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====Tunisia==== |
====Tunisia==== |
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According to Article 78 of the [[Constitution of Tunisia|2014 Constitution]], the General Mufti of Tunisia is appointed and can be dismissed by the [[President of Tunisia|President of the Republic]].<ref name=engcon>{{cite book|title=THE CONSTITUTION OF THE TUNISIAN REPUBLIC (Unofficial english translation)|date=26 January 2014|publisher=UNDP and International IDEA|chapter=Title four, chapter one, article 78|url=http://www.constitutionnet.org/files/2014.01.26_-_final_constitution_english_idea_final.pdf|accessdate=19 April 2015}}</ref> |
According to Article 78 of the [[Constitution of Tunisia|2014 Constitution]], the General Mufti of Tunisia is appointed and can be dismissed by the [[President of Tunisia|President of the Republic]].<ref name=engcon>{{cite book|title=THE CONSTITUTION OF THE TUNISIAN REPUBLIC (Unofficial english translation)|date=26 January 2014|publisher=UNDP and International IDEA|chapter=Title four, chapter one, article 78|url=http://www.constitutionnet.org/files/2014.01.26_-_final_constitution_english_idea_final.pdf|accessdate=19 April 2015|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923210602/http://www.constitutionnet.org/files/2014.01.26_-_final_constitution_english_idea_final.pdf|archivedate=23 September 2015|df=}}</ref> |
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===Nations with elected Grand Muftis=== |
===Nations with elected Grand Muftis=== |
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Revision as of 02:28, 16 December 2017
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| Part of a series on |
| Islam |
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| Part of a series on Islam |
| Usul al-Fiqh |
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| Fiqh |
| Ahkam |
| Legal vocations and titles |
|
The Grand Mufti (
fatwas, and interpretations of Islamic jurisprudence
for private clients or to assist judges in deciding cases. The collected opinions of the Grand Mufti serve as a valuable source of information on the practical application of Islamic law as opposed to its abstract formulation. The Grand Mufti's fatāwā (plural of "fatwā") are not binding precedents in areas of civil laws regulating marriage, divorce, and inheritance. In criminal courts, the Grand Mufti's recommendations are generally not binding either.
History
Muftis are Muslim religious scholars who issue influential legal opinions (fatwas) interpreting Sharia (Islamic law).[1]: 16–20 The Ottoman Empire began the practice of giving official recognition and status to a single mufti, above all others, as the Grand Mufti.[1]: 5 The Grand Mufti of Istanbul had, since the late 16th century, come to be regarded as the head of the religious establishment.[2] He was thus not only pre-eminent but bureaucratically responsible for the body of religious-legal scholars and gave legal rulings on important state policies such as the dethronement of rulers.[2] This practice was subsequently borrowed and adapted by Egypt from the mid-19th century.[1]: 5 From there, the concept spread to other Muslim states, so that today there are approximately 16 countries with sizeable Muslim populations which have a Grand Mufti.[1]: 85 The relationship between the Grand Mufti of any given state and the state's rulers can vary considerably, both by region and by historical era.
Types
State-appointed Grand Muftis
Ottoman Caliphate
In the Ottoman Caliphate, the Grand Mufti was a state official, and the Grand Mufti of Constantinople was the highest of these.
Jerusalem
Throughout the era of British colonialism, the British retained the institution of Grand Mufti in some Muslim areas under their control and accorded the
Palestinian National Authority, the administrative organization established to govern parts of the West Bank and Gaza Strip
, the Grand Mufti is appointed by the president.
Saudi Arabia
The Grand Mufti of Saudi Arabia is appointed by the King.
Brunei
The State Mufti of Brunei is nominated by the Sultan.
Tunisia
According to Article 78 of the 2014 Constitution, the General Mufti of Tunisia is appointed and can be dismissed by the President of the Republic.[3]
Nations with elected Grand Muftis
In countries such as Australia where the office of Grand Mufti receives no official seal of government imprimatur, clerics can be elected to the position by one segment of the Islamic community in that country and yet not be recognised by other Muslim communities in that country.[4]
Nations with collective Grand Muftis
- Majelis Ulama Indonesia). This assembly can make fatāwā.
