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[[File:Roma-san giovanni03.jpg|thumb|right|The papal throne ([[cathedra]]), in the apse of [[Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran]], symbolises the Holy See.]]
[[File:Roma-san giovanni03.jpg|thumb|right|The papal throne ([[cathedra]]), in the apse of [[Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran]], symbolises the Holy See.]]


The word "see" comes from the Latin word ''sedes'', meaning 'seat', which refers to the [[Bishop|episcopal]] throne ([[cathedra]]). The term "Apostolic See" can refer to any see founded by one of the Twelve Apostles, but, when used with the definite article, it is used in the Catholic Church to refer specifically to the see of the Bishop of Rome, whom that Church sees as successor of Saint Peter.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11744a.htm |title = Catholic Encyclopedia: St. Peter, Prince of the Apostles }}</ref> While [[Saint Peter's Basilica]] in Vatican City is perhaps the church most associated with the papacy, the actual cathedral of the Holy See is the [[Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran]] in the city of Rome.{{NoteTag|Although Saint John Lateran is legally within Rome, it is one of the properties of the Holy See granted [[extraterritorial privileges]].}}
The word "see" comes from the Latin word ''sedes'', meaning 'seat', which refers to the [[Bishop|episcopal]] throne ([[cathedra]]). The term "Apostolic See" can refer to any see founded by one of the Twelve Apostles, but, when used with the definite article, it is used in the Catholic Church to refer specifically to the see of the Bishop of Rome, whom that Church sees as the successor of Saint Peter.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11744a.htm |title = Catholic Encyclopedia: St. Peter, Prince of the Apostles }}</ref> While [[Saint Peter's Basilica]] in Vatican City is perhaps the church most associated with the papacy, the actual cathedral of the Holy See is the [[Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran]] in the city of Rome.{{NoteTag|Although Saint John Lateran is legally within Rome, it is one of the properties of the Holy See granted [[extraterritorial privileges]].}}


