Ontario
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Ontario | |
---|---|
Latin )("Loyal she began, loyal she remains") | |
Coordinates: 49°15′N 84°30′W / 49.250°N 84.500°W / 49.250; -84.500 Canada West | |
Confederation | July 1, 1867 (1st, with New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Quebec) |
Capital (and largest city) | Toronto |
Largest metro | Greater Toronto Area |
Government | |
• Type | Parliamentary constitutional monarchy |
• Lieutenant Governor | Edith Dumont |
• Premier | Doug Ford |
Legislature | Legislative Assembly of Ontario |
Federal representation | Parliament of Canada |
House seats | 121 of 338 (35.8%) |
Senate seats | 24 of 105 (22.9%) |
Area (2021 land)[3] | |
• Total | 1,076,395 km2 (415,598 sq mi) |
• Land | 892,411.76 km2 (344,562.11 sq mi) |
• Water | 158,654 km2 (61,257 sq mi) 14.7% |
• Rank | 4th |
10.8% of Canada | |
Population (2021) | |
• Total | 14,223,942[2] |
• Estimate (Q1 2024) | 15,911,285[4] |
• Rank | 1st |
• Density | 15.94/km2 (41.3/sq mi) |
Demonym | Ontarian[5] |
Official languages | English[6] |
P | |
ISO 3166 code | CA-ON |
Flower | White trillium |
Tree | Eastern white pine |
Bird | Common loon |
Rankings include all provinces and territories |
Ontario (/ɒnˈtɛərioʊ/ ⓘ on-TAIR-ee-oh; French: [ɔ̃taʁjo]) is the southernmost province of Canada.[9][note 1] Located in Central Canada,[10] Ontario is the country's most populous province. As of the 2021 Canadian census, it is home to 38.5 percent of the country's population, and is the second-largest province by total area (after Quebec).[3][11] Ontario is Canada's fourth-largest jurisdiction in total area of all the Canadian provinces and territories.[11] It is home to the nation's capital, Ottawa, and its most populous city, Toronto,[12] which is Ontario's provincial capital.
Ontario is bordered by the province of
The great majority of Ontario's population and
Etymology
Ontario is a term thought to be derived from Indigenous origins, either Ontarí:io, a Huron (Wyandot) word meaning "great lake",[15] or possibly skanadario, which means "beautiful water" or "sparkling water" in the Iroquoian languages.[16] Ontario has about 250,000 freshwater lakes.[17] The first mention of the name Ontario was in 1641, when "Ontario" was used to describe the land on the north shore of the easternmost part of the Great Lakes.[18] It was adopted as the official name of the new province at Confederation in 1867.[18]
Geography
The thinly populated
The virtually unpopulated Hudson Bay Lowlands in the extreme north and northeast are mainly swampy and sparsely forested.
Southern Ontario, which is further sub-divided into four sub-regions: Central Ontario (although not actually the province's geographic centre), Eastern Ontario, Golden Horseshoe and Southwestern Ontario (parts of which were formerly referred to as Western Ontario).
Despite the rarity of mountainous terrain in the province, there are large areas of uplands, particularly within the Canadian Shield which traverses the province from northwest to southeast and also above the
The
Point Pelee is a peninsula of Lake Erie in southwestern Ontario (near Windsor and Detroit, Michigan) that is the southernmost extent of Canada's mainland. Pelee Island and Middle Island in Lake Erie extend slightly farther. All are south of 42°N – slightly farther south than the northern border of California.
Climate
Ontario's climate varies by season and location.
