Hereditary politicians

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Hereditary politicians refers to politicians (especially modern politicians) whose political position can be seen as being conferred by or based on inheritance from a parent or grandparent in some sense.

It should not be confused with political dynasty though these two concepts are not mutually exclusive. Political dynasty or political family simply means that several members of the same family (whether related by blood or marriage) are involved in politics, regardless of the type of office. Thus, hereditary politician can be said to be a more specific subset of political dynasty as it refers to the next generation/s gaining the same political office as their parent or grandparent.

Factors enabling political office to be passed down

Name recognition

According to Oscar Wilde, "There is only one thing in the world worse than being talked about, and that is not being talked about."^[1] This might be especially true for politicians. When the name of a politician is already familiar to the public then they tend to choose him over someone who is relatively unknown. This phenomenon is commonly referred to as Mere-exposure effect in social psychology. This could also be something as superficial as choosing the most familiar-sounding name on the ballot either because of indecision or ignorance of the candidates' campaign platforms.

In a study done by Vanderbilt University professors, they found out that name recognition affects candidate support as they are exposed to subliminal cues. They found evidence that mere exposure to the name of their hypothetical candidate improved perceived viability of the candidate and in turn, increased their support.^[2]

The voting public could also see the parent's previous accomplishment as something that the children can or will also accomplish. For example, before being elected as a

– Noynoy won the presidential election. It was neither because of his charismatic personality nor his achievements as a senator but because he is the son of the country's two major political figures.

Existing political network

Having a politician parent almost guarantee a certain degree of success for an individual as not only does he inherit the valuable name recognition, but also benefits from the social networks and resources that are already established. The political ties that his parent has cultivated in the past will also be of use to the offspring particularly when it comes to campaigning, forming political parties and fundraising. In Japan, for example, the patronage system is prevalent especially in the form of "support groups" or koenkai.^[3]

Authoritarian personalized regime

In an authoritarian regime where the public has no real voice when it comes to choosing the state's leader, it is therefore inevitable that the successor would simply be one of the family heirs. This is apparent in

, requiring "proper" respect and devotion from its citizens. Various accomplishments, even if irrelevant, are usually ascribed to the Kim family.

Notable families

France

Le Pen

Jean-Marie Le Pen	(daughter) Marine Le Pen
Member of the European Parliament (1984–2003; from 2004)	Member of the European Parliament (2004–2009; 2009–2017)
Regional Councillor of Île-de-France (1986–1992)	Regional Councillor of Île-de-France (2004–2010)
Known for: Leader of the National Front (1972–2011)	Known for: Leader of the National Front (from 2011)

President of the

's granddaughter. Also, Le Pen parent and child has served as the leader of the same party over two generations.

India

Nehru-Gandhi

Jawaharlal Nehru	(daughter) Indira Gandhi	(grandson) Rajiv Gandhi
1st Prime Minister (1947–1964)	3rd Prime Minister (1966–1977, 1980–1984)	6th Prime Minister (1984–1989)
Known for: Indian independence movement President of the Indian National Congress Member of the Constituent Assembly of India Oversaw the partition of India Liaquat–Nehru Pact Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948 Non-Alignment Movement State Reorganisation Commission Panchsheel policy Sino-Indian War	Known for: Bangladesh Liberation War Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 Imposing the emergency Operation Blue Star	Known for: Oversaw 1984 anti-Sikh riots Indian intervention in the Sri Lankan Civil War Reverting the Supreme Court's verdict on Shah Bano case in the Parliament of India Bofors scam

President of the Indian National Congress Motilal Nehru and the first Prime Minister of India, Jawaharlal Nehru who is son of the former, followed by Indira Gandhi, Rajiv Gandhi, Sonia Gandhi who is wife of the former and their son Rahul Gandhi have all served as the leader of the same party over five generations.

