Kingdom. Archived from the original on 6 February 2013. Retrieved 18 March 2013.
- ^ "Foreign Affairs Committee: Written evidence from the States of Guernsey". Parliament of the United Kingdom. Archived from the original on 9 February 2013. Retrieved 18 March 2013.
- ^ "Isle of Man welcomes report on Commonwealth future". Isle of Man Government. 23 November 2012. Archived from the original on 2 March 2013. Retrieved 19 March 2013.
- ^ a b "Article 3(1) of Council Regulation 2913/92/EEC of 12 October 1992 establishing the Community Customs Code (as amended) (OJ L 302)". EUR-Lex. 19 October 1992. pp. 1–50. Archived from the original on 27 June 2012. Retrieved 31 July 2017.
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- ^ s 1 of the British Nationality Act 1981 grants citizenship to (most) people born in the 'United Kingdom'. s 50 of the Act defines the 'United Kingdom' to include the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man.
- ^ Protocol 3 of the Treaty of Accession of the United Kingdom, Ireland, and Denmark (OJ L 73, 27 March 1972).
- ^ "House of Lords European Union Committee – Brexit: the Crown Dependencies" (PDF). Parliament of the United Kingdom. 23 March 2017. Archived (PDF) from the original on 31 July 2017. Retrieved 31 July 2017.
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- ^ Morel, Julian. "Major breakthrough in fishing dispute as Macron allows direct talks". Bailiwick Express. Retrieved 21 March 2022.
- ^ "Extension to ID cards scheme for French nationals travelling to Jersey". 2 October 2023.
- ^ As per the provisions of the S.I. No. 97/1999 — Aliens (Exemption) Order, 1999 Archived 17 June 2014 at the Wayback Machine and Immigration Act 1999 Archived 16 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ "Memorandum of Understanding between the UK and Ireland on the CTA". GOV.UK. 8 May 2019. Archived from the original on 14 June 2020. Retrieved 16 August 2019.
- ^ "Brexit: the impact of the end of the Transition Period on Guernsey and Jersey". Carey Olsen. 18 January 2021.
a new Customs Arrangement (the "UK-CD Customs Union") between the UK and the Crown Dependencies, enabling the Islands to enjoy the benefit of free trade agreements entered into by the UK
External links
- Official website of the Royal Family
- Ministry of Justice, United Kingdom
- Isle of Man Government
- States of Guernsey
- States of Jersey
Countries, territories and dependencies of the British Crown | |
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Constituent countries of the United Kingdom | |
Crown Dependencies | |
Overseas territories |
|
Former colonies | |
1 Sovereign Base Areas. 2 Partial suspension of sovereignty due to the Antarctic Treaty. |