Charles Richet
Charles Richet | |
---|---|
Born | Paris, France | 25 August 1850
Died | 4 December 1935 Paris, France | (aged 85)
Alma mater | University of Paris |
Awards | Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (1913) |
Charles Robert Richet (25 August 1850 – 4 December 1935) was a French physiologist at the Collège de France and immunology pioneer. In 1913, he won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine "in recognition of his work on anaphylaxis".[1] Richet devoted many years to the study of paranormal and spiritualist phenomena, coining the term "ectoplasm". He believed in the inferiority of black people, was a proponent of eugenics, and presided over the French Eugenics Society towards the end of his life. The Richet line of professorships of medical science continued through his son Charles and his grandson Gabriel.[2] Gabriel Richet was also one of the pioneers of European nephrology.[3]
Career
He was born on 25 August 1850 in Paris the son of Alfred Richet. He was educated at the Lycee Bonaparte in Paris then studied medicine at university in Paris.[4]
Richet spent a period of time as an intern at the Salpêtrière hospital in Paris, where he observed Jean-Martin Charcot's work with then so called "hysterical" patients.[citation needed]
In 1887, Richet became professor of
Richet discovered the analgesic drug chloralose with Maurice Hanriot.[6]
Richet had many interests, and he wrote books about history, sociology, philosophy, psychology, as well as theatre and poetry. He was a pioneer in aviation.[5]
He was involved in the French pacifist movement. Starting in 1902, pacifist societies began to meet at a National Peace Congress, often with several hundred attendees. Unable to unify the pacifist forces they set up a small permanent delegation of French Pacifist Societies in 1902, which Richet led, together with Lucien Le Foyer as secretary-general.[7]
Discovery of anaphylaxis
Richet, working with
In their first experiment on the ship, they injected a dog with the toxin, expecting the dog to develop immunity (tolerance) to the toxin, but instead it suffered a severe immune reaction (
In 1902, Richet coined the term aphylaxis to describe the phenomenon; he later changed it to anaphylaxis because he thought it was more
Parapsychology
Richet was deeply interested in the idea of
Richet hoped to find a physical mechanism that would scientifically validate the existence of paranormal phenomena.[21] He wrote: "It has been shown that as regards subjective metapsychics the simplest and most rational explanation is to suppose the existence of a faculty of supernormal cognition ... setting in motion the human intelligence by certain vibrations that do not move the normal senses."[22] In 1905, Richet was named president of the Society for Psychical Research in the United Kingdom.[23]
In 1894, Richet coined the term ectoplasm.[24] Richet believed that some apparent mediumship could be explained physically as due to the external projection of a material substance (ectoplasm) from the body of the medium, but he didn't believe that this proposed substance had anything to do with spirits. He rejected the spirit hypothesis of mediumship as unscientific, instead supporting the sixth-sense hypothesis.[6][25] According to Richet:
It seems to me prudent not to give credence to the spiritistic hypothesis... it appears to me still (at the present time, at all events) improbable, for it contradicts (at least apparently) the most precise and definite data of physiology, whereas the hypothesis of the sixth sense is a new physiological notion which contradicts nothing that we learn from physiology. Consequently, although in certain rare cases spiritism supplies an apparently simpler explanation, I cannot bring myself to accept it. When we have fathomed the history of these unknown vibrations emanating from reality – past reality, present reality, and even future reality – we shall doubtless have given them an unwonted degree of importance. The history of the Hertzian waves shows us the ubiquity of these vibrations in the external world, imperceptible to our senses.[26]
He hypothesized a "sixth sense", an ability to perceive hypothetical vibrations, and he discussed this idea in his 1928 book Our Sixth Sense.
He investigated and studied various mediums, such as
The historian Ruth Brandon criticized Richet as credulous when it came to psychical research, pointing to "his will to believe, and his disinclination to accept any unpalatably contrary indications".[31]
Eugenics and racial beliefs
Richet was a proponent of eugenics, advocating sterilization and marriage prohibition for those with mental disabilities.[32] He expressed his eugenist ideas in his 1919 book La Sélection Humaine.[33] From 1920 to 1926 he presided over the French Eugenics Society.[34]
Psychologist Gustav Jahoda has noted that Richet "was a firm believer in the inferiority of blacks",[35] comparing black people to apes, and intellectually to imbeciles.[36]
Works
Richet's works on parapsychological subjects, which dominated his later years, include Traité de Métapsychique (Treatise on Metapsychics, 1922), Notre Sixième Sens (Our Sixth Sense, 1928), L'Avenir et la Prémonition (The Future and Premonition, 1931) and La Grande Espérance (The Great Hope, 1933).
- Maxwell, J & Richet, C. Metapsychical Phenomena: Methods and Observations (London: Duckworth, 1905).