Indonesia

Sukarno

Sukarno	(daughter) Megawati Sukarnoputri
1st President (1945–1967)	5th President (2001–2004)
Known for:	Known for:

Japan

Hereditary politics is prevalent in Japan because political families hold on to three-bans, jiban, kanban, and kaban (financial support), which are three essential resources for a candidate to win an election. Jiban is the personal support from the people in a district. Kanban literally translates into advertisement board which symbolizes fame. Lastly, kaban means "bag" in Japanese and this refers to the financial support to run an election.^[4]

A hereditary politician is considered as a structural feature for Japanese politics. It is reported that approximately 30 percent of the House of Representatives are Nisei, who are the second-generation of the Diet member. Nisei population takes up to 40 percent of the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP).^[5] Furthermore, most Japanese Prime Ministers have a strong political background. Famous examples are Junichiro Koizumi, Yasuo Fukuda, and Shinzo Abe.

Kishi-Abe

(Maternal grandfather) Nobusuke Kishi[6] 岸 信介	(Paternal grandfather) Kan Abe 安倍 寛	(grandson) Shinzo Abe 安倍 晋三
37th Prime Minister (1957–1960)	–	57th and 63rd Prime Minister (2006–2007, 2012–2020)
–	Member of the House of Representatives (1937–1946)	Member of the House of Representatives (1993–2022)
Known for: Manchukuo labor scandal Used Yakuza protection during Sukarno's state visit 1955 System[7]	Known for: Attempt to oust Hideki Tojo to end WWII	Known for: Push for Revision of Article 9 of Constitutional Abenomics Veterinary school scandal Comfort women remark Initiated Quadrilateral Security Dialogue

Kan Abe served in the House of Representatives (Japan) from 1937 to 1946. He is famous for running the opposing platform to oppose to the militaristic government which was under Hideki Tojo’s control.

Shinzo continued his grandfather's proposal of amending the current Japanese Constitution which restricts Japan's use of military forces. Even though this topic is very controversial within the society, Shinzo has always been assertive about the revision. He is also famous for his economic reforms known as the Abenomics. He had been involved in several scandals such as the veterinary school scandal which greatly decreased his approval poll rating. However, his strong attitude towards the North Korea crisis had helped his party win the majority seats in the 2017 Japanese general election.

Fukuda

Takeo Fukuda 福田 赳夫	(son) Yasuo Fukuda 福田 康夫
42nd Prime Minister (1976–1978)	58th Prime Minister (2007–2008)
Known for: Fukuda Doctrine Response to JAL Flight 472 hijacking Introduction of primary elections within a political party	Associated with: Pension system scandal Sudden resignation Diplomacy with China

, drew international controversies. Unlike how Western countries would refuse hijackers’ demands, Fukuda accepted their demands based on the principle that "human life outweighs the earth."

Fukuda Yasuo, the eldest son of Fukuda Takeo, became the Prime Minister after Shinzo Abe's abrupt resignation. Less than one year in office, Mr. Fukuda had to step down his position due to ongoing involvement in political scandals such as the missing pension scandal which caused a steep decrease in his personal popularity.^[9]

Hatoyama

Ichiro Hatoyama 鳩山 一郎	(grandson) Yukio Hatoyama 鳩山 由紀夫
36th Prime Minister (1954–1956)	60th Prime Minister (2009–2010)
Associated with: Rebuilt diplomatic ties with Soviet Union Assassination plot First president of LDP	Known for: Campaign donation scandal American military base in Okinawa issue

Hatoyama Yukio

, like his grandfather, had entered his career as a Prime Minister with high popularity. Unfortunately, his public approval rating fell rapidly as he could not fulfill the high expectations his party had promised. One significant example is the broken promise to relocate the American Military base in Okinawa. This incident was the main reason why Mr. Hatoyama resigned from the Prime Minister position within less than a year after he was elected.

