Pope Gregory XI
Clement VI | |
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Personal details | |
Born | Pierre Roger de Beaufort c. 1329 |
Died | 27 March 1378 Rome, Papal States | (aged 48–49)
Coat of arms | |
Other popes named Gregory |
Papal styles of Pope Gregory XI | |
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His Holiness | |
Spoken style | Your Holiness |
Religious style | Holy Father |
Posthumous style | None |
Pope Gregory XI (
Early life
Pierre Roger de Beaufort was born at
Conclave 1370
After the death of
Papacy
Immediately on his accession he attempted to reconcile the Kings of France and England, but failed. Gregory confirmed a
Gregory also tried to undertake a crusade due to pleas from Catherine of Siena in 1376[7] by continuing Pope Urban V's call for Christians to stop fighting other Christians, which Urban called for in November 1366.[8] Efforts were also made to reform corrupt practices in the various monastic orders, such as collecting fees from persons visiting holy sites and the exhibiting of faux relics of saints.[7]
Like the preceding popes of Avignon, Gregory XI made the mistake of appointing Frenchmen, who did not understand the Italians and whom the Italians hated, as legates and governors of the ecclesiastical provinces in Italy. Italian city states opposed the move of the papacy back to Rome and specifically Florence opposed to the move due to Gregory wanting to expand the Papal states upon the papal return to Rome.
Return to Rome
The return to Rome from Avignon had been an issue since Pope Clement V moved the papacy to Avignon in 1309.[11] From Popes Clement V to Urban V, the popes of the Avignon Papacy had their reasons to stay in France and not return to Rome. After 68 years of papal rule from France, Gregory XI moved the papacy back to its former seat of power of Rome in 1377.[12]
Gregory was constantly receiving pleas from Catherine of Siena through letters. In total, she wrote 14 letters between 1375 and 1378 until Gregory died. These letters dealt with different matters such as peace, church reform, and moving the papacy back to Rome. Catherine persuaded him by saying that it was easier to achieve Gregory's goal of peace among the city states in Italy by expanding the influence of the Papal states if the papacy were back in Rome.[7]
The return of the Curia to Rome began on 13 September 1376. Despite the protests of the French king and the majority of the cardinals, Gregory left Avignon on that day and made his way to
Death
Gregory XI did not survive much longer after his move to Rome. He died on 27 March 1378 aged 48–49.[16] Pope Urban VI, an Italian, was elected to the papacy after his death. However, his decision to move the papacy back to Rome led to the Western Schism and the rise of the Antipopes. Most of Europe supported Clement VII (now considered an antipope) as the true pope.[17]
Subsequently, the Western Schism created by the selection of rival popes forced Europe into a dilemma of papal allegiance. This schism was not resolved fully until the Council of Constance (1414–1418).[18]
See also
- List of popes
- Vicedomino de Vicedominis, in legend elected Pope as Gregory XI
Footnotes
- ^ McBrien, Richard P. (2000). Lives of the Popes. HarperCollins. p. 245.
- ^ a b One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Ott, Michael (1909). "Pope Gregory XI". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 6. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- ^ G. Mollat The Popes at Avignon 1305–1378, London 1963, p. 59
- ^ S. Miranda Cardinal Pierre Roger de Beaufort (Pope Gregory XI)
- ^ Hayez, Michel (2002). "Gregorio XI, papa". Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani. Vol. 59. Rome: Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana.
- ^ Jelle Krol (2020), Minority Language Writers in the Wake of World War One: A Case Study of Four European Authors, Palgrave. Page 219.
- ^ a b c Villegas, D., 2021. Catherine of Siena's spirituality of political engagement. HTS Teologiese Studies / Theological Studies, 77(2).
- ^ Clarke, Peter D. "BETWEEN AVIGNON AND ROME: MINOR PENITENTIARIES AT THE PAPAL CURIA IN THE THIRTEENTH AND FOURTEENTH CENTURIES." Rivista Di Storia Della Chiesa in Italia, vol. 63, no. 2, 2009, pp. 455–510
- ^ a b Peterson, David S. 2002. "The War of the Eight Saints in Florentine Memory and Oblivion." In Society and Individual in Renaissance Florence, Ed. William J. Connell.
