Ghosts in Bengali culture

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

The depiction of a Rakkhoshi queen at the king's palace, an illustration from the classic Bengali folk-lore collection Thakurmar Jhuli (1907) by Dakshinaranjan Mitra Majumder.

Ghosts are an important and integral part of the

bhoot or bhut (Bengali: ভূত). This word has an alternative meaning: 'past' in Bengali. Also, the word Pret
(derived from Sanskrit 'Preta') is used in Bengali to mean ghost. In Bengal, ghosts are believed to be the unsatisfied spirits of human beings who cannot find peace after death or the souls of people who died in unnatural or abnormal circumstances like murders, suicides or accidents. Non-human animals can also turn into ghosts after their death. But they are often associated with good luck and wealth in Bangladesh.

Types of ghosts and other supernatural entities

There are many kinds of ghosts and supernatural entities that frequently come up in

Bengali culture and folklore. Ghosts have been important in the socio-cultural beliefs, superstitions and popular entertainment of the Bengali people. A few of these supernatural entities are mentioned here.[2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9]

Shakchunni's backstory unveils her past as a young woman who entered matrimony with a prosperous individual. Regrettably, her marital union proved to be marked by cruelty and abuse inflicted upon her by her husband, ultimately culminating in her untimely demise. Returning as a ghostly apparition, Shakchunni assumed the role of a relentless specter, haunting her erstwhile spouse. Given her distressing experiences within her own marital life, she harbored an intense longing for a harmonious companionship. Consequently, she targeted contentedly married women, subjugating and usurping their identities to perpetuate an illusion of matrimonial bliss on behalf of her victims.[10]

