Ibn Karram

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Muhammad ibn Karram
Personal
Born190 H/ 806 CE
Died255 H/ 868 CE
Religion
Scholar of Islam
Muslim leader
Influenced by
Influenced

Abu 'Abd Allah Muhammad ibn Karram

Sunni scholars. He was accused of holding the doctrine of anthropomorphism, and that his chief theological doctrine was that God is a substance (jawhar) and that he had a body (jism); for which reason his followers were commonly called the "Mujassima" (corporealists) and "Mushabbiha" (anthropomorphists).[8][9][10][11][12] [Note 2]

Some sources reported that he was of

Banu Nadhir.[17] It has been said that Ibn Taymiyya (d. 728/1328) took inspiration from him.[18]

Name

His name was Abu 'Abd Allah Muhammad ibn Karram ibn 'Arraf (or 'Iraq) ibn Khuraya (or Khizana or Hizaba) ibn al-Bara' al-Sijistani al-Nisapuri.[19][20]

Biography

He was born in

Shi'a theology. For this reason, the Tahirid governor Muhammad b. Tahir b. 'Abd Allah jailed him for eight years. After his release from the jail in 251/865, he traveled to Jerusalem.[23][24]

Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Maqdisi (c. 945–991) in Ahsan al-Taqasim fi Ma'rifat al-Aqalim (The Best Divisions for Knowledge of the Regions), both of them confirmed that Ibn Karram preached his controversial views while sitting near the "column of the cradle of Jesus, where many people used to meet him."[24][25] Due to his views about iman (belief), his books were burned and he was expelled from Jerusalem by the governor to Ramla.[15]

Books

There are several books attributed to Ibn Karram, such as Kitab al-Tawhid (Book of the Unification), and Kitab 'Azab al-Qabr (Book of the Torment of the Grave), but none of them remain today. However, his beliefs are mentioned in a number of

Abu al-Fath al-Shahristani (d. 548/1153), and I'tiqadat Firaq al-Muslimin wa al-Mushrikin by Fakhr al-Din al-Razi (d. 606/1210).[15]

Theological views

According to heresiographical works, Ibn Karram is considered one of the

Murji'a who held that iman (faith or belief) to be only acknowledgment with the tongue, without the need for recognition by the heart, and confirmation by acts.[15]

He used to say: "Allah is a body unlike bodies" and "Allah is firmly seated on the throne and He is in person on the upper side of it." He and his adherents accepted the materialistic pictures of God found in the

'Abd al-Qahir al-Baghdadi gave an exhaustive description of their doctrines in al-Farq bayn al-Firaq.[27][28]

In his book, which is entitled 'Azab al-Qabr (The Punishment of the Grave), he described God as He is high above, localized on the Throne, and that God touches His Throne and that the Throne is a place for Him, and that He is sitting on it. He wrote also that God is a Unit of essence and a Unit of substance, had a body with flesh, blood, and limbs, and had direction and so could move from one point to another. He affirmed the beatific vision (seeing God in the hereafter) without securing the doctrine against its potential spatial implications.[29][Note 3]

Scholarly views on him

Although he claimed to be a follower of

al-Saffar al-Bukhari (d. 534/1139).[30]

He was accused of being a fabricator of

Ibn Hajar al-'Asqalani (d. 852/1449), all of them confirmed that the reporting of Ibn Karram is unreliable, because he is a fabricator.[31][10][24][11]

Arabic: الوافي بالوفيات, lit. 'The Complement to the Deaths'), described him as a deviant and misguided anthropomorphist, and he said that Ibn Karram was praised by Ibn Khuzayma (d. 311/923) and met him more than once.[6]

Arabic: شرح العقيدة الأصفهانية) defended him, as he stated in his own words:[2][3]

Sharh al-'Aqida al-Isfahaniyya

Abu 'Abd Allah Muhammad ibn Karram was also raised up in

al-Ash'ari disagreed with them, but those are affiliated with the Sunna and Hadith, while Ibn Karram is affiliated with the doctrine of the Ahl al-Ra'y
(people of reasoned opinion, often referring to the Hanafis).

وقام أيضاً أبو عبد الله محمد بن كَرَّام بسجستان ونواحيها ينصر مذهب أهل السنة والجماعة، والمثبتة للصفات والقدر وحب الصحابة وغير ذلك، ويرد على الجهمية والمعتزلة والرافضة وغيرهم، ويوافقهم على أصول مقالاتهم التي بها قالوا ما قالوا، ويخالفهم في لوازمها، كما خالفهم ابن كلاب والأشعري، لكن هؤلاء منتسبون إلى السنة والحديث، وابن كرام منتسب إلى مذهب أهل الرأي

Ibn Taymiyya, "Sharh al-'Aqida al-Isfahaniyya". p. 378.

Death

He died in Bayt al-Maqdis (Jerusalem) in Safar in the year 255 AH/869 CE, and was buried at Bab Ariha (Gate of Jericho).[20]

See also

Notes

  1. Ibn Taymiyyah did not consider him to have been an anthropomorphist.[2][3]
  2. Maturidis
    .
  3. Surat al-Qiyama (75:22-23): "Some faces on that Day will be radiant (with contentment), looking towards their Lord". The seeing God in the afterlife became a pillar of the Ash'ari and the Maturidi schools. But the Nature, Perfection, and Attributes of God being all infinite, and exalted above comprehension or encompassing, and the Understanding of Man not only finite, but also of small Extent. According to the Ash'aris and the Maturidis, God will be seen in the Hereafter by the believers, but with the rule of Bila Kayf
    ("without considering how and without comparison").

