Anti-Semitism in Christianity
Part of a series on |
Antisemitism |
---|
Category |
Some
.Anti-Semitic Christian rhetoric and the resulting antipathy toward
Christian
Modern anti-Semitism has primarily been described as
Early differences between Christianity and Judaism
The legal status of Christianity and Judaism differed within the
From the reign of
Another point of contention for Christians concerning Judaism, according to the modern KJV of the Protestant Bible, is attributed more to a religious bias, rather than an issue of race or being a "Semite". Paul (a Benjamite Hebrew[11]) clarifies this point in the letter to the Galatians where he makes plain his declaration "28 There is neither Jew nor Greek, there is neither bond nor free, there is neither male nor female: for ye are all one in Christ Jesus. 29 And if ye be Christ's, then are ye Abraham's seed, and heirs according to the promise." Further Paul states: "15 Brethren, I speak after the manner of men; Though it be but a man's covenant, yet if it be confirmed, no man disannulleth, or addeth thereto. 16 Now to Abraham and his seed were the promises made. He saith not, And to seeds, as of many; but as of one, And to thy seed, which is Christ."[12]
Issues arising from the New Testament
This article needs additional citations for verification. (March 2017) |
Jesus as the Messiah
In Judaism, Jesus was not recognized as the Messiah, which Christians interpreted as His rejection, as a failed
Criticism of the Pharisees
Many New Testament passages criticise the Pharisees and it has been argued that these passages have shaped the way that Christians viewed Jews. Like most Bible passages, however, they can be and have been interpreted in a variety of ways.
Mainstream
Recent studies of anti-Semitism in the New Testament
Professor Lillian C. Freudmann, author of Antisemitism in the New Testament (University Press of America, 1994) has published a detailed study of the description of Jews in the New Testament, and the historical effects that such passages have had in the Christian community throughout history. Similar studies of such verses have been made by both Christian and Jewish scholars, including Professors Clark Williamsom (Christian Theological Seminary), Hyam Maccoby (The Leo Baeck Institute), Norman A. Beck (Texas Lutheran College), and Michael Berenbaum (Georgetown University). Most rabbis feel that these verses are anti-Semitic, and many Christian scholars, in America and Europe, have reached the same conclusion. Another example is John Dominic Crossan's 1995 book, titled Who Killed Jesus? Exposing the Roots of Anti-Semitism in the Gospel Story of the Death of Jesus.
Some biblical scholars have also been accused of holding anti-Semitic beliefs.
Jewish deicide
Jewish deicide is the belief that
have repudiated it.Church Fathers
This section needs additional citations for verification. (September 2014) |
After
Peter of Antioch
Marcion of Sinope
In the early second century AD, the heretic Marcion of Sinope (c. 85 – c. 160 AD) declared that the Jewish God was a different God, inferior to the Christian one,[31] and rejected the Jewish scriptures as the product of a lesser deity.[31] Marcion's teachings, which were extremely popular, rejected Judaism not only as an incomplete revelation, but as a false one as well,[31] but, at the same time, allowed less blame to be placed on the Jews personally for having not recognized Jesus,[31] since, in Marcion's worldview, Jesus was not sent by the lesser Jewish God, but by the supreme Christian God, whom the Jews had no reason to recognize.[31]
In combating Marcion, orthodox apologists conceded that Judaism was an incomplete and inferior religion to Christianity,[31] while also defending the Jewish scriptures as canonical.[31]
Tertullian
The Church Father Tertullian (c. 155 – c. 240 AD) had a particularly intense personal dislike towards the Jews[31] and argued that the Gentiles had been chosen by God to replace the Jews, because they were worthier and more honorable.[31] Origen of Alexandria (c. 184 – c. 253) was more knowledgeable about Judaism than any of the other Church Fathers,[32] having studied Hebrew, met Rabbi Hillel the Younger, consulted and debated with Jewish scholars, and been influenced by the allegorical interpretations of Philo of Alexandria.[32] Origen defended the canonicity of the Old Testament[32] and defended Jews of the past as having been chosen by God for their merits.[32] Nonetheless, he condemned contemporary Jews for not understanding their own Law, insisted that Christians were the "true Israel", and blamed the Jews for the death of Christ.[32] He did, however, maintain that Jews would eventually attain salvation in the final apocatastasis.[32] Hippolytus of Rome (c. 170 – c. 235 AD) wrote that the Jews had "been darkened in the eyes of your soul with a darkness utter and everlasting."[33]
Augustine of Hippo
Patristic bishops of the patristic era such as
John Chrysostom
Jerome
Ephraim the Syrian
Middle Ages
Jews were subjected to a wide range of legal disabilities and restrictions in Medieval Europe. Jews were excluded from many trades, the occupations varying with place and time, and determined by the influence of various non-Jewish competing interests. Often Jews were barred from all occupations but money-lending and peddling, with even these at times forbidden. Jews' association to money lending would carry on throughout history in the stereotype of Jews being greedy and perpetuating capitalism.