- Malaysia also has a unique system of collective mufti. Nine of the fourteen Malaysian states have their own constitutional monarchy; nine are ruled by their own constitutional monarch while the country is led by a monarch elected from the nine. These nine monarchs have authority over religious matters within their own states: therefore, each of these nine states have their own mufti who usually controls the Islamic Council or Islamic Department of the state. At the national level, a National Council of Fatwa (Majlis Fatwa Kebangsaan) has been formed under the Department of Islamic Advancement of Malaysia (Jabatan Kemajuan Islam Malaysia or JAKIM). JAKIM appoints five Muftis for the five states which do not have monarchs. The muftis of the nine monarchical states, together with the five officials appointed by JAKIM in the National Council of Fatwā, collectively issue fatāwā at the national level.
- Sri Lanka has a system of collective ulama from different traditions of Islam. The All Ceylon Jamiyyathul Ulama has a President who oversees the decisions but does not necessarily have the powers to overturn any decisions made by rest of the ulama. The concept is similar to a democratic coalition system. The current President is Ash-Sheikh Mufti M.I.M. Rizwe.
Prominent past Grand Muftis
Jerusalem
- Mohammed Tahir al-Husayni, Grand Mufti of Jerusalem from the 1860s to 1908
- Kamil al-Husayni, Grand Mufti of Jerusalem from 1908 to 1921
- During World War I (1914–1918), the Ottoman Empire claimed that As'ad Shuqeiriwas the Grand Mufti of Jerusalem
- Mohammad Amin al-Husayni, Grand Mufti of Jerusalem from 1921 to 1948
- Hussam Al-din Jarallah, Grand Mufti of Jerusalem from 1948 to 1954
- Sulaiman Ja'abari, Grand Mufti of Jerusalem from 1993 to 1994
- Ekrima Sa'id Sabri, Grand Mufti of Jerusalem from October 1994 to July 2006
Saudi Arabia
- Muhammad ibn Ibrahim Al ash-Sheikh, Grand Mufti of Saudi Arabia from 1953 to 1969
- Abd al-Aziz ibn Baz(1910–1999), Grand Mufti of Saudi Arabia from 1992 to 1999
Others
- Australian ex-Grand Mufti, Taj El-Din Hilaly
- Abul Qasim Noori, Grand Mufti of Sunni Bangladesh
- Dr. Syed Irshad Ahmad Al Bukhari, Grand Mufti of Sunni Bangladesh
- Bosnian ex-Grand Mufti, Mustafa Cerić (1993 to 2012)
- Ismail Omar Abdul Aziz (First State Mufti of Brunei)
- Ismail Kacholwi, Grand Mufti of Europe (since 1988). In 2007 he migrated to India, although he still remains the Grand Mufti of Europe. In 2007, The President of The Islamic Consultative Assembly of Europe, His Excellency – Shaikh Muhammad Yusuf Motala Sahib appointed Mufti Muhammad Shabbir Ahmed Patel Sahib, of Darul-Uloom Bury as a Deputy of Mufti Ismail Kacholwi Sahib, as Mufti Ismail Kacholwi Sahib still comes to the UK frequently.