Ontario has three main climatic regions:
- The surrounding Great Lakes greatly influence the climatic region of southern Ontario.Mid-Atlantic states and the Great Lakes portion of the Midwestern United States. The region has warm to hot, humid summers and cold winters. Annual precipitation ranges from 750–1,000 mm (30–39 in) and is well distributed throughout the year. Most of this region lies in the lee of the Great Lakes, making for abundant snow in some areas. In December 2010, the snowbelt set a new record when it was hit by more than a metre of snow within 48 hours.[22]
- The next climatic region is Central and Eastern Ontario, which has a moderate humid continental climate (Köppen Dfb). This region has warm and sometimes hot summers with colder, longer winters, ample snowfall (even in regions not directly in the snowbelts) and annual precipitation similar to the rest of Southern Ontario.[20]
In the northeastern parts of Ontario, extending south as far as Kirkland Lake, the cold waters of Hudson Bay depress summer temperatures, making it cooler than other locations at similar latitudes. The same is true on the northern shore of Lake Superior, which cools hot, humid air from the south, leading to cooler summer temperatures.[20] Along the eastern shores of Lake Superior and Lake Huron winter temperatures are slightly moderated but come with frequent heavy lake-effect snow squalls that increase seasonal snowfall totals to upwards of 3 m (10 ft) in some places. These regions have higher annual precipitation, in some places over 100 cm (39 in).
- The northernmost parts of Ontario – primarily north of 50°N – have a subarctic climate (Köppen Dfc) with long, severely cold winters and short, cool to warm summers with dramatic temperature changes possible in all seasons. With no major mountain ranges blocking sinking Arctic air masses, temperatures of −40 °C (−40 °F) are not uncommon; snow remains on the ground for sometimes over half the year. Snow accumulation can be high in some areas.[19] Precipitation is generally less than 70 cm (28 in) and peaks in the summer months in the form of rain or thunderstorms.[19]
Severe thunderstorms peak in summer. Windsor, in Southern (Southwestern) Ontario, has the most lightning strikes per year in Canada, averaging 33 days of thunderstorm activity per year.[23] In a typical year, Ontario averages 11 confirmed tornado touchdowns. Ontario had a record 29 tornadoes in both 2006 and 2009. Tropical depression remnants occasionally bring heavy rains and winds in the south, but are rarely deadly. A notable exception was Hurricane Hazel which struck Southern Ontario centred on Toronto, in October 1954.[citation needed]
City | July (°C) | July (°F) | January (°C) | January (°F) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Windsor (Windsor International Airport)[24] | 28/18 | 82/64 | 0/−7 | 31/19 |
Niagara Falls (NPCSH)[25] | 27/17 | 81/63 | 0/−8 | 30/18 |
Toronto (The Annex)[26] | 27/18 | 80/64 | −1/−7 | 30/20 |
Midland (Water Pollution Control Plant)[27] | 26/16 | 78/61 | −4/–13 | 25/8 |
Ottawa (Ottawa Macdonald–Cartier International Airport)[28] | 27/16 | 80/60 | −6/−14 | 22/6 |
Sudbury (Sudbury Airport)[29] | 25/13 | 77/56 | −8/−19 | 18/0 |
Emo (Emo Radbourne)[30] | 25/11 | 77/52 | −9/–22 | 15/–9 |
Thunder Bay (Thunder Bay International Airport)[31] | 24/11 | 76/52 | −9/−21 | 18/−5 |
Kenora (Kenora Airport)[32] | 24/15 | 76/59 | −11/−21 | 12/−5 |
Moosonee (UA)[33] | 23/9 | 73/48 | −14/–26 | 8/–15 |
History
Indigenous habitation (pre–1610)
Pays d'en Haut (1610–1763)
In the 15th century, the
In 1608, Samuel de Champlain established France's first colonial settlement in New France, the Habitation de Québec (now Quebec City), in the colony of Canada (now southern Quebec). Afterwards, French explorers continued to travel west, establishing new villages along the coasts of the Saint Lawrence River. French explorers, the first of which was Étienne Brûlé who explored the Georgian Bay area in 1610–1612,[39] mapped Southern Ontario and called the region the Pays d'en Haut ("Upper Country"), in reference to the region being upstream of the Saint Lawrence River. The colony of the Pays d'en Haut was formally established in 1610 as an administrative dependency of Canada, and was for defence and business rather than a settlement colony. The territory of the Pays-d'en-Haut was quite large and would today include the province of Ontario, as well as, in whole or in part, the American states of Minnesota, Wisconsin, Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania and New York. Indigenous peoples were the vast majority of the Pays d'en Haut population.[40]
As for Northern Ontario, the English explorer Henry Hudson sailed into Hudson Bay in 1611 and claimed its drainage basin for England. The area would become known as Rupert's Land.