In the later medieval period, the number of Jews who were permitted to reside in certain places was limited; they were concentrated in ghettos, and they were also not allowed to own land; they were forced to pay discriminatory taxes whenever they entered cities or districts other than their own.[41] The Oath More Judaico, the form of oath required from Jewish witnesses, developed bizarre or humiliating forms in some places, e.g. in the Swabian law of the 13th century, the Jew would be required to stand on the hide of a sow or a bloody lamb.[42]
The
Sicut Judaeis
The bull forbade, besides other things, Christians from coercing Jews to convert, or to harm them, or to take their property, or to disturb the celebration of their festivals, or to interfere with their cemeteries, on pain of excommunication:[45]
We decree that no Christian shall use violence to force them to be baptized, so long as they are unwilling and refuse.…Without the judgment of the political authority of the land, no Christian shall presume to wound them or kill them or rob them of their money or change the good customs that they have thus far enjoyed in the place where they live."[46]
Popular anti-Semitism
Anti-Semitism in popular European Christian culture escalated beginning in the 13th century.
In Iceland, one of the hymns repeated in the days leading up to Easter includes the lines,[49]
- The righteous Law of Moses
- The Jews here misapplied,
- Which their deceit exposes,
- Their hatred and their pride.
- The judgement is the Lord's.
- When by falsification
- The foe makes accusation,
- It's His to make awards.
Persecutions and expulsions
During the
"Officially, the medieval Catholic church never advocated the expulsion of all the Jews from Christendom, or repudiated Augustine's doctrine of Jewish witness... Still, late medieval Christendom frequently ignored its mandates..."[53]: 396
Expulsion of Jews from Spain
The largest expulsion of Jews followed the
From the Renaissance to the 17th century
Cum Nimis Absurdum
On 14 July 1555, Pope Paul IV issued papal bull Cum nimis absurdum which revoked all the rights of the Jewish community and placed religious and economic restrictions on Jews in the Papal States, renewed anti-Jewish legislation and subjected Jews to various degradations and restrictions on their personal freedom.
The bull established the Roman Ghetto and required Jews of Rome, which had existed as a community since before Christian times and which numbered about 2,000 at the time, to live in it. The Ghetto was a walled quarter with three gates that were locked at night. Jews were also restricted to one synagogue per city.
Paul IV's successor, Pope Pius IV, enforced the creation of other ghettos in most Italian towns, and his successor, Pope Pius V, recommended them to other bordering states.
Protestant Reformation
Martin Luther at first made overtures towards the Jews, believing that the "evils" of Catholicism had prevented their conversion to Christianity. When his call to convert to his version of Christianity was unsuccessful, he became hostile to them.[54][55][56]
In his book On the Jews and Their Lies, Luther excoriates them as "venomous beasts, vipers, disgusting scum, canders, devils incarnate." He provided detailed recommendations for a pogrom against them, calling for their permanent oppression and expulsion, writing "Their private houses must be destroyed and devastated, they could be lodged in stables. Let the magistrates burn their synagogues and let whatever escapes be covered with sand and mud. Let them be forced to work, and if this avails nothing, we will be compelled to expel them like dogs in order not to expose ourselves to incurring divine wrath and eternal damnation from the Jews and their lies." At one point he wrote: "...we are at fault in not slaying them..." a passage that "may be termed the first work of modern anti-Semitism, and a giant step forward on the road to the Holocaust."[57]
Luther's harsh comments about the Jews are seen by many as a continuation of medieval Christian anti-Semitism. In his final sermon shortly before his death, however, Luther preached: "We want to treat them with Christian love and to pray for them, so that they might become converted and would receive the Lord."[58]
18th century
In accordance with the anti-Jewish precepts of the
19th century
Throughout the 19th century and into the 20th, the Roman Catholic Church still incorporated strong anti-Semitic elements, despite increasing attempts to separate anti-Judaism (opposition to the Jewish religion on religious grounds) and racial anti-Semitism. Brown University historian
Opposition to the French Revolution
The
In the 1840s, the popular counter-revolutionary Catholic journalist Louis Veuillot propagated Bonald's arguments against the Jewish "financial aristocracy" along with vicious attacks against the Talmud and the Jews as a "deicidal people" driven by hatred to "enslave" Christians.[70][69] Gougenot des Mousseaux's Le Juif, le judaïsme et la judaïsation des peuples chrétiens (1869) has been called a "Bible of modern anti-Semitism" and was translated into German by Nazi ideologue Alfred Rosenberg.[69] Between 1882 and 1886 alone, French priests published twenty anti-Semitic books blaming France's ills on the Jews and urging the government to consign them back to the ghettos, expel them, or hang them from the gallows.[69]
In Italy the Jesuit priest Antonio Bresciani's highly popular novel 1850 novel L'Ebreo di Verona (The Jew of Verona) shaped religious anti-Semitism for decades, as did his work for La Civiltà Cattolica, which he helped launch.[71][72]
Pope Pius VII (1800–1823) had the walls of the Jewish ghetto in Rome rebuilt after the Jews were emancipated by Napoleon, and Jews were restricted to the ghetto through the end of the Papal States in 1870. Official Catholic organizations, such as the Jesuits, banned candidates "who are descended from the Jewish race unless it is clear that their father, grandfather, and great-grandfather have belonged to the Catholic Church" until 1946.