North Korea

Kim

Kim Il Sung 김일성/金日成	(son) Kim Jong Il 김정일/金正日	(grandson) Kim Jong Un 김정은/金正恩
Chairman of the Workers' Party of Korea (1949–1966)	General Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea (1997–2011)	First Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea (2012–2016)
General Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea (1966–1994)		Chairman of the Workers' Party of Korea (2016–2021)
		General Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea (from 2021)
Known for: Authorized the invasion of South Korea Created the Juche Policy	Known for: Military-first policy	Known for: Nuclear weapon testing North Korea–United States Summit

Philippines

Political families started becoming more apparent in the national political scene after

In 2014, talks about an

Aquino

Benigno Aquino Sr.	(son) Benigno Aquino Jr.	(daughter-in-law) Corazon Aquino	(grandson) Benigno Aquino III
Senator (1928–1934)	Governor of Tarlac (1961–1967)	11th President (1986–1992)	Representative of the 2nd District of Tarlac (1998–2007)
Representative of the 2nd District of Tarlac (1935–1938, 1945–1946)			Senator (2007–2010)
Representative of the At-large District of Tarlac (1943–1944)	Senator (1967–1972)		15th President (2010–2016)
Known for : Collaboration with the Japanese during occupation.	Known for : Opposition to Ferdinand Marcos Died by assassination	Known for : 11th President of the Philippines Hacienda Luisita People Power Revolution 1987 Constitution Agrarian reform Mendiola Massacre	Known for : 15th President of the Philippines Response to Manila hostage crisis Wang-wang policy Chief Justice impeachment trial 2015 Lumad massacre Mamasapano clash NAIA Bullet planting scandal Approved the sale of Dengvaxia, the first country in Asia to do so.

took over 8 hours as thousands of Filipinos took to the streets to pay their last respects, a proof of her popularity among the public.

Coincidentally, the year she died was the year when political parties started floating names for their presidential candidates. Since Cory Aquino's legacy was still fresh in the public's mind, the Liberal Party took advantage of the resurgence of Aquino's popularity^[14] and named her son Noynoy Aquino as their presidential candidate in place of Mar Roxas, the previously announced^[15] standard-bearer of the party. Noynoy Aquino eventually won the 2010 presidential elections.^[16]

Duterte

Rodrigo Duterte	(daughter) Sara Duterte	(son) Paolo Duterte	(son) Sebastian Duterte
Mayor of Davao City (1988–1998, 2001–2010, 2013–2016)	Vice Mayor of Davao City (2007–2010)	Vice Mayor of Davao City (2013–2018)	Vice Mayor of Davao City (2019–present)
Vice Mayor of Davao City (1986–1987, 2010–2013)	Mayor of Davao City (2016–present)	Representative of the 1st District of Davao City (2019–present)
Representative of the 1st District of Davao City (1998–2001)
16th President (2016–2022)
Known for: 16th President of the Philippines Davao Death Squad[17] War on drugs Ostensible pursuit of an "independent foreign policy" by playing China, Russia and the US against each other through the cultivation of improved ties with the former two[18][19][20][21][22] 2018 Boracay closure and redevelopment Canada–Philippines waste dispute Launch of 9-1-1 and 8888 Executive Order No. 26 Build! Build! Build! infrastructure plan	Known for:	Known for: Davao Death Squad Suspicion of ties[23] to Chinese Triad	Known for:

.

During Rodrigo's 2007–2010 term, his daughter Sara Duterte was elected as the vice mayor. On the succeeding term of 2010–2013, they switched offices: Sara was the one who was elected mayor, while her father was elected as the vice mayor. On the next term of 2013–2016, Rodrigo was elected mayor again, but this time, his vice mayor was his son Paolo Duterte.

Estrada

Joseph Estrada	(son) Jinggoy Estrada
Mayor of San Juan (1969–1986)	Mayor of San Juan (1992–2001)
Senator (1987–1992)	Senator (2004–2016)
9th Vice President (1992–1998)
13th President (1998–2001)
Mayor of Manila (2013–2019)
Known for : 13th President of the Philippines Film acting Jueteng scandal Impeachment trial People Power II Incarcerated for plunder	Known for : Film acting Hong Kong airport incident Incarcerated for plunder

Joseph Estrada, commonly known as "Erap", became famous as a film actor from 1956 to 1989, starring in hundreds of movies and even founding

In 2007, after 6 years of being detained, Erap was pardoned by President

.