- ^ Williman & Corsano 2002, pp. 427–481.
- ^ Rollo-Koster 2015.
- ^ "The Popes of the Avignon Papacy in Order".
- ^ Rollo-Koster 2008, p. 182.
- ^ Francis Thomas Luongo, The Saintly Politics of Catherine of Siena, xii.
- ^ Harvey, Margaret The English in Rome, 1362–1420: Portrait of an Expatriate Community, (Cambridge University Press, 2004), 3.
- ^ Richardson, C., 2009. Reclaiming Rome: Cardinals in the Fifteenth Century. Leiden: Brill.
- ^ Walsh, M., 2011. The Cardinals: Thirteen Centuries of the Men Behind the Papal Throne. Grand Rapids, Mich.: William B. Eerdmans Pub.
- ISBN 978-1-59020-123-7.
References
- Hanawalt, G.Barbara. The Middle Ages: An Illustrated History, 1998, Oxford Univ. Press, p. 143
- Cairns, E.Earl. Christianity Throughout the Centuries: A History of the Christian Church, 1996, Zondervan, pp. 241 & 248–250.
- Ocker, Christopher, Johannes Klenkok: a friar's life, c. 1310–1374 , American Philosophical Society, 1993, ISBN 0-87169-835-8
- Clarke, Peter D. "Between Avignon and Rome: Minot Penitentiaries at the Papal Curia in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries." Rivista Di Storia Della Chiesa in Italia, vol. 63, no. 2, 2009, pp. 455–510
- De Angelis, Laura, and Vicki Whittaker. "Florence's Ruling Class at the Turn of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries." Revue Française de Science Politique (English Edition), vol. 64, no. 6, 2014, pp. 65–79
- Harvey, Margaret The English in Rome, 1362–1420: Portrait of an Expatriate Community, (Cambridge University Press, 2004), 3.
- Peterson, David S. 2002. "The War of the Eight Saints in Florentine Memory and Oblivion." In Society and Individual in Renaissance Florence, Ed. William J. Connell.
- Richardson, C., 2009. Reclaiming Rome: Cardinals in the Fifteenth Century. Leiden: Brill.
- OL 29585957M.
- OL 30394591M.
- Villegas, D., 2021. "Catherine of Siena's spirituality of political engagement". HTS Teologiese Studies / Theological Studies, 77(2).
- Walsh, M., 2011. The Cardinals: Thirteen Centuries of the Men Behind the Papal Throne. Grand Rapids, Mich.: William B. Eerdmans Pub.
- Williman, Daniel; Corsano, Karen (2002). The Interdict of Florence (31 March 1376): New Documents. Rivista Di Storia Della Chiesa in Italia. Vol. 56.
Further reading
- Ameilh (Aemilii), Pierre (Petrus) (1952). Le voyage de Grégoire XI ramenant la Papauté d'Avignon à Rome, 1376–1377 suivi du texte latin et de la traduction franç. de l'Itinerarium Gragerii XI de Pierre Ameilh. [Petrus Amelii] (in French). Florence: Coppini.
- Gherardi, Alessandro (1868). La guerra dei Fiorentini con Papa Gregorio XI detta la guerra degli otto santi memoria compilata sui documenti dell' archivio fiorentino (in Italian). Firenze: Tipi di Cellini.
- Jugie, Pierre (2008). La formation intellectuelle du cardinal Pierre Roger de Beaufort, le pape Grégoire XI: nouveau point sur la question (in French). Florence: Sismel.
- Mirot, Léon (1899). La politique pontificale et le retour du Saint-Siège à Rome en 1376 (in French). Paris: É. Bouillon. p. 198.
- Thibault, Paul R. (1986). Pope Gregory XI: the failure of tradition. Lanham MD: University Press of America. ISBN 978-0-8191-5463-7.
External links
- Media related to Gregorius XI (category) at Wikimedia Commons
- Works by or about Gregory XI at Wikisource