20th century
In Russia, under the Tsarist regime, anti-Semitism intensified in the early years of the 20th century and was given official favour when the secret police forged the notorious
Catholic writers such as Ernest Jouin, who published the Protocols in French, seamlessly blended racial and religious anti-Semitism, as in his statement that "from the triple viewpoint of race, of nationality, and of religion, the Jew has become the enemy of humanity."[75] Pope Pius XI praised Jouin for "combating our mortal [Jewish] enemy" and appointed him to high papal office as a protonotary apostolic.[76][75]
From WWI to the eve of WWII
In 1916, in the midst of the First World War, American Jews petitioned Pope Benedict XV on behalf of the Polish Jews.
Nazi anti-Semitism
During a meeting with Roman Catholic Bishop Wilhelm Berning of Osnabrück On April 26, 1933, Hitler declared:
I have been attacked because of my handling of the Jewish question. The Catholic Church considered the Jews pestilent for fifteen hundred years, put them in ghettos, etc., because it recognized the Jews for what they were. In the epoch of liberalism the danger was no longer recognized. I am moving back toward the time in which a fifteen-hundred-year-long tradition was implemented. I do not set race over religion, but I recognize the representatives of this race as pestilent for the state and for the Church, and perhaps I am thereby doing Christianity a great service by pushing them out of schools and public functions.
The transcript of the discussion does not contain any response by Bishop Berning. Martin Rhonheimer does not consider this unusual because in his opinion, for a Catholic Bishop in 1933 there was nothing particularly objectionable "in this historically correct reminder".[77]
The Nazis used
Archbishop Robert Runcie asserted that: "Without centuries of Christian anti-Semitism, Hitler's passionate hatred would never have been so fervently echoed... because for centuries Christians have held Jews collectively responsible for the death of Jesus. On Good Friday in times past, Jews have cowered behind locked doors with fear of a Christian mob seeking 'revenge' for deicide. Without the poisoning of Christian minds through the centuries, the Holocaust is unthinkable."[1]: 21 The dissident Catholic priest Hans Küng has written that "Nazi anti-Judaism was the work of godless, anti-Christian criminals. But it would not have been possible without the almost two thousand years' pre-history of 'Christian' anti-Judaism..."[2]: 169 The consensus among historians is that Nazism as a whole was either unrelated or actively opposed to Christianity,[6] and Hitler was strongly critical of it,[79] although Germany remained mostly Christian during the Nazi era.
The document Dabru Emet was issued by over 220 rabbis and intellectuals from all branches of Judaism in 2000 as a statement about Jewish-Christian relations. This document states,
Nazism was not a Christian phenomenon. Without the long history of Christian anti-Judaism and Christian violence against Jews, Nazi ideology could not have taken hold nor could it have been carried out. Too many Christians participated in, or were sympathetic to, Nazi atrocities against Jews. Other Christians did not protest sufficiently against these atrocities. But Nazism itself was not an inevitable outcome of Christianity.
According to American
Collaborating Christians
- German Christians (movement)
- Gleichschaltung
- Hanns Kerrl, Minister for Ecclesiastical Affairs
- Positive Christianity (the approved Nazi version of Christianity)
- Protestant Reich Church
Opposition to the Holocaust
The Confessing Church was, in 1934, the first Christian opposition group. The Catholic Church officially condemned the Nazi theory of racism in Germany in 1937 with the encyclical "Mit brennender Sorge", signed by Pope Pius XI, and Cardinal Michael von Faulhaber led the Catholic opposition, preaching against racism.
