Reformation Papacy

The discipline and administration of the Latin Church underwent important changes from 1517 to 1585 during and Counter-Reformation, specifically at the Council of Trent.

History

Reformation

Pope depicted as the Antichrist, signing and selling indulgences, from *Passionary of the Christ and Antichrist*

The institution of the

papacy underwent attacks by many Protestant reformers, including Martin Luther. Luther, who had spent time in Rome,^[1] claimed that Pope Leo had vetoed a measure that cardinals should restrict the number of boys they kept for their pleasure, "otherwise it would have been spread throughout the world how openly and shamelessly the pope and the cardinals in Rome practice sodomy;" encouraging Germans not to spend time fighting fellow countrymen in defense of the papacy. This allegation (made in the pamphlet Warnunge D. Martini Luther/ An seine lieben Deudschen, Wittenberg, 1531 - now available in Luther's Works, Volume 47 ^[2]) is in stark contrast to Luther's earlier praise of Leo's "blameless life" in a conciliatory letter of his to the pope dated 6 September 1520 and published as a preface to his Freedom of a Christian.^[3]

Along with Luther,

Lutheran-Roman Catholic dialogue

notes,

In calling the pope the "antichrist," the early Lutherans stood in a tradition that reached back into the eleventh century. Not only dissidents and

bishop of Rome the "antichrist" when they wished to castigate his abuse of power.^[5]

The four most important traditions to emerge directly from the reformation were the

confessions of faith

:

Smalcald Articles, Article four (1537)

...the Pope is the very Antichrist, who has exalted himself above, and opposed himself against Christ because he will not permit Christians to be saved without his power, which, nevertheless, is nothing, and is neither ordained nor commanded by God. This is, properly speaking to exalt himself above all that is called God as Paul says, 2 Thess. 2, 4. Even the

Tartars, great enemies of Christians as they are, do not do this, but they allow whoever wishes to believe in Christ, and take bodily tribute and obedience from Christians... Therefore, just as little as we can worship the devil himself as Lord and God, we can endure his apostle, the Pope, or Antichrist, in his rule as head or lord. For to lie and to kill, and to destroy body and soul eternally, that is wherein his papal government really consists... The Pope, however, prohibits this faith, saying that to be saved a person must obey him. This we are unwilling to do, even though on this account we must die in God's name. This all proceeds from the fact that the Pope has wished to be called the supreme head of the Christian Church by divine right. Accordingly he had to make himself equal and superior to Christ, and had to cause himself to be proclaimed the head and then the lord of the Church, and finally of the whole world, and simply God on earth, until he has dared to issue commands even to the angels in heaven...^[6]

Treatise on the Power and Primacy of the Pope (1537)

...Now, it is manifest that the Roman pontiffs, with their adherents, defend [and practice] godless doctrines and godless services. And the marks [all the vices] of Antichrist plainly agree with the kingdom of the Pope and his adherents. For Paul, in describing Antichrist to the

heathen kings, and he calls this one the adversary of Christ, because he will devise doctrine conflicting with the Gospel, and will assume to himself divine authority...^[7]

Westminster Confession

(1646)

25.6. There is no other head of the Church but the Lord Jesus Christ: nor can the Pope of Rome in any sense be head thereof; but is that Antichrist, that man of sin and son of perdition, that exalts himself in the Church against Christ, and all that is called God.^[8]

Counter-Reformation

The Catholic Church did not mount an organized and deliberate response to the Protestant Reformation until the election (1534) of Pope Paul III, who placed the papacy itself at the head of a movement for churchwide reform. Pope Paul III established a reform commission, appointed several leading reformers to the College of Cardinals, initiated reform of the central administrative apparatus at Rome, authorized the founding of the Jesuits, the order that was later to prove so loyal to the papacy, and convoked the Council of Trent, which met intermittently from 1545 to 1563. The council succeeded in initiating a number of far-ranging moral and administrative reforms, including reform of the papacy itself, that was destined to define the shape and set the tone of Roman Catholicism into the mid-20th century.^{[citation needed]}

Such reforms included the foundation of

religious life to returning orders to their spiritual foundations, and new spiritual movements focus on the devotional life and a personal relationship with Christ, including the Spanish mystics and the French school of spirituality

.

Virgin Mary

were strongly reaffirmed as spiritually vital as well.

But while the basic structure of the Church was reaffirmed, there were noticeable changes to answer complaints that the Counter Reformers tacitly were willing to admit were legitimate. Among the conditions to be corrected by Catholic reformers was the growing divide between the priests and the flock; many members of the

confessors

.