Every see is considered holy. In [[Greek language|Greek]], the adjective "holy" or "sacred" ({{lang|grc|ἱερά}} transliterated as ''hiera'') is constantly applied to all such sees as a matter of course. In the West, the adjective is not commonly added, but it does form part of an official title of two sees: besides the Holy See, the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Mainz|Bishopric of Mainz]] (the former [[Archbishopric of Mainz]], which was also of [[prince-elector|electoral]] and [[primate (bishop)|primatial]] rank) bears the title of "the Holy See of Mainz" (Latin: ''Sancta Sedes Moguntina'').<ref name="Kersting">{{cite book| last = Kersting| first = Hans| title = MAINZ – tours on foot| year = 2003| publisher = Bayerische Verlagsanstalt| isbn = 978-3-89889-078-6
Every see is considered holy. In [[Greek language|Greek]], the adjective "holy" or "sacred" ({{lang|grc|ἱερά}} transliterated as ''hiera'') is constantly applied to all such sees as a matter of course. In the West, the adjective is not commonly added, but it does form part of an official title of two sees: besides the Holy See, the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Mainz|Bishopric of Mainz]] (the former [[Archbishopric of Mainz]], which was also of [[prince-elector|electoral]] and [[primate (bishop)|primatial]] rank) bears the title of "the Holy See of Mainz" (Latin: ''Sancta Sedes Moguntina'').<ref name="Kersting">{{cite book| last = Kersting| first = Hans| title = MAINZ – tours on foot| year = 2003| publisher = Bayerische Verlagsanstalt| isbn = 978-3-89889-078-6
Line 111: Line 111:
==Status in international law==
==Status in international law==
{{Main|Legal status of the Holy See}}
{{Main|Legal status of the Holy See}}
The Holy See has been recognized, both in state practice and in the writing of modern legal scholars, as a subject of [[public international law]], with rights and duties analogous to those of [[Sovereign state|States]]. Although the Holy See, as distinct from the Vatican City State, does not fulfill the long-established criteria in international law of [[Sovereign state|statehood]]—having a permanent population, a defined territory, a stable government and the capacity to enter into relations with other states<ref>These criteria for statehood were first authoritatively enunciated at the [[Montevideo Convention]] on Rights and Duties of States, signed by American states on 26 December 1933.</ref>—its possession of full legal personality in [[international law]] is shown by the fact that it maintains diplomatic relations with 180<ref name=DipRel>{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/secretariat_state/documents/rc_seg-st_20010123_holy-see-relations_en.html |title=Bilateral and Multilateral Relations of the Holy See, update on October 22, 2009 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140709142833/https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/secretariat_state/documents/rc_seg-st_20010123_holy-see-relations_en.html |archivedate=9 July 2014 }}</ref> states, that it is a ''member-state''<ref>e.g. [http://www.iaea.org/About/Policy/MemberStates/ IAEA], [http://www.osce.org/who/83 OSCE], [http://www.iom.int/cms/en/sites/iom/home/about-iom-1/members-and-observers/governments/member-states.html IOM] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071212170611/http://www.iaea.org/About/Policy/MemberStates/ |date=12 December 2007 }}</ref> in various [[Intergovernmental organizations|intergovernmental international organizations]], and that it is: "respected by the international community of sovereign States and treated as a subject of international law having the capacity to engage in diplomatic relations and to enter into binding agreements with one, several, or many states under [[international law]] that are largely geared to establish and preserving peace in the world."<ref>[[Robert Araujo (Jurist)|Robert Araujo]] and John Lucal, Papal Diplomacy and the Quest for Peace, the Vatican and International Organizations from the early years to the [[League of Nations]], Sapienza Press (2004), {{ISBN|1-932589-01-5}}, p. 16. ''See also'' James Crawford, The Creation of States in International Law, (1979) p. 154.</ref>
The Holy See has been recognized, both in state practice and in the writing of modern legal scholars, as a subject of [[public international law]], with rights and duties analogous to those of [[Sovereign state|States]]. Although the Holy See, as distinct from the Vatican City State, does not fulfill the long-established criteria in international law of [[Sovereign state|statehood]]—having a permanent population, a defined territory, a stable government, and the capacity to enter into relations with other states<ref>These criteria for statehood were first authoritatively enunciated at the [[Montevideo Convention]] on Rights and Duties of States, signed by American states on 26 December 1933.</ref>—its possession of full legal personality in [[international law]] is shown by the fact that it maintains diplomatic relations with 180<ref name=DipRel>{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/secretariat_state/documents/rc_seg-st_20010123_holy-see-relations_en.html |title=Bilateral and Multilateral Relations of the Holy See, update on October 22, 2009 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140709142833/https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/secretariat_state/documents/rc_seg-st_20010123_holy-see-relations_en.html |archivedate=9 July 2014 }}</ref> states, that it is a ''member-state''<ref>e.g. [http://www.iaea.org/About/Policy/MemberStates/ IAEA], [http://www.osce.org/who/83 OSCE], [http://www.iom.int/cms/en/sites/iom/home/about-iom-1/members-and-observers/governments/member-states.html IOM] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071212170611/http://www.iaea.org/About/Policy/MemberStates/ |date=12 December 2007 }}</ref> in various [[Intergovernmental organizations|intergovernmental international organizations]], and that it is: "respected by the international community of sovereign States and treated as a subject of international law having the capacity to engage in diplomatic relations and to enter into binding agreements with one, several, or many states under [[international law]] that are largely geared to establish and preserving peace in the world."<ref>[[Robert Araujo (Jurist)|Robert Araujo]] and John Lucal, Papal Diplomacy and the Quest for Peace, the Vatican and International Organizations from the early years to the [[League of Nations]], Sapienza Press (2004), {{ISBN|1-932589-01-5}}, p. 16. ''See also'' James Crawford, The Creation of States in International Law, (1979) p. 154.</ref>


=== Diplomacy ===
=== Diplomacy ===

Revision as of 00:20, 15 December 2020

This article is about the Holy See of Rome. For other uses, see Holy See (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with Vatican City.

Holy See
Sancta Sedes (
Latin)
Santa Sede (Italian
)
Capital
Bishop of Rome, the pope, head of the worldwide Catholic Church
GovernmentUnitary Christian absolute monarchy[2] (under an ecclesiastical[3] and elective[4] theocracy[5])
• Pope
Francis
Pietro Parolin
Frederick I of the Holy Roman Empire)
1870–1929
(under the Kingdom of Italy)
1929–
(Lateran Treaty with Italy)
Website
Vatican.va

The Holy See (

Bishop of Rome, known as the pope, which includes the apostolic episcopal see of the Diocese of Rome with universal ecclesiastical jurisdiction of the worldwide Catholic Church, as well as a sovereign entity of international law, governing the Vatican City
.