Many individual Christian clergy and laypeople of all denominations had to pay for their opposition with their lives, including:
- the Catholic priest Maximilian Kolbe.
- the Lutheran pastor Dietrich Bonhoeffer
- the Catholic parson of the Berlin Cathedral, Bernhard Lichtenberg.
- the mostly Catholic members of the Munich-based resistance group the White Rose which was led by Hans and Sophie Scholl.
By the 1940s, few Christians were willing to publicly oppose Nazi policy, but many Christians secretly helped save the lives of Jews. There are many sections of Israel's Holocaust Remembrance Museum, Yad Vashem, which are dedicated to honoring these "Righteous Among the Nations".
Pope Pius XII
Before he became Pope, Cardinal Pacelli addressed the
The 1937 encyclical Mit brennender Sorge was issued by Pope Pius XI,[81] but drafted by the future Pope Pius XII[82] and read from the pulpits of all German Catholic churches, it condemned Nazi ideology and has been characterized by scholars as the "first great official public document to dare to confront and criticize Nazism" and "one of the greatest such condemnations ever issued by the Vatican."[83]
In the summer of 1942, Pius explained to his college of Cardinals the reasons for the great gulf that existed between Jews and Christians at the theological level: "Jerusalem has responded to His call and to His grace with the same rigid blindness and stubborn ingratitude that has led it along the path of guilt to the murder of God." Historian Guido Knopp describes these comments of Pius as being "incomprehensible" at a time when "Jerusalem was being murdered by the million".[84] This traditional adversarial relationship with Judaism would be reversed in Nostra aetate, which was issued during the Second Vatican Council.[85]
Prominent members of the Jewish community have contradicted the criticisms of Pius and spoke highly of his efforts to protect Jews.[86] The Israeli historian Pinchas Lapide interviewed war survivors and concluded that Pius XII "was instrumental in saving at least 700,000, but probably as many as 860,000 Jews from certain death at Nazi hands". Some historians dispute this estimate.[87]
"White Power" movement
The
Post World War II anti-Semitism
Anti-Semitism remains a substantial problem in Europe and to a greater or lesser degree, it also exists in many other nations, including Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union, and tensions between some Muslim immigrants and Jews have increased across Europe.[90][91] The US State Department reports that anti-Semitism has increased dramatically in Europe and Eurasia since 2000.[92]
While it has been on the decline since the 1940s, a measurable amount of
Relations between Jews and Christians have dramatically improved since the 20th century. According to a global poll which was conducted in 2014 by the Anti-Defamation League, a Jewish group which is devoted to fighting anti-Semitism and other forms of racism, data was collected from 102 countries with regard to their population's attitudes towards Jews and it revealed that only 24% of the world's Christians held views which were considered anti-Semitic according to the ADL's index, compared to 49% of the world's Muslims.[99]
Anti-Judaism
Many Christians do not consider
Others believe that anti-Judaism is rejection of Judaism as a religion or opposition to Judaism's beliefs and practices essentially because of their source in Judaism or because a belief or practice is associated with the Jewish people. (But see supersessionism)
The position that "Christian theological anti-Judaism is a phenomenon which is distinct from modern anti-Semitism, which is rooted in economic and racial thought, so that Christian teachings should not be held responsible for anti-Semitism"
Although some Christians did consider anti-Judaism to be contrary to Christian teaching in the past, this view was not widely expressed by Christian leaders and lay people. In many cases, the practical tolerance towards the Jewish religion and Jews prevailed. Some Christian groups condemned verbal anti-Judaism, particularly in their early years.[citation needed]
Conversion of Jews
Some Jewish organizations have denounced evangelistic and missionary activities which specifically target Jews by labeling them anti-Semitic.[101][102][103]
The Southern Baptist Convention (SBC), the largest Protestant Christian denomination in the U.S., has explicitly rejected suggestions that it should back away from seeking to convert Jews, a position which critics have called anti-Semitic, but a position which Baptists believe is consistent with their view that salvation is solely found through faith in Christ. In 1996 the SBC approved a resolution calling for efforts to seek the conversion of Jews "as well as the salvation of 'every kindred and tongue and people and nation.'"
Most Evangelicals agree with the SBC's position, and some of them also support efforts which specifically seek the Jews' conversion. Additionally, these Evangelical groups are among the most pro-Israel groups. (For more information, see Christian Zionism.) One controversial group which has received a considerable amount of support from some Evangelical churches is Jews for Jesus, which claims that Jews can "complete" their Jewish faith by accepting Jesus as the Messiah.