- Barelvimovement)
- Indonesia: Shaykh Abdul Qadir Hassan son of Hassan Bandung
- Pakistan: Grand Mufti Taqi Usmani
- Mufti Radha ul Haq Grand Mufti of South Africa
- Syrian Arab Republic's Grand Mufti, Ahmed Kuftaro (deceased September 1, 2004)
List of current Grand Muftis
States recognised by the United Nations
| State | Article | List | Grand Mufti | Office assumed |
|---|---|---|---|---|
 Albania
|
Muslim Community of Albania | List of Grand Muftis of Albania |
Skënder Bruçaj | March 2014 |
 Australia
|
Grand Mufti of Australia | List of Grand Muftis of Australia |
Ibrahim Abu Mohamed | September 2016 |
 Bangladesh
|
Grand Mufti of Bangladesh | List of Grand Mufti | Abul Qasim Noori | |
| Bangladesh
|
Grand Mufti of Bangladesh | List of Grand Mufti | Dr. Syed Irshad Ahmad Al Bukhari | |
 Bosnia and Herzegovina
|
Islamic Community of Bosnia and Herzegovina |
List of Grand Muftis of Bosnia and Herzegovina |
Husein Kavazović | November 2012 |
 Brunei
|
State Mufti of Brunei | List of State Muftis of Brunei |
Abdul Aziz Juned | 1 September 1994 |
 Bulgaria
|
Mustafa Hadji | 2008 | ||
 Egypt
|
Grand Mufti of Egypt |
List of Grand Muftis of Egypt |
Shawki Ibrahim Abdel-Karim Allam |
February 2013 |
 Ghana
|
Chief Imam of Ghana | Osman Nuhu Sharubutu | 1993 | |
 Guinea
|
Grand Imam of Guinea | El Hadj Mamadou Saliou Camara | ||
 India
|
Akhtar Raza Khan | |||
 Iraq
|
Mehdi Ahmed al-Sumaidaie | |||
 Jordan
|
Mohammad Khalaileh | 22 January 2017 | ||
 Kazakhstan
|
List of Supreme Muftis of Kazakhstan |
Yerzhan Mayamerov | 2013 | |
 Kosovo
|
Islamic Community of Kosova |
List of Grand Muftis of Kosovo |
de:Naim Tërnava | 2008 |
 Kyrgyzstan
|
List of Grand Muftis of Kyrgyzstan |
Maksatbek Toktomushev | 2014 | |
 Lebanon
|
Sheikh Abdul Latif Deryan |
10 August 2014 | ||
 Libya
|
Sadiq Al-Ghariani | 2012 | ||
 Lithuania
|
Romualdas Jakibauskas | 2008 | ||
 Macedonia
|
Reis-ul-ulema of the Islamic Religious Community of Macedonia |
List of Grand Muftis of Macedonia |
Sulejman Rexhepi | |
 Malaysia
|
Zulkifli Mohamad Al-Bakri (Mufti of the Federal Territories)[5] | 20 June 2014 | ||
| Mohd Tahrir Samsudin (Mufti of Johor)[6] | 13 November 2008 | |||
| Syeikh Fadzil Awang (Mufti of Kedah)[7] | 20 July 2017 | |||
| Mohamad Shukri Mohamad (Mufti of Kelantan)[8] | ||||
| Abd Halim Tawil (Acting Mufti of Malacca)[9] | ||||
| Mohd Yusof Ahmad (Mufti of Negeri Sembilan)[10] | 1 April 2009 | |||
| Abdul Rahman Osman (Mufti of Pahang)[11] | ||||
| Wan Salim Wan Mohd Noor (Mufti of Penang)[12] | 7 June 2014 | |||
| Harussani Zakaria (Mufti of Perak)[13] | December 1985 | |||
| Mohd Asri Zainul Abidin (Mufti of Perlis)[14] | 2 February 2015 | |||
| Bungsu Aziz Jaafar (Mufti of Sabah)[15] | 10 August 2012 | |||
| Kipli Yassin (Mufti of Sarawak)[16] | ||||
| Mohd. Tamyes bin Abd. Wahid (Mufti of Selangor)[17] | 16 March 1998 | |||
| Zulkifly Muda (Mufti of Terengganu)[18] | 1 April 2013 | |||
 Montenegro
|
Reis-ul-ulema of the Islamic Community of Montenegro |
Reif Fejzić | ||
 Nigeria
|
Sharif Ibrahim Saleh Al Hussainy |