Depiction of a Shakchunni spreading cow dung mixed with water, an illustration from Gaddalika, a collection of short-stories by Rajshekhar Basu
Lal Behari Dey
.
  • Brahmodaittyo: These are one of the most popular ghosts in Bengal who are considered benevolent, as they are believed to be the spirits of Holy Brahmin. They appear wearing a traditional dhoti and sacred thread on their body. Many Bengali folktales and movies portray them as being very kind and helpful to the living.
  • Boba: This is the Bengali version of the "
    Sleep Paralysis
    .
  • Sheekol Buri / Jol-Pishach: These entities are described as dwelling in rivers, ponds, and lakes. They have many different names throught Bengal. They appear as young women with long wet hair and eyes with no irises, who had either committed suicide by drowning (due to an unhappy marriage) or violently drowned (especially after becoming pregnant with unwanted children). In folklore, they are known for luring young men into nearby bodies of water where they entangle them with their hair and drown them. Sometimes they seduce their targets, forming a romantic relationship in which case they ask for a promise. If the promise is broken, they reveal their true form and kill their target. These creatures are similar to the Rusalka from Slavic mythology.
  • Nishi: The Nishi (Night Spirits) lure their victims into secluded areas by calling to them with the voice of a loved one. The Nishi strike only at night, and only if the victim responds to their call, in which case it becomes hypnotised and forced follow their voice until it disappears. However, according to folklore, the Nishi can only call their victims twice, thus one can tell if they are called by a Nishi by waiting for a third call. If it comes, the call isn't made by the Nishi. Some tantrics are said to nurture and conjure the Nishi in order to harm others. The voice of the Nishi is known as "Nishir Daak" (Call of the Night Spirit). An old superstition also claims that the Sleepwalking phenomenon is also caused by the Nishi.
  • Gudro Bonga: These dwarf like creatures look like small children and are often worshipped as demigods by the
    Santhal
    , who chose to care and nurture them. The word Gudro means 'small' and Bonga means 'demigod' in the Santhal language. Santhals believe that these beings know the location of hidden treasures on earth and can make them rich. However, they are also said to steal newborn children.
  • Dhan Kudra: These short creatures are known for bringing good luck and helping whoever houses them make money. They are possibly similar to the Domovoi of Russian folklore.
  • Rakkhosh: These beings are depicted as having thick fangs, sharp claws, superhuman strength and magical abilities. They are featured in the Hindu epics of Ramayana and Mahabharata. A lot of fairytales from Bengal also speak of these creatures, desrcibing them as vicious beings who feed on humans and large animals. A common call of the rakkhosh in traditional Bengali folk-tales is this couplet: Hnau, Mnau, Khnau,... manusher gondho pnau(Bengali:হাঁউ মাঁউ খাঁউ,... মানুষের গন্ধ পাঁউ) The first three are gibberish words describing the opening of the mouth and the intention to devour, whilst the second phrase means "I smell humans". This is comparable to the "fi fie foe..." phrase associated with giants.
  • Khokkosh: They are small monstrous beings, similar to the rakkhosh, but they are not found in Hindu myths. They are featured in the "Lalkamal Neelkamal", a story in the Thakurmar Jhuli.
  • Giants
    .
  • Pishach / Adomkhor: The Pishach are flesh-eating demonic entities who mainly feed on cadavers. They dwell in the dark and often haunt cremation grounds and graveyards. They are also described as having shapeshifting abilities and invisibility. Sometimes, they are said to possess human beings and alter their thoughts, driving them insane. The female version of the Pishach is called "Pishachini", which is described as either having a hideous appearance or disguised as a young beautiful maiden who lures men. They drain their victims blood, semen, and virility. They dwells are found in places associated with death and filth. They are similar to the western concept of ghouls.
  • Betaal: The Betaal are described as spirits that inhabit corpses and charnel grounds. These evil spirits may use the corpses as vessels, enabling them to move freely. Once a corpse becomes possessed by the Betaal, it no longer rots. The creature may also abandon their corpse-vessel at will.
  • Jokkho / Jokkh: Warrior-like entities who are guardians of treasures within the earth. They are considered to be benevolent, able to bestow fertility and wealth upon their devotees. There is a commonly used Bengali idiom - Jokkher Dhon (literal meaning: Jokkho's Wealth) which means "protecting a beloved person" or "safeguarding precious wealth".
  • Jinn / Djinn: Most often believed by the Muslim community of Bengal, the Jinn are blamed for any supernatural, ghostly and demonic phenomenon and manifestation. Jinns can be both benevolent or malevolent. Malevolent Jinns (Demon) can haunt human residences, toilets, lakes, graveyards, morgues, hospitals and even the wilderness. For more details, see Jinn.
  • Ekanore: These fabled ghosts have only one leg, hence the name, Ekanore. They generally lives on palm trees and hunt down naughty children.

In festivals

Ashura

See also: Ashura, Muharram, and Mourning of Muharram

Ashura The tenth of muharram, the first month of the Muslim or Hijri year. The day, which was traditionally observed as a Jewish holy day, continued to be observed by the

tazia are taken out, with male mourners publicly beating their chest with their open palms or with knives or chains in a show of grief.[19]

Ashura in Manikganj

Bhoot Chaturdashi

Main article:
Bhoot Chaturdashi

The 14th day of the Krishna Paksha (waning phase of the moon) which is also the night before Kali Puja and the second day of Dipaboli is celebrated as Bhoot Chaturdashi (translation, the fourteenth of ghosts) by Bengali Hindus. On this night, 14 earthen-lamps (choddo prodip) are lit at homes to appease the spirits of the past 14 generations of ancestors. It is believed that on the night before Kali Puja, the spirits of these ancestors descend upon the earth, and these lamps help them find their way home.[20][21][22] Another popular belief is that Chamunda (a fearsome aspect of Kali) along with 14 other ghostly forms ward off the evil spirits from the house as 14 earthen-lamps are lit at different entrances and in the dark corners of the rooms. It is customary to consume a dish of 14 types of leafy vegetables (choddo shaak) during Bhoot Chaturdashi so that evil spirits are unable to possess the body.[23][24][25]

Alleged haunted places

Bangladesh

Lalbagh Fort in 2016.