The
The
The Church's Ministry Among Jewish People (CMJ) is one of the ten official mission agencies of the Church of England. The Society for Distributing Hebrew Scriptures is another organisation, but it is not affiliated with the established Church.
There are several prophecies concerning the conversion of the Jewish people to Christianity in the scriptures of
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints has also been criticized for baptizing deceased Jewish Holocaust victims. In 1995, in part as a result of public pressure, church leaders promised to put new policies into place that would help the church to end the practice, unless it was specifically requested or approved by the surviving spouses, children or parents of the victims.[112] However, the practice has continued, including the baptism of the parents of Holocaust survivor and Jewish rights advocate Simon Wiesenthal.[113]
Reconciliation between Judaism and Christian groups
In recent years, there has been much to note in the way of reconciliation between some Christian groups and the Jews.
See also
- Anti-Jewish pogroms in the Russian Empire
- Anti-Jewish violence in Central and Eastern Europe, 1944–1946
- Anti-Jewish violence in Poland, 1944–1946
- Antisemitic trope
- Antisemitism in the Arab world
- Antisemitism in Canada
- Antisemitism in Europe
- Antisemitism in Islam
- Antisemitism in Russia
- Antisemitism in Ukraine
- Antisemitism in the United Kingdom
- Antisemitism in the United States
- Anti-Zionism
- Christianity and other religions
- Christianity and violence
- Criticism of Christianity
- Criticism of Judaism
- Geography of antisemitism
- Good Friday Prayer for the Jews
- History of antisemitism
- History of Christian thought on persecution and tolerance
- History of Israel
- History of the Jews and the Crusades
- History of the Jews during World War II
- History of the Jews in Europe
- History of the Jews in Germany
- History of the Jews in the United States
- Jesus in Christianity
- Jewish history
- New antisemitism
- Persecution of Jews
- Pope John Paul II and Judaism
- Radical right (Europe)
- Radical right (United States)
- Religious aspects of Nazism
- Secondary antisemitism
- Stereotypes of Jews
- Timeline of antisemitism
References
- ^ ISBN 978-0199263134
- ^ ISBN 978-0385027120
- ^ ISBN 0-553-34532-X
- ISBN 0-567-08378-0.
- ^ Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs. May 5, 2009. The Origins of Christian Anti-Semitism: Interview with Pieter van der Horst
- ^ ISBN 0-521-82371-4.
- ^ a b c d e Heschel, Susannah, The Aryan Jesus: Christian theologians and the Bible in Nazi Germany, p. 20, Princeton University Press, 2008
- Lives of the Twelve Caesars, Tiberius 36
- ^ Suetonius, Lives of the Twelve Caesars, Claudius XXV.4, referenced in Acts 18:2
- ^ In Pagans and Christians
- ^ "Strong's Greek: 3004. λέγω (Legó) -- to say".
- ^ "Galatians 3 KJV".
- ISBN 0-87068-675-5.
- ISBN 978-0615348391.
- ^ Singer, Tovia. "Monotheism". Retrieved 19 August 2013.
- ^ Spiro, Ken (Rabbi, Masters Degree in History). "Seeds of Christianity". Judaism online. Simpletoremember.com. Retrieved 19 August 2013.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Universal Jewish Encyclopedia (1943); Jewish Encyclopedia (1905), Exhibit 264.
- ^ "PHARISEES - JewishEncyclopedia.com".
- ^ Jewish Encyclopedia (1905)
- ^ Myles, Robert; James Crossley (Dec 2012). "Biblical Scholarship, Jews and Israel: On Bruce Malina, Conspiracy Theories and Ideological Contradictions". The Bible and Interpretation.
- ^ a b "Nostra Aetate: a milestone - Pier Francesco Fumagalli". Vatican.va. Retrieved 2018-04-16.
- ISBN 978-1-56338-322-9.
- ^ Matthew 27:24–25
- ^ ISBN 0-252-02803-1.
Most Mormons hold both kinds of beliefs simultaneously (hostility and affinity beliefs), because both are part of a generally orthodox Mormon outlook... The index of religious hostility toward Jews combines responses to the two questions about perpetual Jewish punishment for the Crucifixion and the requirement for their conversion as a condition of forgiveness.
- ^ "Deicide and the Jews".
