Ultraconservatism

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Ultraconservatism refers to extreme

fringe parties.[2]

Elements of ultraconservatism typically rely on cultural crisis; they frequently support

conspiracy theories is also common amongst ultraconservatives.[4]

History by country

Americas

Brazil

See also: Conservatism in Brazil

President

extractivist activities in the Amazon rainforest, while having confrontations with the indigenous peoples in Brazil.[9]

United States

See also: Conservatism in the United States

In the United States, ultraconservatism first appeared when right-wing politicians and businesses led the opposition to the

social programs.[10][11] Members of the John Birch Society believed that the civil rights movement would lead to the creation of a Soviet Negro Republic in the Southern United States.[11][12][14] In 1961, Jacob Javits would say that ultraconservatism "represents a danger to the Republican Party", as it was "moving the party farther to the right ... [which] would transform the Republican Party into a fringe party".[15]
Beginning in the 1970s, ultraconservatives attempted to establish their principles into the government and culture of the United States, with the use of
Koch brothers, the families of Richard and Dick DeVos, the Walton family, and Richard Mellon Scaife.[6] Ultraconservatives would then "mark some groups, seemingly based on race, class, and immigration status", in an effort to polarize the public, saying that some groups were "parasitic" to the economy and took away resources from wealthy individuals who could improve the economy.[6]

Into the 21st century, the

birther movement.[6]

Asia

Hong Kong

Main article: Radical pro-Beijing camp
See also: Conservatism in Hong Kong and Neoauthoritarianism (China)

Hong Kong's shrinking autonomy and democratic backsliding are linked to ultraconservative post-totalitarian Xi Jinping regime.[17] Some hardline pro-Beijing conservatives in Hong Kong have been referred to by critics as "ultraconservative".[18][19][20]

Japan

Japan's far-right nationalist organization Nippon Kaigi, has been described as "reactionary"[21] or "ultraconservative"[22][23][24] due to its support for the constitutional amendment of Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution, defense of the Empire of Japan, and denial of Japanese war crimes. Since 2006, all Japanese prime ministers from the conservative Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) have been affiliated with the Nippon Kaigi.[25] Fumio Kishida, who is currently the prime minister of Japan, is also a member of Nippon Kaigi.

Japan's former prime minister

Japanese nationalist policies.[26][27] Bryan Mark Rigg referred to the LDP itself as "ultraconservative".[28]

Europe

Ultraconservative has occasionally been used interchangeably with

radical right in Europe.[29]

France

The

traditional hierarchy between classes and census suffrage against popular will and the interests of the bourgeoisie and their liberal and democratic tendencies.[32]

Third Republic of France which was considered corrupt and atheistic by many of its opponents.[35]

Germany

See also: Conservatism in Germany

The

Nazi seizure of power—with intellectual exponents such as Oswald Spengler, Carl Schmitt, and Ernst Jünger.[36] Plunged into what historian Fritz Stern has named a deep "cultural despair," uprooted as they felt within the rationalism and scientism of the modern world, theorists of the Conservative Revolution drew inspiration from various elements of the 19th century, including Friedrich Nietzsche's contempt for Christian ethics, democracy and egalitarianism;[37] the anti-modern and anti-rationalist tendencies of German Romanticism;[38] the vision of an organic and naturally-organized folk community cultivated by the Völkisch movement; the Prussian tradition of militaristic and authoritarian nationalism; and their own experience of comradeship and irrational violence on the front lines of World War I.[39] From the 1960–1970s onwards, the Conservative Revolution has largely influenced the European New Right, in particular the French Nouvelle Droite and the German Neue Rechte.[40][41][42]

Hungary

In its first years,

anti-globalism as some of its core tenets, though it became more successful as its views became more moderate.[43]