Meanwhile, his son Jinggoy followed his footsteps as he was elected mayor of San Juan in 1992 when he was 29 years old which made him the youngest elected mayor in the country. Jinggoy stayed in office until 2001, the year when his father was ousted as president. Then in 2004 he was elected as a senator and rose to the position of

Macapagal-Arroyo

Diosdado Macapagal	(daughter) Gloria Macapagal Arroyo
Representative of the 1st District of Pampanga (1949–1957)	Senator (1992–1998)
5th Vice President (1957–1961)	10th Vice President (1998–2001)
9th President (1961–1965)	14th President (2001–2010)
	Representative of the 2nd District of Pampanga (2010–2019)
Known for : 9th President of the Philippines Changed the Independence day from July 4 to June 12 Anti-corruption campaign	Known for : 15th President of the Philippines People Power II Hello Garci scandal Oakwood Mutiny Impeachment case (graft and corruption)

Diosdado Macapagal was the 9th Philippine President whose administration worked to prevent corruption. His reforms were however impeded by Congress which was then led by politicians from Nacionalista Party, a rival of Liberal Party where Diosdado belonged. Diosdado was also known for changing the date for the celebration of Philippine Independence – from July 4 to June 12.^[31]

In an interview with Time before Estrada was ousted from office in 2001, Gloria said: "I will follow my father's footsteps in doing what is right, and God will take care of the rest. My father is my role model."^[32] Ironically, when Gloria was elected as the 14th Philippine President, her administration was marred by scandals, accusations of corruption and electoral fraud.^[33]

Gloria's rise to presidency came about because of the Second People Power Revolution where then President Estrada was ousted. Being then the Vice President, Gloria was sworn in as the new president. She then ran during the 2004 presidential election and won with just over 3% margin – the closest in Philippine presidential election. Her slim margin of victory over a popular actor-candidate Fernando Poe Jr. gave rise to suspicions of cheating. It came to a head when audio recordings of then Election Commissioner Virgilio Garcillano and Gloria was released in 2005 despite government threats.^[34] The audio recording was of a phone call where Gloria allegedly gave Garcillano instructions to rig the elections in her favor. In what became as the Hello Garci scandal, Gloria gave a televised address where she denied accusations of cheating but admitted that it was her voice on the audio recording, prompting protests and calls for impeachment.^[35]

Marcos

Ferdinand Marcos	(son) Bongbong Marcos	(daughter) Imee Marcos
Member of the House of Representatives from Ilocos Norte 2nd District (1949–1959)	Governor of Ilocos Norte (1983–1986, 1998–2007)	Member of the House of Representatives from Ilocos Norte 2nd District (1998–2007)
Senator (1959–1965)	Member of the House of Representatives from Ilocos Norte 2nd District (1992–1995, 2007–2010) Senator (2010–2016)	Governor of Ilocos Norte (2010–2019)
10th President (1965–1986)	17th President (2022–present)	Senator (2019–present)
Known for : 10th President of the Philippines Martial Law (1972–1985) Economic reforms Conjugal dictatorship Human rights abuses[36] Corruption[37] Aquino assassination People Power Revolution	Known for : Clone urban legend[38] Embezzlement of Public Funds [39] Non-payment of Taxes [40] Convicted of failure to file income tax returns (1982 to 1985) [40] Heir of dictatorship and corruption [41] Fake News [42]	Known for : Inciting murder of Archimedes Trajano[43]

Ferdinand Marcos was infamous for placing the country under martial law from 1972 to 1981 and suppressing civil liberties during his time in office as the 10th President of the Philippines. However, his rise to power began when he was elected Representative of his hometown Ilocos Norte from 1949 to 1959. Shortly thereafter he moved on to become a Senator from 1959 to 1965. This path was closely followed by his son Bongbong as the latter was also elected, first as Representative of Ilocos Norte for two terms, and then as Senator from 2010 to 2016. Meanwhile, his daughter Imee who also got elected as Representative of Ilocos Norte from 1998 to 2007 did not go on to become a Senator but was instead elected as the provincial governor in 2010.

Whereas Ferdinand got elected as the President in 1965 – defeating incumbent Diosdado Macapagal – and holding the office for a total of 21 years, his son Bongbong did not run for presidency. Instead, he ran as a vice-presidential candidate^[44] under the Nacionalista Party during the 2016 presidential elections where he lost by merely 263,473 votes^[45] to Leni Robredo.