- ^ Evangelical Lutheran Church in America "Guidelines for Lutheran-Jewish Relations" November 16, 1998
- ^ World Council of Churches "Guidelines for Lutheran-Jewish Relations" in Current Dialogue, Issue 33 July, 1999
- ^ Acts 15
- ISBN 978-0230111318. Retrieved 9 February 2015.
- ^ ISBN 0-87668-398-7.
- ^ ISBN 0-664-22472-5.
- ^ Hippolytus, Treatise Against the Jews 6, in Ante-Nicene Fathers 5:220.
- ^ ISBN 978-0230111318. Retrieved 9 February 2015.
- ^ Luke 19:27
- ^ "Ephraim the Syrian and his polemics against Jews". Syrcom.cua.edu. Archived from the original on 2012-08-07. Retrieved 2013-07-10.
- ^ "Analysis of Ephraim's writings". Syrcom.cua.edu. Archived from the original on 2012-08-07. Retrieved 2013-07-10.
- ^ Catholic Book of Quotations, by Leo Knowles, Copyright 2004 by Our Sunday Visitor Publishing Division, Our Sunday Visitor, Inc. All rights reserved.
- ISBN 978-1-34942-499-3.
- ISBN 0-8166-0814-8.
- ^ "Jewish history to the middle ages – Smarthistory". smarthistory.org. Retrieved 2022-03-23.
- ^ "OATH MORE JUDAICO - JewishEncyclopedia.com". www.jewishencyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2022-03-23.
- )
- S2CID 170403439.
- ^ Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. .
- ISBN 9780521869607.
- ^ The Butcher's Tale
- ^ Bachner, Michael (April 21, 2019). "Polish crowd beats, burns Judas effigy with hat, sidelocks of ultra-Orthodox Jew". Times of Israel.
- ^ "Iceland, the Jews, and Anti-Semitism, 1625-2004 - Vilhjálmur Örn Vilhjálmsson". Jcpa.org. Retrieved 2013-07-10.
- ISBN 9780706513271.
- ^ "Map of Jewish expulsions and resettlement areas in Europe". Florida Center for Instructional Technology, College of Education, University of South Florida. A Teacher's Guide to the Holocaust. Retrieved 24 December 2012.
- ISBN 0948462469
- S2CID 170403439.
- ^ "Luther and the Jews". www.theologian.org.uk. Retrieved 2017-02-21.
- ISSN 0259-9422.
- S2CID 208620307– via JSTOR.
- ISBN 5-551-76858-9. Paul Johnson.
- ^ Luther, Martin. D. Martin Luthers Werke: kritische Gesamtausgabe, Weimar: Hermann Böhlaus Nachfolger, 1920, Vol. 51, p. 195.
- ^ a b c Steven Beller (2007) Antisemitism: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press 2007.
ISBN 978-0192892775
- ^ "The Virtual Jewish History Tour By Rebecca Weiner". Jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Retrieved 2013-07-10.
- ^ a b c Battini, Michele (2016). Socialism of Fools: Capitalism and Modern Anti-Semitism. Columbia University Press. pp. 2–7 and 30–37.
- ^ Katz, Jacob (1980). From Prejudice to Destruction: Anti-Semitism, 1700-1933. Harvard University Press. pp. 112–115.
- ^ Battini, Michele (2016). Socialism of Fools: Capitalism and Modern Anti-Semitism. Columbia University Press. p. 164.
- ISBN 978-0-19-289259-1.
- ^ Joskowicz, Ari (2013). The Modernity of Others: Jewish Anti-Catholicism in Germany and France. Stanford University Press. p. 99.
- ^ Michael, Robert; Rosen, Philip (2007). Dictionary of Anti-Semitism from the Earliest Times to the Present. Scarecrow Press. p. 67.
- ^ Sanos, Sandrine (2012). The Aesthetics of Hate: Far-Right Intellectuals, Antisemitism, and Gender in 1930s France. Stanford University Press. p. 47.
- ISBN 9780300084320.
- ^ a b c d Michael, Robert (2008). A History of Catholic Antisemitism: The Dark Side of the Church. Springer. pp. 128–129.
- ^ Graetz, Michael (1996). The Jews in Nineteenth-century France: From the French Revolution to the Alliance Israélite Universelle. Stanford University Press. p. 208.
- ^ Brustein, William (2003). Roots of Hate: Anti-Semitism in Europe Before the Holocaust. Cambridge University Press. p. 76.
- ^ Feinstein, Wiley (2003). The Civilization of the Holocaust in Italy: Poets, Artists, Saints, Anti-semites. Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press. pp. 151–152.