References

  1. ISBN 9780199891535
    .
  2. ^ Huntington 2021, p. 4, Ultraconservatives occupy a broad section of the right-wing continuum, wedged between conservative pragmatists, those willing to moderate their views and work with the political center, and fringe extremists. ... When viewed in this light, the far right shifts from the periphery to the core of the conservative typology..
  3. ^ Barreiros, Mencía Montoya (January 10, 2023). "¿Qué es el neoconservadurismo?". El Orden Mundial (in Spanish). Retrieved April 29, 2023.
  4. ^ a b c Huntington 2021, p. 4.
  5. ^
    doi:10.1093/ia/iiaa220
    . ultraconservative governments. This deep conservative identity-set emphasizes three interrelated national role conceptions: (1) an anti-globalist role, composed of narratives in opposition to international institutions; (2) a nationalist role, composed of pro-sovereignty narratives; and (3) an anti-foe role, composed of friend/foe narratives.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g Nelson, Linda Williamson; Robison, Maynard T. (2013). "Which Americans Are More Equal and Why: The Linguistic Construction of Inequality in America". Race, Gender & Class. 20 (1/2): 294–306.
  7. ^ a b Polimédio, Chayenne (October 6, 2018). "Brazil's Fiery Far-Right Presidential Favorite Channels Trump". The Atlantic. Retrieved April 29, 2023.
  8. ^ Kirby, Jen (January 2, 2019). "What you need to know about Jair Bolsonaro, Brazil's new far-right president". Vox. Retrieved April 29, 2023.
  9. S2CID 255915580
    . Under the ultraconservative Bolsonaro government, the state has been taken over by elites with rural and extractive capital who plan on exploiting the Amazon rain forest at any cost and see indigenous peoples as an obstacle to their goal.
  10. ^ a b Gart, Jason H. (Autumn 2019). "The Defense Establishment in Cold War Arizona, 1945–1968". The Journal of Arizona History. 60 (3): 301–332. Ultraconservatism, which combined traditional anticommunist rhetoric with fresh acrimony toward civil rights legislation, welfare programs, organized labor, and taxation
  11. ^ a b c Stephens, Randall J. (December 30, 2021). "Tracing the origins of today's ultraconservatives". The Washington Post.
  12. ^ a b "Congressional Record: Proceedings and Debates of the 89th Congress, First Session" (PDF). United States Congress. August 10, 1965. a recent meeting in Chicago attended by the apostles of rightwing extremism and ultraconservatism, Mr. Robert Welch, ... founder and titular head of the John Birch Society, ... charged that the civil rights movement is being guided by Communists to dismember American society. He said that the Communist master plan calls for an in- dependent Negro-Soviet republic
  13. ^ Huntington 2021, p. 180.
  14. ^ Huntington 2021, p. 136.
  15. ^ "Javits Warns G.O.P.: Says Ultra-Conservatism Is a Danger to the Party". The New York Times. December 8, 1961. p. 26.
  16. S2CID 144244630
    .
  17. ISBN 978-1-5017-4093-0
    . With the pervasive perception of dwindling freedoms in Hong Kong, and Beijing's repeated reneging of constitutional promises to implement democracy, Hong Kong's supporters of democracy had increasingly turned to more confrontational tactics to push for democratization before the Umbrella Movement, ranging from occupying roads, hurling things at the de facto organ of Beijing in Hong Kong, and engaging in physical scuffles with the police. The escalation in confrontations, however, has coincided with Xi Jinping's installation in office; he is an ultraconservative and uncompromising leader in a posttotalitarian regime.
  18. ^ Stephen Vines (2021). Defying the Dragon: Hong Kong and the World's Largest Dictatorship. Hurst Publishers. ... widely considered to be a stronghold of the ultra-conservative Heung Yee Kuk, the body representing Hong Kong's "indigenous" residents.
  19. ^ Edward Vickers (2004). In Search of an Identity: The Politics of History Teaching in Hong Kong, 1960s-2000. Routledge. p. 2. This assumes, of course, that it is possible to isolate a single, purely indigenous perspective on Chinese history and culture an assumption that some ostensibly 'progressive' Western scholars such as Pennycook appear to share with ultra-conservative pro-Beijing traditionalists.
  20. ISBN 978-1-000-30468-8