According to legend, Lalbagh Fort, Golf Heights Banani, Airport Road; Chalan Beel in Sirajganj, Pakri Beach, Mirsarai Highway Crossing in Chittagong and many other places in Bangladesh are claimed to be haunted.[26][27]

West Bengal, India

Nimtala Burning Ghat, Calcutta, 1945

In popular culture

Ghosts, other similar supernatural entities, as well as tales of paranormal powers (such as clairvoyance, psychic phenomenon etc.) are plots for many short stories and novels in modern-day Bengali literature. Some classic literature and folk-lore are also based on such plots. The number of Bengali films of this genre are small in number compared to the western world. Multiple radio and TV programs also feature stories of people's paranormal experiences. Common people of both Bangladesh and West Bengal love the supernatural thrills, and the personal stories of people's paranormal experiences are hot topics for gossip, rumours and hangout discussions among friends and family.

Literature

Literary works involving ghostly/demonic beings is one of the most popular genres in

Lal Behari Dey collected many folk-tales of Bengal, and translated them in English. His book called Folk-Tales of Bengal, first published in 1883, features many amazing folk-tales associated with ghostly and supernatural beings.[37]

Thakurmar Jhuli is the most classic collection of Bengali children's folk-tales and fairy-tales, which was compiled by Dakshinaranjan Mitra Majumder in 1907.[38] There we can find many different categories of supernatural entities (such as Rakkhosh) featuring in different stories. Other such story collection from the same author are Thakurdadar Jhuli (1909), Thandidir Tholay (1909) and, Dadamoshayer Tholay (1913).

Many Bengali writers have practiced the genre of supernatural/horror in their short stories, novels, and others forms of literary works. Some are mentioned below:

Betaal Panchabinsati
)
  • Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay: Although known for his social novels set in rural Bengal, such as Pather Panchali, Adarsha Hindu Hotel, and Aranyak, this acclaimed writer also wrote some excellent short-stories involving the supernatural, such as Medal, Rankini Devir Khorgo, Maya, Obhisapto, Chele-dhora, Kashi kobirajer Golpo, Bhoitik Palonko, Kobirajer Bipod, Ashoriri, and the first two short stories featuring Taranath Tantrik, etc. Taranath Tantrik is a classic character in Bengali literature when it comes to supernatural and paranormal stories. Taranath Tantrik is a mystic figure and practitioner of the occult. He is an astrologer by profession, and had many encounters with the supernatural in his extensive travels throughout the towns and villages of Bengal. He shares these experiences with a few friends in his Mott Lane house over cups of tea and cigarettes.[citation needed]
  • Hemendra Kumar Roy: Hemendra Kumar Roy is credited for introducing vampire to Bengali literature.
  • Humayun Ahmed: Humayun Ahmed, arguably the most popular writer in post-liberation Bangladesh, wrote many stories and novels involving ghosts and the paranormal. His famous character Misir Ali is depicted as a part-time professor of parapsychology, who also solve baffling cases associated with the paranormal. Some of Humayun Ahmed's novels feature Himu, who is depicted to have supernatural abilities, is haunted by post-mortal presence of his father who guides him to follow the way to become a modern-day saint. Humayun has also written many ghost stories, both for adult and children.[citation needed]
  • Betaal Panchabinsati (meaning "Twenty-five [Tales] of the Phantom") in 1847. The hero of this series is King Vikramaditya, the legendary emperor of Ujjain, India. King faces many difficulties in bringing the Betaal (a demonic being) to the tantric. Each time the king tries to capture the Betaal, it tells a story that ends with a riddle. If the king cannot answer the question correctly, the phantom consents to remain in captivity. If the king knows the answer but still keeps quiet, then his head shall burst into thousand pieces. And if King Vikram answers the question correctly, the phantom would escape and return to his tree. He knows the answer to every question; therefore the cycle of catching and releasing the phantom continues twenty-four times till the last question puzzles the king.[39]
  • Leela Majumdar: Leela Majumdar wrote many ghost stories for children. Her ghost story collection features in her book Sob Bhuture.
  • Manik Bandopadhyay: This literary legend of classic Bengali novels has also written many short-stories among which a few are horror stories, such as Holudpora, Chobir Bhoot etc.
  • Manoj Basu: Well known for his novel Nishikutumbo, prolific writer and poet Manoj Basu also wrote several classic ghost stories such as Jamai, Paatal-konna, Lal Chul, etc.[40]
  • Muhammed Zafar Iqbal: Although well known for his science fiction novels, he has also written a few novels of the supernatural/horror genre, such as Pret (1983), Pishachini (1992), Nishikonna (2003), Chayalin (2006), O (2008), and Danob (2009).[41]
  • Parashuram (Rajshekhar Basu) is the writer of the ghost story Bhushundir Mathe which is a comedy in the mould of horror. Parashuram wrote many other ghost stories like Mahesher Mahajatra which also impart an undertone of humor.
  • Nobel Laureate
    poet and writer Rabindranath also authored some short ghost stories like Konkal, Monihara, Mastermoshay, Nishithe, Khudhito Pashan etc., which are considered classics of this genre.
  • Sailajananda Mukhopadhyay: This noted Bengali novelist wrote a few horror short-stories such as Namaskar, Ke Tumi, etc.
  • Sasthipada Chattopadhyay: He wrote detective fiction, adventure stories, and horror stories for children and young adults. His ghost stories are collected in the book - Ponchasti Bhuter Golpo (2001),[42] and Aro Ponchasti Bhuter Golpo (2015).
  • Satyajit Ray: Satyajit Ray, the famous Indian film maker, was quite popular in Bengal for his short stories. His favorite genres were fantasy and supernatural stories.[43] His stories featuring Tarini Khuro, who is an aged bachelor, tells interesting stories based on his weird experiences, and many of these stories border on being horror or spooky, while some of the stories depict the smartness and quick wit of Tarini Khuro.[44] Satyajit Ray's one of the most famous character is Professor Shonku, and some stories featuring Professor Shonku are also based on paranormal or supernatural mysteries such as Professor Shonku o Bhoot.
  • Sharadindu Bandyopadhyay: Another notable writer, predominantly famous for his detective series featuring Byomkesh Bakshi, has also authored a series called Baroda series. Baroda is a Bengali guy who is very much interested in the paranormal and likes to share his adventures and experiences of supernatural incidents with his friends. Sharadindu has also written some ghost stories such as Kamini, Dehantor, Bhoot Bhabishyat etc.
  • Shirshendu Mukhopadhyay: This exceedingly famous writer has also authored some humorous ghost stories. The specialty of his ghost stories is that his ghosts are innocent, kind and funny characters who always help the poor and needy, and punish the wicked person. Goshaibaganer Bhoot (The Ghost of Gosain Bagan) is one of his famous children's fiction, which was later adopted as a film in 2011.[45] Popular Bengali film Goynar Baksho (2013) and Chhayamoy (2013) was also adapted from his novels. His ghostly short-story collection is featured in his book, Bhoutik Golposhomogro.[46]
  • Sukumar Ray: This acclaimed writer has written some humorous literary pieces (e.g. short stories, humorous poetry) for children featuring weird and fictitious paranormal/hybrid animals, and even ghosts.[47]
  • Sunil Gangopadhyay: Famous for his modern-day classic novels, this famous writer has also written some ghost stories for children. His book Rahashamaya Bhuter Galpa features some of his ghostly short stories.
  • Syed Mujtaba Ali: This acclaimed writer brought ghostly flavour in his novel Abishwasyo.
  • Syed Mustafa Siraj: Basically known for his famous detective series featuring Colonel Niladri Sarkar. Siraj is also the creator of a series involving paranormal, featuring Murari Babu. Murari Babu is depicted as an innocent and nervous person living in Kolkata city, and his hobby is to collect old furniture from antique shops. Yet, his hobby always finds a way to get him into troubles relating to the paranormal. Siraj's horror short stories collection is featured in his book Bhoutik Golposhomogro.[48]
  • Taradas Bandyopadhyay: Taradas Bandyopadhyay's father, the legendary literati Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay created the character 'Taranath Tantrik', but he wrote only two short stories featuring this character. Rest of the stories featuring Taranath Tantrik is written by Taradas Bandyopadhyay in two acclaimed books called - Taranath Tantrik (1985), and Olatchokro (2003).[citation needed]
  • Tarasankar Bandyopadhyay: Leading novelist Tarasankar also wrote a few horror short-stories such as Daaini, Bhulor Chholona, etc.
  • Troilokyanath Mukhopadhyay: He used ghosts in a humorous and satirical way in his novels and stories; and created a new genre in Bengali literature, which was pioneering, and is still followed today by many Bengali writers. Bhoot O Manush, Nayanchandrer Bebsha, Lullu, Damru Charit, Kankaboti are few of his classics.
  • Upendra Kishore Roychowdhury
    : He is one of the most talented author of children's literature of his time, and also noted for his ghost stories where the ghosts are harmless, fun-loving, and benevolent entities. Goopy Gyne Bagha Byne, Jola O Saat Bhoot, etc. are his famous stories involving ghosts.

