Oceanic dispersal
Oceanic dispersal is a type of
History
Rafting has played an important role in the colonization of isolated land masses by mammals. Prominent examples include
Among reptiles,
An example of a bird that is thought to have reached its present location by rafting is the weak-flying South American hoatzin, whose ancestors apparently floated over from Africa.[16]
Colonization of groups of islands can occur by an iterative rafting process sometimes called island hopping. Such a process appears to have played a role, for example, in the colonization of the Caribbean by mammals of South American origin (i.e., caviomorphs, monkeys and sloths).[17]
A remarkable example of iterative rafting has been proposed for spiders of the genus
However, oceanic dispersal of terrestrial species may not always take the form of rafting; in some cases, swimming or simply floating may suffice. Tortoises of the genus Chelonoidis arrived in South America from Africa in the Oligocene;[21] they were probably aided by their ability to float with their heads up, and to survive up to six months without food or fresh water.[21] South American tortoises then went on to colonize the West Indies and Galápagos Islands.
The dispersal of
Observation
The first documented example of colonization of a land mass by rafting occurred in the aftermath of hurricanes Luis and Marilyn in the Caribbean in 1995. A raft of uprooted trees carrying fifteen or more green iguanas was observed by fishermen landing on the east side of Anguilla – an island where they had never before been recorded.[24] The iguanas had apparently been caught on the trees and rafted 200 mi (320 km) across the ocean from Guadeloupe, where they are indigenous.[25][26] Examination of the weather patterns and ocean currents indicated that they had probably spent three weeks at sea before landfall.[26] This colony began breeding on the new island within two years of its arrival.[26]
The advent of human civilization has created opportunities for organisms to raft on floating artifacts, which may be more durable than natural floating objects. This phenomenon was noted following the 2011 Tōhoku tsunami in Japan, with about 300 species found to have been carried on debris by the North Pacific Current to the west coast of North America (although no colonizations have been detected thus far).[27][28]
See also
References
- ISBN 978-1-881173-88-5.
- ^ "The monkeys that sailed across the Atlantic to South America". BBC. 26 January 2016.
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- ^ a b Sellers, Bill (2000-10-20). "Primate Evolution" (PDF). University of Edinburgh. pp. 13–17. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-02-25. Retrieved 2008-10-23.
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- ^ S2CID 55799145. Retrieved 2008-04-04.
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- ^ Kukso, F. (2016-11-08). "Seafaring Spiders Made It around the World—in 8 Million Years". Scientific American. Retrieved 2016-11-10.
- ^ PMID 27732621.
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- ^ PMID 16678445.
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- .
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- ^ a b c Yoon, C. K. (1998-10-08). "Hapless iguanas float away and voyage grips biologists". The New York Times.
- S2CID 206663774.
- PMID 28963256.
Further reading
- de Queiroz, A. (2014-01-01). "Evolution's Stowaways". The Scientist. LabX Media Group. Retrieved 2014-01-16.
- de Queiroz, A. (7 January 2014). The Monkey's Voyage: How Improbable Journeys Shaped the History of Life. Basic Books. OCLC 858975420.