- Richet, C. Physiologie Travaux du Laboratoire (Paris: Felix Alcan, 1909)
- Richet, C. La Sélection Humaine (Paris: Felix Alcan, 1919)
- Richet, C. Traité De Métapsychique (Paris: Felix Alcan, 1922).
- Richet, C. Thirty Years of Psychical Research (New York: The Macmillan Company, 1923).
- Richet, C. Our Sixth Sense (London: Rider, 1928).
See also
References
- ^ a b "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1913 Charles Richet". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 5 July 2010.
- PMID 12170279.
- PMID 29534697.
- ISBN 0-902-198-84-X. Archived from the original(PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 19 March 2018.
- ^ ISBN 1-56000-063-5
- ^ ISBN 0-285-62042-8
- ^ Guieu, Jean-Michel (2005). "6 – Tensions nationalistes et efforts pacifistes". La France, l'Allemagne et l'Europe (1871–1945) (in French). Retrieved 11 March 2015.
- PMID 14989211.
- PMID 12170279.
- PMID 21824078.
- ^ PMID 21682750.
- PMID 3884689.
- PMID 21682750., citing May CD, "The ancestry of allergy: being an account of the original experimental induction of hypersensitivity recognizing the contribution of Paul Portier", J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1985 Apr; 75(4):485–495.
- ^ "anaphylaxis". merriam-webster.com. Archived from the original on 10 April 2010. Retrieved 21 November 2009.
- ^ "De l'action anaphylactique de certains venins | Association des amis de la Bibliothèque nationale de France". sciences.amisbnf.org. Retrieved 24 June 2022.
- ^ "De l'action anaphylactique de certains venins – ScienceOpen". www.scienceopen.com. Retrieved 24 June 2022.
- PMID 24925384, retrieved 24 June 2022
- PMID 22331744.
- PMID 15025138.
- ^ "Charles Richet" Archived 11 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Institut Métapsychique International.
- ^ Alvarado, C. S. (2006). "Human radiations: Concepts of force in mesmerism, spiritualism and psychical research" (PDF). Journal of the Society for Psychical Research. 70: 138–162.
- ^ Richet, C. (1923). Thirty Years of Psychical Research. Translated from the second French edition. New York: Macmillan.
- ISBN 0-275-94683-5"In 1905, Professor Charles Richet, the French physiologist on the faculty of medicine of Paris and winner of the Nobel Prize in 1913, was made its president. Although he was a materialist and positivist, he was drawn to psychical research."
- ISBN 978-1-4419-1222-0
- ^ Ashby, Robert H. (1972). The Guidebook for the Study of Psychical Research. Rider. pp. 162–179
- ^ a b Richet, Charles. (nd, ca 1928). Our Sixth Sense. London: Rider. (First published in French, 1928)
- ^ McCabe, Joseph. (1920). Is Spiritualism Based On Fraud? The Evidence Given By Sir A. C. Doyle and Others Drastically Examined. London Watts & Co. pp. 33–34
- ISBN 978-1591020868
- ISBN 978-0813124674
- ^ McCabe, Joseph. (1920). Scientific Men and Spiritualism: A Skeptic's Analysis. The Living Age. 12 June. pp. 652–657.
- ^ Brandon, Ruth. (1983). The Spiritualists: The Passion for the Occult in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries. Weidenfeld and Nicolson. p. 135
- ISBN 978-963-9776-83-8
- ISBN 978-90-481-2739-9
- ISBN 978-1-78238-120-4
- ISBN 978-0-415-18855-5
- ISBN 978-1-84872-610-9
Further reading
- M. Brady Brower. (2010). Unruly Spirits: The Science of Psychic Phenomena in Modern France. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-03564-7
- Sofie Lachapelle. (2011). Investigating the Supernatural: From Spiritism and Occultism to Psychical Research and Metapsychics in France, 1853–1931. Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-1-4214-0013-6
- Paul Tabori. (1972). Pioneers of the Unseen. Souvenir Press. ISBN 0-285-62042-8
- Stewart Wolf. (2012). Brain, Mind, and Medicine: Charles Richet and the Origins of Physiological Psychology. Transaction Publishers. ISBN 1-56000-063-5
External links
- Works by Charles Richet at Project Gutenberg
- Works by or about Charles Richet at Internet Archive
- Short biography and bibliography in the Virtual Laboratory of the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science
- Richet's Dictionnaire de physiologie (1895–1928) as fullscan from the original
- "Charles Robert Richet photo". Archived from the original on 27 October 2009. Retrieved 8 October 2010.
- Charles Richet on Nobelprize.org including the Nobel Lecture on 11 December 1913 Anaphylaxis
- Short biography by Nandor Fodor on SurvivalAfterDeath.org.uk with links to several articles on psychical research