Other than the writers mentioned above, other prominent writers of Bengal have also written short stories involving ghosts and the supernatural, such as

Buddhadeb Bosu
and so on. However, at the present day, some young Bengali horror story writers are being somewhat influenced by the western horror literature, and their writings thus lack the originality of the classic Bengali horror literature and ghost stories.

Cinema

Classic Bengali films with horror/supernatural plot are only a handful. Kankal (1950),[50] Hanabari (1952),[51] Monihara of the Teen Kanya movie anthology (1961)[52] Kuheli (1971),[53] were quite popular horror/supernatural thriller flick in the era of Bengali black and white movies.

There are only a few modern Bangladeshi horror movies and most of these movies can be typically categorized as low-budget horror-comedy. Few such examples are Rokto Pipasha (2007),

Ichchhadhari Nag that can take human form. Examples of such movies are Kal Naginir Prem,[58] Bishakto Nagin,[59] Bishe Bhora Nagin (1999),[60]
Sathi Hara Nagin (2011) etc.

In many Bengali films, ghosts are depicted in a lightly comical mood and sometimes in a friendly way. One of the examples is

Goopy Gyne Bagha Byne series, followed by a couple of sequels - Hirak Rajar Deshe was released in 1980; and Goopy Bagha Phire Elo, written by Ray, but directed by his son Sandip Ray
, was released in 1992.

Prasenjit Chatterjee and Moon Moon Sen.[61]
In this movie, some friends plan to visit the infamous Garchampa Palace which had a bad reputation for demonic blood-sucking beings that were terrorising the locality. They ultimately solve the mystery, and kill the vampire and his mentor.

Putuler Protisodh (1998), directed by Rabi Kinagi, was also based on the supernatural. The movie's story revolves around a girl named Bini who was married to Avinash. She falls prey in the hands of her in-laws who ultimately murdered her. The soul of Bini enters her doll to take revenge. She kills her mother-in-law, father-in-law and her maternal uncle one by one, and finally wants to kill her husband. But Avinash's second wife Laxmi was able to free Bini's soul from the doll.

Jekhane Bhooter Bhoy (2012), directed by Sandip Ray, is a movie based on three classic Bengali ghost stories. The stories are Satyajit Ray's Anath Babur Bhoy, Brown Saheber Bari and, Sharadindu Bandyopadhyay's Bhoot Bhabishyat.[62]

Probably the most well-known film of horror genre in recent times is Bhooter Bhabishyat (2012), directed by Anik Dutta. It tells the story of a haunted mansion 'Choudhury Palace', where ghosts from different ethnic backgrounds and eras reside (a Bengali zamindar of 18th century, an actress of the 1930s, a modern rockstar, a soldier of Indian Army who died in Kargil, etc.). The film with its simple but humorous story went on to become a massive blockbuster of 2012.