From 1634 to 1640, the Huron were devastated by European infectious diseases, such as measles and smallpox, to which they had no immunity.[42] By 1700, the Iroquois had been driven out or left the area that would become Ontario and the Mississaugas of the Ojibwa had settled the north shore of Lake Ontario. The remaining Huron settled north of Quebec.
During the
Province of Quebec (1763–1791)
In 1782–1784, 5,000 United Empire Loyalists entered what is now Ontario following the American Revolution.[44] The Kingdom of Great Britain granted them 200 acres (81 ha) land and other items with which to rebuild their lives.[41] The British also set up reserves in Ontario for the Mohawks who had fought for the British and had lost their land in New York state. Other Iroquois, also displaced from New York were resettled in 1784 at the Six Nations reserve at the west end of Lake Ontario. The Mississaugas, displaced by European settlements, would later move to Six Nations also.
After the American War of Independence, the first reserves for First Nations were established. These are situated at Six Nations (1784), Tyendinaga (1793) and Akwesasne (1795). Six Nations and Tyendinaga were established by the British for those Indigenous groups who had fought on the side of the British, and were expelled from the new United States. Akwesasne was a pre-existing Mohawk community and its borders were formalized under the 1795 Jay Treaty.
In 1788, while part of the province of Quebec, southern Ontario was divided into four districts: Hesse, Lunenburg, Mecklenburg, and Nassau. In 1792, the four districts were renamed: Hesse became the Western District, Lunenburg became the Eastern District, Mecklenburg became the Midland District, and Nassau became the Home District. Counties were created within the districts.
The population of Canada west of the St. Lawrence-Ottawa River confluence substantially increased during this period, a fact recognized by the Constitutional Act of 1791, which split Quebec into the Canadas: Upper Canada southwest of the St. Lawrence-Ottawa River confluence, and Lower Canada east of it.
Upper Canada (1791–1841)
By 1798, there were eight districts: Eastern, Home, Johnstown, London, Midland, Newcastle, Niagara, and Western. By 1826, there were eleven districts: Bathurst, Eastern, Gore, Home, Johnstown, London, Midland, Newcastle, Niagara, Ottawa, and Western. By 1838, there were twenty districts: Bathurst, Brock, Colbourne, Dalhousie, Eastern, Gore, Home, Huron, Johnstown, London, Midland, Newcastle, Niagara, Ottawa, Prince Edward, Simcoe, Talbot, Victoria, Wellington, and Western.
American troops in the War of 1812 invaded Upper Canada across the Niagara River and the Detroit River, but were defeated and pushed back by the British, Canadian fencibles and militias, and First Nations warriors. However, the Americans eventually gained control of Lake Erie and Lake Ontario. The 1813 Battle of York saw American troops defeat the garrison at the Upper Canada capital of York. The Americans looted the town and burned the Upper Canada Parliament Buildings during their brief occupation. The British would burn the American capital of Washington, D.C. in 1814.
After the War of 1812, relative stability allowed for increasing numbers of immigrants to arrive from Europe rather than from the United States. As was the case in the previous decades, this immigration shift was encouraged by the colonial leaders. Despite affordable and often free land, many arriving newcomers, mostly from Britain and Ireland, found frontier life with the harsh climate difficult, and some of those with the means eventually returned home or went south. However, population growth far exceeded emigration in the following decades. It was a mostly agrarian-based society, but canal projects and a new network of plank roads spurred greater trade within the colony and with the United States, thereby improving previously damaged relations over time.