According to Catholic tradition it was founded in the first century by Saints Peter and Paul, by virtue of Petrine and papal primacy, and it is the focal point of full communion for Catholic Christians around the world. As a sovereign entity, the Holy See is headquartered in, operates from, and exercises "exclusive dominion" over the independent Vatican City State enclave in Rome, of which the pope is sovereign. It is organized into polities of the Latin Church and the 23 Eastern Catholic Churches, and their dioceses and religious institutes.

The Holy See is administered by the Roman Curia (Latin for Roman Court), which is the central government of the Catholic Church.[6][7] The Roman Curia includes various dicasteries, comparable to ministries and executive departments, with the Cardinal Secretary of State as its chief administrator. Papal elections are carried out by the College of Cardinals.

Although the Holy See is sometimes metonymically referred to as the "Vatican", the Vatican City State was distinctively established with the Lateran Treaty of 1929, between the Holy See and Italy, to ensure the temporal, diplomatic, and spiritual independence of the papacy.[citation needed] As such, papal nuncios, who are papal diplomats to states and international organizations, are recognized as representing the Holy See not the Vatican City State, as prescribed in the Canon law of the Catholic Church. The Holy See is thus viewed as the central government of the Catholic Church.[7] The Catholic Church, in turn, is the largest non-government provider of education and health care in the world.[8] The diplomatic status of the Holy See facilitates the access of its vast international network of charities.

The Holy See maintains bilateral diplomatic relations with 183 sovereign states, signs

intergovernmental organizations, including the United Nations and its agencies, the Council of Europe, the European Communities, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, and the Organization of American States.[9][10]

Terminology

The papal throne (cathedra), in the apse of Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran, symbolises the Holy See.

The word "see" comes from the Latin word sedes, meaning 'seat', which refers to the

Saint Peter's Basilica in Vatican City is perhaps the church most associated with the papacy, the actual cathedral of the Holy See is the Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran in the city of Rome.[note 1]

Every see is considered holy. In

Archbishopric of Mainz, which was also of electoral and primatial rank) bears the title of "the Holy See of Mainz" (Latin: Sancta Sedes Moguntina).[12]

History

Further information:
Temporal power (papal)

The

state church of the Roman Empire by the Edict of Thessalonica in 380 by Emperor Theodosius I
.

After the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476, the temporal legal jurisdisction of the papal primacy was further recognised as promulgated in Canon law. The Holy See was granted territory in Duchy of Rome by the Donation of Sutri in 728 of King Liutprand of the Lombards, and sovereignty by the Donation of Pepin in 756 by King Pepin of the Franks.

The

temporal power peaked around the time of the papal coronations of the emperors of the Holy Roman Empire from 858, and the Dictatus papae in 1075, which conversely also described Papal deposing power
. Several modern states still trace their own sovereignty to recognition in medieval papal bulls.

The sovereignty of the Holy See was retained despite multiple

Roman Republic" from 1798 to 1799 as a sister republic of the First French Empire under Napoleon
, before their territory was reestablished.

Notwithstanding, the Holy See was represented in and identified as a "permanent subject of general customary international law vis-à-vis all states" in the

Roman Question during the Savoyard era (which made the pope a "prisoner in the Vatican
" from 1870 to 1929), its international legal subject was "constituted by the ongoing reciprocity of diplomatic relationships" that not only were maintained but multiplied.

The

Latin: Sancta Sedes).[note 2][citation needed
]

Organization

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St. Peter's Basilica, Vatican City
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  • Trinity
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    Schools

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    Relations with:

    Societal issues
    Links and resources
    icon Catholic Church portal
    Main article: Roman Curia

    The Holy See is one of the last remaining seven

    minister of foreign affairs
    . Parolin was named in his role by Pope Francis on 31 August 2013.

    Vatican City, the Holy See's sovereign territory

    The Secretariat of State is the only body of the Curia that is situated within Vatican City. The others are in buildings in different parts of Rome that have extraterritorial rights similar to those of embassies.

    Among the most active of the major Curial institutions are the

    Congregation for Bishops, which coordinates the appointment of bishops worldwide; the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples, which oversees all missionary activities; and the Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace
    , which deals with international peace and social issues.