|||
 Oman
|
Ahmed bin Mohammed al-Khalili |
1975 | ||
 Pakistan
|
Muhammad Muneeb ur Rehman |
2000 | ||
 Palestine |
Grand Mufti of Jerusalem | Muhammad Ahmad Hussein | July 2006 | |
 Poland
|
Tomasz Miśkiewicz | 2004 | ||
 Romania
|
Islam in Romania | List of Grand Muftis of Romania |
Murat Yusuf |
2005 |
 Russia
|
Chief Mufti of Russia |
Ravil Gainutdin |
1 July 1996 | |
 Saudi Arabia |
Grand Mufti of Saudi Arabia | Abdul-Aziz ibn Abdullah Al ash-Sheikh |
June 1999 | |
 Sri Lanka |
President for All Ceylon Jamiyyathul Ulama | Rizwe Mufti |
||
 Serbia
|
Sead Nasufović | July 2016 | ||
 Syria
|
Ahmad Badreddin Hassoun | July 2005 | ||
 Tunisia
|
Othman Battikh | 12 January 2016 | ||
 United Arab Emirates
|
Ahmed al Haddad (Grand Mufti of Dubai) | |||
 Uzbekistan
|
List of Grand Muftis of Uzbekistan |
Usman Alimov |
8 August 2006 | |
 Yemen
|
Mufti of the Republic of Yemen | Mohammed bin Ismail Al Amrani | ||
 Zimbabwe
|
Ismail ibn Musa Menk |
Sui generis entities
| Entity | Grand Mufti | Office assumed |
|---|---|---|
| Caucasus[19] | Allahshukur Pashazade |
1992 |
 Europe |
Muhammad Shabbir Ahmed Patel (acting) | 2007 |
See also
References
- ^ ISBN 9789004110625.
- ^ ISBN 9780521620956. Retrieved 23 May 2012.
- ^ "Title four, chapter one, article 78". THE CONSTITUTION OF THE TUNISIAN REPUBLIC (Unofficial english translation) (PDF). UNDP and International IDEA. 26 January 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 19 April 2015.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ISBN 0939693488.
- ^ "Laman Web Rasmi Pejabat Mufti Wilayah Persekutuan". Muftiwp.gov.my. 2016-11-25. Retrieved 2017-01-20.
- ^ "Laman Web Rasmi Jabatan Mufti Johor". Mufti.johor.gov.my. Retrieved 2017-01-20.
- ^ "Portal Rasmi Jabatan Mufti Kedah Darul Aman". Mufti.kedah.gov.my. 2016-06-26. Retrieved 2017-01-20.
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-07-11. Retrieved 2016-07-18.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ "Selamat Datang". Muftimelaka.gov.my. Retrieved 2017-01-20.
- ^ "Laman Web Rasmi Jabatan Mufti Kerajaan Negeri Sembilan". Muftins.gov.my. Retrieved 2017-01-20.
- ^ "Jabatan Mufti Negeri Pahang - Laman Utama". Mufti.pahang.gov.my. Retrieved 2017-01-20.
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-04-22. Retrieved 2016-07-18.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ "Jabatan Mufti Negeri Perak". Mufti.perak.gov.my. Retrieved 2017-01-20.
- ^ Utama. "Utama | Portal Rasmi Jabatan Mufti Negeri Perlis". Mufti.perlis.gov.my. Retrieved 2017-01-20.
- ^ "Laman Utama". Mufti.sabah.gov.my. Retrieved 2017-01-20.
- ^ "Laman Web Rasmi Pejabat Mufti Negeri Sarawak". Muftinegeri.sarawak.gov.my. 2014-07-16. Retrieved 2017-01-20.
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2012-08-05. Retrieved 2016-07-18.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ "Menu Utama". Mufti.terengganu.gov.my. Retrieved 2017-01-20.
- Russian Federation - Sheikh-ul-islam Haji Allahshukur Pashazadeh marks his 60th birthday Archived 2012-03-11 at the Wayback Machine