References

  1. ^ Much Hasan Darojat, Mohd Fauzi Hamat, and Wan Adli Wan Ramli. "Al-Baqillani's Critique to Anthropomorphist's Concept of The Attributes of God." (2016). p. 2
  2. ^ a b c 'Alawi ibn Abd al-Qadir al-Saqqaf [in Arabic]; et al. كتاب موسوعة الفرق المنتسبة للإسلام (in Arabic). dorar.net. Archived from the original on 2 Feb 2024. وقام أيضاً أبو عبد الله محمد بن كرام بسجستان ونواحيها ينصر مذهب أهل السنة والجماعة، والمثبتة للصفات والقدر وحب الصحابة وغير ذلك، ويرد على الجهمية والمعتزلة والرافضة وغيرهم، ويوافقهم على أصول مقالاتهم التي بها قالوا ما قالوا، ويخالفهم في لوازمها، كما خالفهم ابن كلاب والأشعري، لكن هؤلاء منتسبون إلى السنة والحديث، وابن كرام منتسب إلى مذهب أهل الرأي
  3. ^ a b c 'Alawi ibn Abd al-Qadir al-Saqqaf [in Arabic]; et al. كتاب موسوعة الفرق المنتسبة للإسلام - الدرر السنية. dorar.net (in Arabic).
  4. ^ Much Hasan Darojat, Mohd Fauzi Hamat, and Wan Adli Wan Ramli. "Al-Baqillani's Critique to Anthropomorphist's Concept of The Attributes of God." (2016). pp. 6-7 "Another Anthropomorphist, Ibn al-Karram, also maintained his [referring to Muqatil bin Sulayman who was quoted above] theological belief relying on Christianity in terms of the concept of God"
  5. ^ 'Abd al-Mun'im al-Hanafi. "موسوعة الفرق والجماعات والمذاهب والأحزاب والحركات الإسلامية" (in Arabic).
  6. ^
    Salah al-Din al-Safadi (January 2010). "Al-Wafi bi al-Wafayat (The Complete Work of Necrologies)"
    (in Arabic).
  7. ^ Zysow, Aron (15 October 2011). "KARRĀMIYA". Iranica. Vol. 15. Encyclopوdia Iranica Foundation. pp. 590–601. Retrieved 1 October 2020. Among later Muslim thinkers Ebn Taymiya (d. 728/1328) stands out as a sympathetic, if critical, student of Karrāmi theology, and he took it upon himself to write an extensive commentary on Faḵr-al-Din Rāzi's anti-Karrāmi work Asās al-taqdis, in which he defended the traditionist and Karrāmi positions on the key points of dispute
  8. ISBN 9780521599849
    .
  9. ISBN 9781405157612
    .
  10. ^ a b Al-Dhahabi. "Siyar A'lam al-Nubala' (The Biographies of the Most Noble)" (in Arabic). Islamweb.net.
  11. ^
    Ibn Hajar al-'Asqalani. "Lisan al-Mizan (Tongue of the Balance)"
    (in Arabic). al-eman.com.
  12. ^ "من هم "الكرامية" ولماذا وصفهم أهل السنة والجماعة بأصحاب البدعة؟" (in Arabic). Youm7.
  13. ISBN 9780791498941
    .
  14. ISBN 9783110446395
    .
  15. ^
    ISBN 9781472569455
    .
  16. ^ "MUHAMMED b. KERRÂM". islamansiklopedisi.org.tr (in Turkish). İslâm Ansiklopedisi.
  17. ^ "Abdullah ibn Karram". eslam.de (in German). Enzyklopädie des Islam.
  18. JSTOR 603146
    .
  19. Imprimerie nationale
    . p. 16.
  20. ^
    Ibn 'Asakir (January 2012). "Tarikh Madinat Dimashq (History of the City of Damascus)"
    (in Arabic).
  21. Oxford Reference
    .
  22. Al-Zirikli. "Al-A'lam (The Notable Personalities)"
    (in Arabic). al-maktaba.org.
  23. ^ "Early Sufism in Iran and Central Asia". independentphilosophy.net.
  24. ^ a b c Ibn Kathir. "Al-Bidaya wa al-Nihaya (The Beginning and the End)" (in Arabic). Islamweb.net.
  25. ^ "The Cradle of Jesus and the Oratory of Mary in Jerusalem's al-Haram al-Sharif" (PDF). Institute for Palestine Studies. p. 112.
  26. ISBN 9780889201781
    .
  27. Gibril Fouad Haddad (2015). The Biographies of the Elite Lives of the Scholars, Imams & Hadith Masters
    . Zulfiqar Ayub. p. 216.
  28. ^ "Al-Baghdadi's Al-Farq bayn al-Firaq" (in Arabic). arrabita.ma.
  29. Egypt's Dar al-Ifta
    .
  30. ISBN 9789004261846
    .
  31. ISBN 9781904063476
    .

Further reading

  • Clifford Edmund Bosworth, "The Rise of the Karamiyyah in Khurasan", Muslim World, 51 (1960), pp. 5-14.
  • Iranian Studies
    , Vol. 27, No. 1-4, Religion and Society in Islamic Iran during the Pre-Modern Era (1994), pp. 37-51.
  • Suhair Muhammad Mukhtar, "al-Tajsim 'inda al-Muslimin, madhhab al-Karamiyyah" (
    Arabic: التجسيم عند المسلمين: مذهب الكرامية), Alexandria
    , (1971).

External links
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