- ^ Steven Beller (2007) Antisemitism: A Very Short Introduction: p. 32
- ^ Steven Beller (2007) Antisemitism: A Very Short Introduction: p. 29
- ^ a b Michael, R. (2008). A History of Catholic Antisemitism: The Dark Side of the Church. Springer. p. 171.
- ^ Marks, Steven Gary (2003). How Russia Shaped the Modern World: From Art to Anti-semitism, Ballet to Bolshevism. Princeton University Press. p. 159.
- ^ Rhonheimer, Martin (November 2003). "The Holocaust: What Was Not Said". First Things Magazine. Archived from the original on 16 October 2009. Retrieved 1 July 2009.
- ^ Luther, Martin. On the Jews and Their Lies, cited in Robert.Michael. "Luther, Luther Scholars, and the Jews," Encounter 46 (Autumn 1985) No.4.343–344
- ISBN 978-0-684-82949-4
- ^ Donald J. Dietrich. Christian responses to the Holocaust: moral and ethical issues
Religion, theology, and the Holocaust. Syracuse University Press, 2003, ISBN 0-8156-3029-8
- ^ Coppa, Frank J. (1999). Controversial Concordats. Catholic University of America Press. p. 132
- ^ Pham, p. 45, quote: "When Pius XI was complimented on the publication, in 1937, of his encyclical denouncing Nazism, Mit brennender Sorge, his response was to point to his Secretary of State and say bluntly, 'The credit is his.'"
- ^ Bokenkotter, pp. 389–392, quote "And when Hitler showed increasing belligerence toward the Church, Pius met the challenge with a decisiveness that astonished the world. His encyclical Mit brennender Sorge was the 'first great official public document to dare to confront and criticize Nazism' and 'one of the greatest such condemnations ever issued by the Vatican.' Smuggled into Germany, it was read from all the Catholic pulpits on Palm Sunday in March 1937. It denounced the Nazi "myth of blood and soil" and decried its neopaganism. The Nazis retaliated by closing and sealing all the presses that had printed it and took numerous vindictive measures against the Church, including staging a long series of immorality trials of Catholic clergy."
- ISBN 0-7509-2700-3
- ISBN 0-521-82692-6
- ^ Bokenkotter, Thomas (2004). A Concise History of the Catholic Church. Doubleday. pp. 480–481, quote: "A recent article by American rabbi, David G. Dalin, challenges this judgment. He calls making Pius XII a target of moral outrage a failure of historical understanding, and he thinks Jews should reject any 'attempt to usurp the Holocaust' for the partisan purposes at work in this debate. Dalin surmises that well-known Jews such as Albert Einstein, Golda Meir, Moshe Sharett, and Rabbi Isaac Herzog would likely have been shocked at these attacks on Pope Pius. ... Dalin points out that Rabbi Herzog, the chief rabbi of Israel, sent a message in February 1944 in which he declared 'the people of Israel will never forget what His Holiness ... (is) doing for our unfortunate brothers and sisters in the most tragic hour of our history.'" Dalin cites these tributes as recognition of the work of the Holy See in saving hundreds of thousands of Jews."
- ^ Deák, István (2001). Essays on Hitler's Europe. University of Nebraska Press. p. 182.
- ^ Michael Barkun for the Southern Poverty Law Center. The Christian Identity Movement Archived 2014-09-30 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Southern Poverty Law Center. Ku Klux Klan
- ^ Stone, Andrea (2004-11-22). "As attacks rise in France, Jews flock to Israel". Usatoday.com. Retrieved 2013-07-10.
- ^ Jews for Le Pen Archived 2009-04-17 at the Wayback Machine by Daniel Ben-Simon. Haaretz. 25/03/07
- ^ State Department Report on Anti-Semitism: Europe and Eurasia: anti-Semitism in Europe increased in recent years (2005 report)
- ^ "Graham regrets Jewish slur", BBC, March 2, 2002.
- ^ "Pilgrim's Progress, p. 5". Newsweek. August 14, 2006. Retrieved September 20, 2008.
- ^ Himes, A (2011) The Sword of the Lord: The roots of fundamentalism in an American Family [1]
- ^ ADL Audit: Anti-Semitic Incidents in U.S. Declined in 2001 Americans Reject Conspiracy Theories Blaming Jews for 9/11 Archived 2003-02-10 at the Wayback Machine (2002 report)
- ^ "The role of anti-Semitism in the Presbyterian church (USA)'s decision to support divestment" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2014-06-30.
- ^ "My Hagee Problem—And Ours - Tablet Magazine – Jewish News and Politics, Jewish Arts and Culture, Jewish Life and Religion". 2010-07-26.