    Three tribunals exercise judicial power. The

    indulgences.[19]

    The Prefecture for the Economic Affairs of the Holy See coordinates the finances of the Holy See departments and supervises the administration of all offices, whatever be their degree of autonomy, that manage these finances. The most important of these is the Administration of the Patrimony of the Apostolic See.

    The

    liturgical
    part).

    The Holy See does not dissolve upon a pope's death or resignation. It instead operates under a different set of laws

    Canon law prohibits the College
    and the Camerlengo from introducing any innovations or novelties in the government of the Church during this period.

    In 2001, the Holy See had a revenue of 422.098 billion

    Italian lire (about US$202 million at the time), and a net income of 17.720 billion Italian lire (about US$8 million).[20] According to an article by David Leigh in the Guardian newspaper, a 2012 report from the Council of Europe identified the value of a section of the Vatican's property assets as an amount in excess of €680m (£570m); as of January 2013, Paolo Mennini, a papal official in Rome, manages this portion of the Holy See's assets—consisting of British investments, other European holdings and a currency trading arm. The Guardian newspaper described Mennini and his role in the following manner: "... Paolo Mennini, who is in effect the pope's merchant banker. Mennini heads a special unit inside the Vatican called the extraordinary division of APSA – Amministrazione del Patrimonio della Sede Apostolica – which handles the "patrimony of the Holy See"."[21]

    The

    heads of state
    .

    Status in international law

    Main article: Legal status of the Holy See

    The Holy See has been recognized, both in state practice and in the writing of modern legal scholars, as a subject of

    intergovernmental international organizations, and that it is: "respected by the international community of sovereign States and treated as a subject of international law having the capacity to engage in diplomatic relations and to enter into binding agreements with one, several, or many states under international law that are largely geared to establish and preserving peace in the world."[25]

    Diplomacy

    Main article: Foreign relations of the Holy See
    Further information:
    Diplomatic missions of the Holy See, Holy See and the United Nations, and Multilateral foreign policy of the Holy See
    Foreign relations with the Holy See.
      Diplomatic relations
      Other relations
      No relations

    Since

    Secretariat of State (headed by the Cardinal Secretary of State), through the Section for Relations with States. There are 13 internationally recognized states with which the Holy See does not have relations.[note 3] The Holy See is the only European subject of international law that has diplomatic relations with the government of the Republic of China (Taiwan) as representing China,[29][30] rather than the government of the People's Republic of China (see Holy See–Taiwan relations
    ).

    The British

    Foreign and Commonwealth Office speaks of Vatican City as the "capital" of the Holy See, although it compares the legal personality of the Holy See to that of the Crown in Christian monarchies and declares that the Holy See and the state of Vatican City are two international identities. It also distinguishes between the employees of the Holy See (2,750 working in the Roman Curia with another 333 working in the Holy See's diplomatic missions abroad) and the 1,909 employees of the Vatican City State.[31] The British Ambassador to the Holy See uses more precise language, saying that the Holy See "is not the same as the Vatican City State. … (It) is the universal government of the Catholic Church and operates from the Vatican City State."[32] This agrees exactly with the expression used by the website of the United States Department of State, in giving information on both the Holy See and the Vatican City State: it too says that the Holy See "operates from the Vatican City State".[33]

    The Holy See is a member of various international organizations and groups including the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), International Telecommunication Union, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) and the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). The Holy See is also a permanent observer in various international organizations, including the United Nations General Assembly, the Council of Europe, UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization), the World Trade Organization (WTO), and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO).

    Relationship with the Vatican City and other territories

    Vatican City
    This article is part of a series on
    Vatican City
    History
    Law
    Politics and government
    Papacy
    Foreign relations
    Economy
    Symbols
    Culture
    Buildings/geography
    Vatican Museums

    The Holy See participates as an observer to

    OPCW, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
    (OSCE).