    . All four LDF candidates, as well as two from the ultraconservative New Hong Kong Alliance and one from the Civic Association, ...
  21. ISBN 9789811302565 – via Google Books
    . the reactionary group Nippon Kaigi (Japan Conference)—has been waging war over its shared past with China and South Korea on battlegrounds ranging from Yasukuni Shrine to the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO).
  22. AP News. Archived
    from the original on February 24, 2023. Retrieved February 24, 2023. Abe's key ultra-conservative supporter, Nippon Kaigi, or Japan Conference, was among the organizers Saturday.
  23. ^ McCurry, Justin (July 8, 2020). "Ultra-nationalist school linked to Japanese PM accused of hate speech". The Guardian. Archived from the original on March 15, 2017. Retrieved March 15, 2017. Abe and Kagoike, who has indicated he will resign as principal, both belong to Nippon Kaigi, an ultra-conservative lobby group whose members include more than a dozen cabinet ministers.
  24. ^ Martin Fritz / jtm (July 8, 2020). "Tokyo's new governor defies more than glass ceiling". Deutsche Welle. Archived from the original on August 4, 2016. Retrieved August 2, 2016. In 2008, she made an unsuccessful run at the LDP's chairmanship. Following her defeat, she worked to build an internal party network and became involved in a revisionist group of lawmakers that serves as the mouthpiece of the ultraconservative Nippon Kaigi ("Japan Conference") movement.
  25. ^ Sarah Kim (September 4, 2014). "Abe's reshuffle promotes right-wingers". Korea JoongAng Daily. Archived from the original on October 11, 2023. Retrieved December 13, 2023.
  26. ISBN 9781442276888
    . In the 2012 election campaign that brought the ultraconservative Shinzo Abe back to power, the LDP expressed its opinion that no additional measures are required to protect the rights of gays and lesbians.
  27. ISBN 9781793653963
    . The ultraconservative Abe Shinzō government (2012–2020) became Japan's longest-running postwar administration, ...
  28. ISBN 9781734534115
    . This is especially the case with politicians in his current ruling party, The Liberal Democratic Party (which is really ultraconservative, not liberal).
  29. ^ Cerny, Karl H. (Spring 2000). "The Radical Right in Central and Eastern Europe since 1989". Perspectives on Political Science. 29 (2): 110. the ideological manifestations of the radical right after 1989 may be called ultranationalism, clericalism, fascism, ultraconservatism, or radical populism
  30. ISBN 9780415191319
    . In fact, the ideological claims of these Catholic 'ultraroyalists' seeped into public discourse on a regular basis as early as 1818 […] Like their counterparts in Germany or Austria, ultraconservatives were profoundly influenced by Edmund Burke's Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790).
  31. ^ Ultraroyalist. Dictionary of Politics and Government, 2004, p. 250.
  32. ^ "Ultra". Encyclopaedia Britannica. "The ultras represented the interests of the large landowners, the aristocracy, clericalists, and former émigrés. They were opposed to the egalitarian and secularizing principles of the Revolution, but they did not aim at restoring the ancien régime; rather, they were concerned with manipulating France's new constitutional machinery in order to regain the assured political and social predominance of the interests they represented".
  33. ^ Swart, K. W. (1964). The Sense of Decadence in Nineteenth-Century France. Springer. p. 19. The ultraconservatives of the Action Française felt greatly encouraged by the new nationalistic spirit and the increasing discredit of Leftist ideology.
  34. Académie française
    's website (in French)
  35. ^ Mayeur, Jean-Marie (1987). The Third Republic from Its Origins to the Great War, 1871–1914. Cambridge University Press. p. 298.
  36. ^ Mareš, Miroslav; Laryš, Martin; Holzer, Jan (2018). Militant Right-Wing Extremism in Putin's Russia. Routledge. right-wing ultra-conservative thinkers such as Oswald Spengler and Carl Schmitt
  37. ISBN 0-333-65014-X
    .
  38. doi:10.3406/rhmc.1994.1732
    .
  39. ISBN 978-3-15-018776-0
    .
  40. ISBN 9783322973900
    .
  41. ^ Bar-On 2011, p. 340
  42. ^ François 2017
  43. S2CID 151976322
    .

Bibliography

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