Goynar Baksho (2013) is another popular film involving the supernatural. The film, directed by Aparna Sen, is an adaptation of Shirshendu Mukhopadhyay's famous tale of 3 generations of women & their changing position in society as seen in relation to a box of jewels, handed down from one generation to the next.

Chhayamoy (2013) is another notable horror movie based on Shirshendu Mukhopadhyay's novel of the same name. The story is about Indrajit, a UK based scholar. While working to preserve historical documents he find a parchment from which he learns about treasures hidden in an old palace in Simulgarh, a village of West Bengal. Indrajit comes to the village, finds out the treasure, but, a local goon Gagan Sapui accuses him of robbery, beats him up and expels him out of the village. Sapui wants to melt those coins to make new jewellery. After being beaten up, Indrajit goes to forest near the village where he meets Chhayamoy, a benevolent ghost. After listening the incidence from Indrajit, Chhayamoy decides to teach Gagan a lesson.

Radio, television and online streaming platforms

A live radio program called Bhoot FM is being aired by Bangladeshi radio channel Radio Foorti 88.0 FM at 12:00 am, every Friday night.[7] The program is being aired since 13 August 2010; and is hosted by RJ Russell. In this program, people from all over Bangladesh come and share their real-life experiences associated with ghosts, demons, jinns and the paranormal/supernatural. The Bengali community from all over the world also share their supernatural experiences by sending audio clips and email that is played/read in this program. Other such radio program was Dor, aired by ABC Radio 89.2 FM. Dor was recorded from different haunted places of Bangladesh, and is hosted by RJ Kebria along with RJ Suman and tarot card reader Radbi Reza. Similar kind of programs were also aired on TV channels, such as Moddhorater Train (meaning 'Midnight Train') by Maasranga Television.

There are some radio programs which feature recitation of horror stories written by acclaimed writers. Such radio program is Sunday Suspense by Radio Mirchi, aired from Kolkata, which features recitation of horror stories, as well as stories of other genres such as detective fiction, fantasy, and Sci-fi, etc. Similar such radio program is Kuasha, aired by ABC Radio 89.2 FM from Bangladesh, which features horror stories written by famous writers, and also stories sent by listeners of the program.

Chorki (OTT), features the modern revival of the mysterious and lurid folklores of Mechho Bhoot, Jinn, Kanabhulo and Nishi.[63]

See also

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  48. ^ Syed Mustafa Siraj, Bhoutik Golposhomogro (PDF)
  49. ^ প্রভাতকুমার মুখোপাধ্যায়, একটি ভৌতিক কাহিনী
  50. ^ Naresh Mitra, Kankal Full Movie
  51. ^ Movies24 (17 June 2015), Hanabari 1952 Bengali Full Movie, retrieved 3 April 2016{{citation}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  52. ^ Satyajit Ray, Teen Kanya Bengali Full Movie
  53. ^ Anupam Das (19 September 2013), kuheli full movie, retrieved 3 April 2016
  54. ^ Tarkasa, Tars (2009), Rokto Pipasha (Review)
  55. ^ Sohel Rana, Rokto Pipasha: Intro
  56. ^ Daini Buri full movie
  57. ^ Sedin Brishti Chilo (2014) Full Movie
  58. ^ Kal Naginir Prem Full Movie – via YouTube
  59. ^ Bishakto Nagin Full Movie – via YouTube
  60. ^ Bishe Bhora Nagin Full Movie – via YouTube
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  62. ^ Sandip Ray, Jekhane Bhooter Bhoy (2012) Full Movie
  63. ^ Nuhash Humayun forayes further horror - https://www.tbsnews.net/splash/moshari-director-nuhash-humayun-forays-further-horror-393886

External links

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