Meanwhile, Ontario's numerous waterways aided travel and transportation into the interior and supplied water power for development. As the population increased, so did the industries and transportation networks, which in turn led to further development. By the end of the century, Ontario vied with Quebec as the nation's leader in terms of growth in population, industry, arts and communications.[46]
Unrest in the colony began to chafe against the aristocratic Family Compact who governed while benefiting economically from the region's resources, and who did not allow elected bodies power. This resentment spurred republican ideals and sowed the seeds for early Canadian nationalism. Accordingly, rebellion in favour of responsible government rose in both regions; Louis-Joseph Papineau led the Lower Canada Rebellion and William Lyon Mackenzie, first Toronto mayor,[47] led the Upper Canada Rebellion. In Upper Canada, the rebellion was quickly a failure. William Lyon Mackenzie escaped to the United States, where he declared the Republic of Canada on Navy Island on the Niagara River.[48]
Canada West (1841–1867)
Although both rebellions were put down in short order, the British government sent Lord Durham to investigate the causes. He recommended self-government be granted and Lower and Upper Canada be re-joined in an attempt to assimilate the French Canadians. Accordingly, the two colonies were merged into the Province of Canada by the Act of Union 1840, with the capital at Kingston, and Upper Canada becoming known as Canada West.[49] Parliamentary self-government was granted in 1848. There were heavy waves of immigration in the 1840s, and the population of Canada West more than doubled by 1851 over the previous decade. As a result, for the first time, the English-speaking population of Canada West surpassed the French-speaking population of Canada East, tilting the representative balance of power.
In 1849, the districts of southern Ontario were abolished by the Province of Canada, and county governments took over certain municipal responsibilities. The Province of Canada also began creating districts in sparsely populated Northern Ontario with the establishment of Algoma District and Nipissing District in 1858.
An economic boom in the 1850s coincided with railway expansion across the province, further increasing the economic strength of Central Canada. With the repeal of the Corn Laws and a reciprocity agreement in place with the United States, various industries such as timber, mining, farming and alcohol distilling benefited tremendously.
A political stalemate between the French- and English-speaking legislators, as well as fear of aggression from the United States during and immediately after the American Civil War, led the political elite to hold a series of conferences in the 1860s to effect a broader federal union of all British North American colonies. The British North America Act took effect on July 1, 1867, establishing the Dominion of Canada, initially with four provinces: Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Quebec and Ontario. The Province of Canada was divided into Ontario and Quebec so that each linguistic group would have its own province. Both Quebec and Ontario were required by section 93 of the British North America Act to safeguard existing educational rights and privileges of the Protestant and Catholic minorities. Thus, separate Catholic schools and school boards were permitted in Ontario. However, neither province had a constitutional requirement to protect its French- or English-speaking minority. Toronto was formally established as Ontario's provincial capital.
Canadian province (1867–present)
The borders of Ontario, its new name in 1867, were provisionally expanded north and west. When the Province of Canada was formed, its borders were not entirely clear, and Ontario claimed eventually to reach all the way to the Rocky Mountains and Arctic Ocean. With Canada's acquisition of Rupert's Land, Ontario was interested in clearly defining its borders, especially since some of the new areas in which it was interested were rapidly growing. After the federal government asked Ontario to pay for construction in the new disputed area, the province asked for an elaboration on its limits, and its boundary was moved north to the 51st parallel north.[50]
Once constituted as a province, Ontario proceeded to assert its economic and legislative power. In 1872, the lawyer Oliver Mowat became Premier of Ontario and remained as premier until 1896. He fought for provincial rights, weakening the power of the federal government in provincial matters, usually through well-argued appeals to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council. His battles with the federal government greatly decentralized Canada, giving the provinces far more power than John A. Macdonald had intended. He consolidated and expanded Ontario's educational and provincial institutions, created districts in Northern Ontario, and fought to ensure that those parts of Northwestern Ontario not historically part of Upper Canada (the vast areas north and west of the Lake Superior-Hudson Bay watershed, known as the District of Keewatin) would become part of Ontario, a victory embodied in the Canada (Ontario Boundary) Act, 1889. He also presided over the emergence of the province into the economic powerhouse of Canada. Mowat was the creator of what is often called Empire Ontario.