Singapore

Lee

Lee Kuan Yew 李光耀	(son) Lee Hsien Loong 李显龙
1st Prime Minister (1959–1990)	3rd Prime Minister (2004–present)
Known for: Founding father of Singapore[46] Transforming Singapore from "third world to first world in a single generation"[47]	Known for: Oversaw rescue operations of Singapore Cable Car disaster Amendments in Singapore citizenship requirements Lee Kuan Yew's house dispute[48]

Lee Kuan Yew was famous for founding the country of Singapore in 1965 after it was expelled as a state of Malaysia following racial strife and economic disagreements with others states. He assumed leadership of the newly created government of Singapore after its independence, though he sadly expressed in a speech his desire to have been united with Malaysia.^[49] Kuan Yew was credited with the rise of Singapore as a developed country and was deemed a great statesman^[50] as he led the country for 31 years. His legacy included reducing the unemployment rate, increasing the GNP and increasing literacy rates. He remained influential even after retirement.^[51]

Kuan Yew reportedly did not want^[52] a cult of personality to develop in the country so he willed that his house in 38 Oxley Road be demolished after he dies. However, his son Hsien Loong, who is the current prime minister, got into a publicized dispute with his siblings regarding their father's house. Accused by his siblings of abusing his powers by preserving their father's house, Hsien Loong decided to deliver a speech to refute them.^[53]

South Korea

Park

Park Chung Hee 박정희	(daughter) Park Geun-hye 박근혜
3rd President (1963–1979)	11th President (2013–2017)
Known for: Assassinated by KCIA director Significant contribution to South Korea economic growth: Miracle on the Han River	Known for: Corruption scandal Impeachment trial

. On the other hand, he had been an authoritarian dictator who oppressed opposition parties and civil liberties.

Park Chung Hee's daughter, Park Geun-hye, became the first female president in South Korea. Older Koreans who hold nostalgia toward the presidency of Park Geun-hye's father highly contributed to her success in the 2012 presidential election. Unlike her father's 18 years of authoritarian rule, Park Geun-hye ended her term in office in 2017 after a major influence and bribery scandal was exposed.^[54]

Taiwan

During the 2016 legislative election, among 365 candidates 63 of them came from a political family. Furthermore, among those who came from a political family, 40 of them were children of a former politician. Within the 22 cities and counties in Taiwan, the percentage of politicians having political background is 24.6%.^[55]

After the 2014 Sunflower Student Movement, there are rising voices from the people for a political landscape change. This came along with the public favoring younger forces into the political arena. Thus, both KMT and Democratic Progressive Party attempt to refresh their party by recruiting new members. However, it is not easy for them to appeal to younger people to join politics; therefore, parties look inwards for second generations.^[55]

Chiang

Chiang Kai-shek 蔣中正	(son) Chiang Ching-kuo 蔣經國
Premier (1930–1931, 1935–1938, 1939–1945, 1947)	Premier (1972–1978)
President (1948–1949, 1950–1975)	President (1978–1988)
Known for: Martial Law White Terror	Known for: Ten Major Construction Projects Three Noes

The

.

Taiwan's economic miracle is highly contributed to Chiang Ching-kuo's (at that time the primer of Taiwan) policy, the Ten Major Construction Projects, a government introduced economic developing plan.^{[57][circular reference]} These ten massive building projects improved basic infrastructures and upgraded the Taiwanese industry which later on played an important role in the Taiwan Miracle)

The Three-noes Policy was the diplomatic relationship with China during President Chiang Ching-kuo. These three noes includes: no contact, no compromises and no negotiation with the Chinese Communists.^[58]

Criticisms

One of the biggest harms of hereditary politicians is corruption or bribery, something that is especially common for countries like the Philippines with its political power and economic powers highly intertwined. The concentration of political power "perpetuates a culture of dependency between an economically/politically dominant patron" which often leads to corruptions and bribery.^[59]

Moreover, hereditary political families tend to pass down their ideology and previous works from one generation to another. This suggests that the new generation is likely to be trapped by their family preoccupations. For instance, the Prime Minister of Japan,

There is also the so-called Carnegie effect describes the effect of how inherited fame and political network may decrease one's incentive to work hard. Most hereditary politicians were able to get a political position with relatively less effort compare to those who had no political background. Inherited advantages impede one's ambition to enrich himself. For instance, hereditary candidates have inherited political connections from their predecessors; therefore, they do not need to work hard for bureaucratic or academic competence in order to gain their position.