- ^ "ADL Poll of Over 100 Countries Finds More Than One-Quarter of Those Surveyed Infected With Anti-Semitic Attitudes". Anti-Defamation League. May 13, 2014. Retrieved November 20, 2019.
- ^ Langmuir, AvGavin I., History, Religion, and Antisemitism, p. 40, University of California Press, 1990
- ^ "Keeping Faith. Scottsdale Progress" by Kim Sue Lia Perkes (Religion Editor, The Arizona Republic) December, 1982
- ^ 1998 Audit of Antisemitic Incidents: Missionaries and Messianic Churches Archived 2006-07-19 at the Wayback Machine (Bnai Brith Canada)
- ^ Portland Jews Brace for Assault by 'Jews for Jesus' Archived 2006-05-15 at the Wayback Machine by Paul Haist (Jewish Review) May 15, 2002
- ^ "Anglican Communion News Service: European Anglicans set common goals at Madrid consultation". Anglicancommunion.org. Retrieved 2013-07-10.
- ^ Owen, Peter (2009-02-11). "General Synod - Uniqueness of Christ in Multi-Faith Britain". Thinking Anglicans. Retrieved 2013-07-10.
- ^ 2 Nephi 10:7
- ^ Section 45:51-53
- ^ a b Charles R. Harrell (2011). "This Is My Doctrine": The Development of Mormon Theology. Greg Kofford Books. p. 404.
- ^ Section 98:17
- ^ a b c d Green, Arnold H. (1994). "Jews in LDS Thought". BYU Studies Quarterly. 34 (4).
- JSTOR 23287743.
- ^ Agreement with the LDS Church
- ^ Mormons baptise parents of Nazi-hunter Simon Wiesenthal
Further reading
- Beck, Norman A. Mature Christianity: The Recognition and Repudiation of the Anti-Jewish Polemic in the New Testament (Expanded Edition). Crossroad Pub Co 1994. ISBN 978-0824513580
- Boyarin, Daniel. The Subversion of the Jews: Moses's Veil and the Hermeneutics of Supersession diacritics 23.2: 16–35 Summer 1993.
- Boys, Mary (Ed.). Seeing Judaism Anew: Christianity's Sacred Obligation. Sheed & Ward March 31, 2005 ISBN 978-0742548824
- Carmichael, Joel. The Satanizing of the Jews: Origin and development of mystical anti-Semitism. Fromm, 1993 ISBN 978-0880641326
- Eckhardt, A. Roy. Elder and Younger Brothers: The Encounter of Jews and Christians, Schocken Books (1973)
- Eckhardt, A. Roy. Your People, My People: The Meeting of Christians & Jews, Crown Publishing Group (1974); ISBN 0-8129-0412-5
- ISBN 978-0195036077
- Gould, Allan, (Ed.). What Did They Think of the Jews?, Jason Aronson Inc., 1991 ISBN 978-0876687512
- Hall III, Sidney G. Christian Anti-Semitism and Paul's Theology. Fortress Press, 1993. ISBN 978-0800626549
- Johnson, Luke. The New Testament's Anti-Jewish Slander and Conventions of Ancient Polemic Journal of Biblical Literature, Vol. 108, No. 3, Autumn, 1989
- ISBN 978-0285501973
- Micklem, Nathaniel. National Socialism and the Roman Catholic Church: Being an Account of the Conflict between the National Socialist Government of Germany and the Roman Catholic Church, 1933-1938. London: Oxford University Press, 1939.
- Nicholls, William, Christian Antisemitism: A History of Hate. Jason Aronson Inc., 1993. ISBN 978-0876683989
- ISBN 978-0-8164-2263-0.
- ISBN 978-0-393-34791-3.
- ISBN 978-1597400947
- Tausch, Arno, The Effects of 'Nostra Aetate:' Comparative Analyses of Catholic Antisemitism More Than Five Decades after the Second Vatican Council, 2018. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3098079
- Utz, Richard. "Remembering Ritual Murder: The Anti-Semitic Blood Accusation Narrative in Medieval and Contemporary Cultural Memory". Pp. 145–62 in Genre and Ritual: The Cultural Heritage of Medieval Rituals. Ed. Eyolf Østrem. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press/University of Copenhagen, 2005. ISBN 978-8763502412
- Wilken, Robert L. John Chrysostom and the Jews : Rhetoric and Reality in the Late 4th Century, University of California Press, Berkeley, 1983 ISBN 978-0520047570
- S. J. Greenstein WE ARE NOT GOING TO BURN IN HELL, A Jewish Response to Christianity (Biblically Speaking Publishing Company)