    Although the Holy See is closely associated with the Vatican City, the independent territory over which the Holy See is sovereign, the two entities are separate and distinct. After the Italian seizure of the Papal States in 1870, the Holy See had no territorial sovereignty. In spite of some uncertainty among jurists as to whether it could continue to act as an independent personality in international matters, the Holy See continued in fact to exercise the right to send and receive diplomatic representatives, maintaining relations with states that included the major powers Russia, Prussia, and Austria-Hungary. Where, in accordance with the decision of the 1815 Congress of Vienna, the Nuncio was not only a member of the Diplomatic Corps but its dean, this arrangement continued to be accepted by the other ambassadors. In the course of the 59 years during which the Holy See held no territorial sovereignty, the number of states that had diplomatic relations with it, which had been reduced to 16, actually increased to 29.[34]

    The State of the Vatican City was created by the Lateran Treaty in 1929 to "ensure the absolute and visible independence of the Holy See" and "to guarantee to it indisputable sovereignty in international affairs." Archbishop Jean-Louis Tauran, the Holy See's former Secretary for Relations with States, said that the Vatican City is a "minuscule support-state that guarantees the spiritual freedom of the pope with the minimum territory".[35]

    The Holy See, not the Vatican City, maintains diplomatic relations with states.[36] Foreign embassies are accredited to the Holy See, not to the Vatican City, and it is the Holy See that establishes treaties and concordats with other sovereign entities. When necessary, the Holy See will enter a treaty on behalf of the Vatican City.

    Under the terms of the Lateran Treaty, the Holy See has extraterritorial authority over

    Apostolic Nunciature
    of the Holy See in a foreign country.

    Military

    See also: Military in Vatican City

    Though, like various European powers, earlier popes recruited Swiss mercenaries as part of an army, the

    Pontifical Swiss Guard was founded by Pope Julius II on 22 January 1506 as the personal bodyguards of the pope and continues to fulfill that function.[37] It is listed in the Annuario Pontificio under "Holy See", not under "State of Vatican City".[38] At the end of 2005, the Guard had 134 members. Recruitment is arranged by a special agreement between the Holy See and Switzerland. All recruits must be Catholic, unmarried males with Swiss citizenship who have completed their basic training with the Swiss Armed Forces with certificates of good conduct, be between the ages of 19 and 30,[39] and be at least 175 cm (5 ft 9 in) in height. Members are armed with small arms and the traditional halberd (also called the Swiss voulge),[40] and trained in bodyguarding tactics.[41]

    The police force within Vatican City, known as the Corps of Gendarmerie of Vatican City, belongs to the city state, not to the Holy See.

    Holy See signed the UN treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons, a binding agreement for negotiations for the total elimination of nuclear weapons.[42][43]

    Coat of arms

    Coat of arms of the Holy See
    Arms of Vatican City State
    Main article: Coats of arms of the Holy See and Vatican City

    The difference between the two coats of arms is that the arms of the Holy See have the gold key in bend and the silver key in bend sinister[44][45] (as in the sede vacante coat of arms and in the external ornaments of the papal coats of arms of individual popes), while the reversed arrangement of the keys was chosen for the arms of the newly founded Vatican City State in 1929.[46]

    See also

    Notes

    1. extraterritorial privileges
      .
    2. metonym for the hierarchy of the Catholic Church
      .
    3. the Maldives, North Korea, Oman, the People's Republic of China, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Tuvalu and Vietnam.[28]