Difference from political dynasty

Hereditary politics is characterized by a son/daughter or grandson/daughter gaining an office that was once held by his parent (or grandparent). In comparison, political dynasty is different from hereditary politicians as the former is characterized by either of the following: 1) Members of the same family (simultaneously) holding the same government positions but in different districts; or 2) Members of the same family (simultaneously or successively) holding various government positions.

Philippines

Ampatuan

Andal Ampatuan Sr.	(son) Andal Ampatuan Jr.	(son) Zaldy Ampatuan
Governor of Maguindanao (2001–2008)	Mayor of Datu Unsay , Maguindanao (--)	6th Governor of Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (2005–2009)

An example of

, an administrative region where Maguindanao belongs, from 2005 to 2009.

Another of Andal's sons, former mayor of Datu Unsay Andal Jr., was supposed to run as governor of Maguindanao during the 2010 general elections. However, the whole Ampatuan family came under fire after their political rival Esmael Mangudadatu was ambushed along with over 50 people that included journalists, lawyers, relatives and civilians who happened to be on the same place. Mangudadatu and his convoy was about to file his certificate of candidacy to run against Ampatuan for the gubernatorial office when they were reportedly attacked by 100 armed men.^[62] An estimated 58 individuals were killed during the incident, including 32 journalists.^[63] Dubbed as the "single deadliest event for the press" since the CPJ started keeping records,^[64] this incident prevented the younger Ampatuan from running for office and resulted to his incarceration.

China

Xi

Xi Zhongxun 习仲勋	(son) Xi Jinping 习近平
Head of the CCP Propaganda Department (1953–1954)	General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party (from 2012)
Vice Premier and Secretary-General of the State Council (1954–1965)	Chairman of the Central Military Commission (from 2012)
Vice Chairperson of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (1980–1993)	7th President of the People's Republic of China (from 2013)
Known for: First generation of Chinese leadership Eight Elders	Known for: Xi Jinping Thought Chinese Dream Anti-corruption campaign

The current

Former Chinese Premier Li Keqiang was once deemed as the most potential successor of former CCP General Secretary Hu Jintao. However, Li did not succeed because he does not have a deeply-rooted political family background. On the other hand, Xi Jinping became the successor of Mr. Hu with the support of a strong political network which he inherited from his father, Xi Zhongxun, who had been a senior political leader for more than 50 years.

The history of China’s aristocratic class can be traced back to the period when China was under the control of Mao Zedong. Mao's army received a lot of aid from the south; one significant example was the southern general, Ye Jianying. During the conflict between Zhang's Fourth Front Army and Mao's First Front Army, Ye warned Mao in advance that Zhang Guotao is planning to overthrow Mao. Later on, during the Long March Ye came to aid Moa by assisting Liu Bocheng in directing the crossing of the Yangtze river without losing a man. Mao highly appreciated his contributions to the Chinese Communist Party. In return for Ye's contributions, Mao protected Ye during the Cultural Revolution and gave him a lot of political power. Ye was said to have 'paved the way for the country's move to a more market-oriented economy and created a political dynasty that still plays kingmaker'. Ye was described as having the ability to 'influence national policy and protect its sprawling business empire in southern China.’^[66] Ye Jianying's political influence continued even after his death as his children had high influences on the Chinese politics. One concrete example was when his children ‘attempted to help block a vocal advocate economic change from joining the CCP Politburo Standing Committee because it was not attentive to their interest.’

See also

• Hereditary monarchy
• Political dynasties in the Philippines
• Political family
• Nepotism
• Widow's succession

References