Thus, the Council of Trent was dedicated to improving the discipline and administration of the Church. The worldly excesses of the

95 Theses. But the Catholic Church would respond to these problems by a vigorous campaign of reform, inspired by earlier Catholic reform movements that predated the Council of Constance (1414–1417): humanism

, devotionalism, legalist and the observantine tradition.

The Council, by virtue of its actions, repudiated the pluralism of the Secular Renaissance Church: the organization of religious institutions was tightened, discipline was improved, and the parish was emphasized. The appointment of Bishops for political reasons was no longer tolerated. In the past, the large landholdings forced many bishops to be "absent bishops" who at times were property managers trained in administration. Thus, the Council of Trent combated "

Carlo Borromeo (1538–1584), later canonized as a saint, set an example by visiting the remotest parishes and instilling high standards. At the parish level, the seminary-trained clergy who took over in most places during the course of the seventeenth century were overwhelmingly faithful to the church's rule of celibacy

.

The reign of

Canon law. It also reflected the rapid pace toward absolutism

that characterized the sixteenth century.

While the aggressive

authoritarian approach was arguably destructive of personal religious experience, a new wave of reforms and orders conveyed a strong devotional side. Devotionalism, not subversive mysticism would provide a strong individual outlet for religious experience, especially through meditation such as the reciting of the Rosary. The devotional side of the Counter-Reformation combined two strategies of Catholic Renewal. For one, the emphasis of God as an unknowable absolute ruler - a God to be feared - coincided well with the aggressive absolutism of the papacy under Paul IV. But it also opened up new paths toward popular piety

and individual religious experience.

The Papacy of

Jesuits, support the Inquisition. He enforced the observance of the discipline of the Council of Trent, and supported the missions of the New World. The Spanish Inquisition, brought under the direction of the absolutist Spanish state since Ferdinand and Isabella

, stemmed the growth of Protestantism in Spain before it could spread.

Aftermath

The pontificate of Pope Sixtus V (1585–1590) opened up the final stage of the Catholic Reformation characteristic of the Baroque age of the early seventeenth century, shifting away from compelling to attracting. His reign focused on rebuilding Rome as a great European capital and Baroque city, a visual symbol for the Catholic Church.^{[citation needed]}

Notes

^ Mullett 2015, p. 281.
^ Luther's Works, page 38
^ Wilson 2007, p. 282; See on this, Hillerbrand 2007, p. 53.
^ Calvin, John (1536). "Of the Beginning and Rise of the Romish Papacy, Till It Attained a Height by Which the Liberty of the Church Was Destroyed, and All True Rule Overthrown". Institutes of the Christian Religion. Translated by Henry Beveridge. Edinburgh: Calvin Translation Society (published 1845). Book 4, Chapter 7.
^ See Building Unity, edited by Burgess and Gross
^ Smalcald Articles, Article 4 in the Triglot translation of the Book of Concord
^ Treatise on the Power and in the Triglot translation of the Book of Concord
^ Col. 1:18; Matt. 28:18–20; Eph. 4:11–12; 2 Thess. 2:2–9
^ Franzen, August (1969) [1965]. John P. Dolan (ed.). A History of the Church. Translated by Peter Becker. New York: Herder and Herder. pp. 308, 333.
^ Franzen 1969, p. 333.

Bibliography

Hillerbrand, Hans Joachim (2007). The Division of Christendom. Louisville: Westminster John Knox Press. p. 53.
Mullett, Michael A. (2015). Martin Luther. Abingdon and New York: Routledge. p. 281.
Wilson, Derek (2007). The life and legacy of Martin Luther. Random House. p. 282.

[FOOTNOTEMullett2015281-1] Mullett 2015, p. 281.

[2] Luther's Works, page 38

[3] Wilson 2007, p. 282; See on this, Hillerbrand 2007, p. 53.

[4] Calvin, John (1536). "Of the Beginning and Rise of the Romish Papacy, Till It Attained a Height by Which the Liberty of the Church Was Destroyed, and All True Rule Overthrown". Institutes of the Christian Religion. Translated by Henry Beveridge. Edinburgh: Calvin Translation Society (published 1845). Book 4, Chapter 7.

[5] See Building Unity, edited by Burgess and Gross

[6] Smalcald Articles, Article 4 in the Triglot translation of the Book of Concord

[7] Treatise on the Power and in the Triglot translation of the Book of Concord

[8] Col. 1:18; Matt. 28:18–20; Eph. 4:11–12; 2 Thess. 2:2–9

[9] Franzen, August (1969) [1965]. John P. Dolan (ed.). A History of the Church. Translated by Peter Becker. New York: Herder and Herder. pp. 308, 333.

[FOOTNOTEFranzen1969333-10] Franzen 1969, p. 333.

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