    References

    1. ^ "About the Holy See".
    2. ^ "Internet portal of Vatican City State". Vatican City State. Archived from the original on 24 May 2011. Retrieved 9 July 2011.
    3. ^ a b "CIA's factbook Vatican State".
    4. ISBN 978-0-81606078-8
      . p. 1009.
    5. ISBN 978-0-08-044911-1
    6. ^ "Code of Canon Law: text – IntraText CT".
    7. ^
      PMID 12178005
      .
    8. S2CID 144793259
      .
    9. ^ "Holy See's Presence in the International Organizations". www.vatican.va. Retrieved 3 September 2019.
    10. ^ "Holy See". Archived from the original on 31 December 2010. Retrieved 5 February 2016.
    11. ^ "Catholic Encyclopedia: St. Peter, Prince of the Apostles".
    12. ISBN 978-3-89889-078-6
      .
    13. ^ "'Moral Diplomacy' of the Holy See: Multi-Level Diplomacy of a Transnational Actor".
    14. ^ "State and Government". www.vaticanstate.va. Retrieved 1 April 2018.
    15. ^ "These 7 nations are ruled by an absolute monarchy!". Stories of World. 22 December 2015. Retrieved 1 April 2018.
    16. ^ "Dichiarazione Di S.E. Mons. Pietro Parolin in Occasione della sua Nomina a Segretario di Stato". Archived from the original on 22 September 2013. Retrieved 28 October 2013.
    17. ^ Code of Canon Law, canons 1443–1444 Archived 8 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine. Vatican.va. Retrieved 11 September 2011.
    18. ^ Code of Canon Law, canon 1445 Archived 8 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine. Vatican.va. Retrieved 11 September 2011.
    19. ^ ''Pastor bonus'', articles 117–120 Archived 23 February 2001 at the Wayback Machine. The Vatican. (28 June 1988). Retrieved 11 September 2011.
    20. ^ "Economic Report of the Holy See for 2000" Zenit 6 July 2001
    21. ^ David Leigh (21 January 2013). "How the Vatican built a secret property empire using Mussolini's millions". The Guardian. Retrieved 23 January 2013.
    22. ^ These criteria for statehood were first authoritatively enunciated at the Montevideo Convention on Rights and Duties of States, signed by American states on 26 December 1933.
    23. ^ a b "Bilateral and Multilateral Relations of the Holy See, update on October 22, 2009". Archived from the original on 9 July 2014.
    24. ^ e.g. IAEA, OSCE, IOM Archived 12 December 2007 at the Wayback Machine
    25. ISBN 1-932589-01-5
      , p. 16. See also James Crawford, The Creation of States in International Law, (1979) p. 154.
    26. ^ Bilateral and Multilateral Relations of the Holy See Archived 12 October 2010 at the Wayback Machine. The Vatican. (31 May 2007). Retrieved 11 September 2011.
    27. ^ "179 states have full diplomatic relations with the Holy See". Zenit News Agency. 11 January 2012. Archived from the original on 16 January 2012. Retrieved 20 January 2012.
    28. ^ "Mission Impossible: Eject the Holy See from the United Nations". chiesa: News, analysis, and documents on the Catholic Church, by Sandro Magister. 21 August 2007. Retrieved 3 October 2007.
    29. ^ Holy See Press Office: "Bilateral and Multilateral Relations of the Holy See" Archived 6 September 2014 at the Wayback Machine
    30. ISBN 978-88-209-9070-1
      ), pp. 1307 (Rappresentanze Pontificie) and 1338 (Corpo Diplomatico presso la Santa Sede)
    31. ^ Foreign & Commonwealth Office: Travel & living abroad Retrieved 8 January 2011 Archived 31 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine
    32. ^ Ambassador's Address on UK-Holy See Relations Archived 13 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine (emphasis added)
    33. ^ Background Note: Holy See. State.gov (8 March 2011). Retrieved 11 September 2011.
    34. ^ Lecture by Archbishop Giovanni Lajolo, 16 February 2006 Archived 27 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine. 30giorni.it. Retrieved 11 September 2011.
    35. ^ Lecture by Archbishop Jean-Louis Tauran, 22 April 2002 Archived 15 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine. Vatican.va. Retrieved 11 September 2011.
    36. ^ Bilateral and Multilateral Relations of the Holy See Archived 9 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine. Vatican.va. Retrieved 11 September 2011.
    37. ^ "Päpstliche Schweizergarde: 1506 Foundation". 30 October 2013. Archived from the original on 30 October 2013.
    38. ^ Annuario Pontificio 2013 (Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2013), p. 1269
    39. ^ "Päpstliche Schweizergarde: Conditions". 21 April 2013. Archived from the original on 21 April 2013.
    40. ^ "Swiss Voulge".
    41. ^ See videos at Pontifical Swiss Guards, Gallery
    42. ^ "Chapter XXVI: Disarmament – No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons". United Nations Treaty Collection. 7 July 2017.
    43. ^ "Holy See urges ratification of Nuclear Weapons Ban Treaty". Vatican News. 23 October 2018.
    44. ^ Galbreath, Donald Lindsay (13 September 1930). "A Treatise on Ecclesiastical Heraldry". W. Heffer and sons, Limited – via Google Books.
    45. ISBN 9780391008731
      ), p. 54.
    46. ^ "Appendix B ("All. B. Stemma Ufficiale dello Stato della Città del Vaticano") of the Fundamental Law of Vatican City State, 7 June 1929" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 December 2013. Retrieved 7 February 2014.

    Further reading

    External links

    Wikimedia Commons has media related to Holy See.
    Look up holy see in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
    Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Holy_See&oldid=994296458"