Beginning with Macdonald's National Policy (1879) and the construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway (1875–1885) through Northern Ontario and the Canadian Prairies to British Columbia, Ontario manufacturing and industry flourished. However, population increases slowed after a large recession hit the province in 1893, thus slowing growth drastically but for only a few years. Many newly arrived immigrants and others moved west along the railway to the Prairie Provinces and British Columbia, sparsely settling Northern Ontario.
The northern and western boundaries of Ontario were in dispute after Canadian Confederation. Ontario's right to Northwestern Ontario was determined by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in 1884 and confirmed by the Canada (Ontario Boundary) Act, 1889 of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. By 1899, there were seven northern districts: Algoma, Manitoulin, Muskoka, Nipissing, Parry Sound, Rainy River, and Thunder Bay. Four more northern districts were created between 1907 and 1912: Cochrane, Kenora, Sudbury and Timiskaming.[51]
Mineral exploitation accelerated in the late 19th century, leading to the rise of important mining centres in the northeast, such as Sudbury, Cobalt and Timmins. The province harnessed its water power to generate hydro-electric power and created the state-controlled Hydro-Electric Power Commission of Ontario, later Ontario Hydro. The availability of cheap electric power further facilitated the development of industry. The Ford Motor Company of Canada was established in 1904 and the McLaughlin Motor Car Company (later General Motors Canada) was founded in 1907. The motor vehicle industry became the most lucrative industry for the Ontario economy during the 20th century.
In July 1912, the Conservative government of James Whitney issued Regulation 17 which severely limited the availability of French-language schooling to the province's French-speaking minority. French Canadians reacted with outrage, journalist Henri Bourassa denouncing the "Prussians of Ontario". The regulation was eventually repealed in 1927.
Influenced by events in the United States, the government of William Hearst introduced prohibition of alcoholic drinks in 1916 with the passing of the Ontario Temperance Act. However, residents could distil and retain their own personal supply, and liquor producers could continue distillation and export for sale, allowing this already sizeable industry to strengthen further. Ontario became a hotbed for the illegal smuggling of liquor and the biggest supplier into the United States, which was under complete prohibition. Prohibition in Ontario came to an end in 1927 with the establishment of the Liquor Control Board of Ontario under the government of Howard Ferguson. The sale and consumption of liquor, wine, and beer are still controlled by some of the most extreme laws in North America to ensure strict community standards and revenue generation from the alcohol retail monopoly are upheld.
The post-
The nationalist movement in Quebec, particularly after the election of the Parti Québécois in 1976, contributed to driving many businesses and English-speaking people out of Quebec to Ontario, and as a result, Toronto surpassed Montreal as the largest city and economic centre of Canada.[52] Depressed economic conditions in the Maritime Provinces have also resulted in de-population of those provinces in the 20th century, with heavy migration into Ontario.[53][54]
Ontario's official language is English, although there exists a number of French-speaking communities across Ontario.[55] French-language services are made available for communities with a sizeable French-speaking population; a service that is ensured under the French Language Services Act of 1989.
Demographics
Year | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
1851 | 952,004 | — |
1861 | 1,396,091 | +46.6% |
1871 | 1,620,851 | +16.1% |
1881 | 1,926,922 | +18.9% |
1891 | 2,114,321 | +9.7% |
1901 | 2,182,947 | +3.2% |
2021 | 14,223,942 | +5.8% |
Source: Statistics Canada |
Population
In the
Ethnicity
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The percentages given below add to more than 100 per cent because of dual responses (e.g., "French and Canadian" response generates an entry both in the category "
The majority of Ontarians are of
Visible minorities and Indigenous peoples
This article is in prose. You can help by converting this article, if appropriate. Editing help is available. (July 2023) |
In 2021, 34.3% of the population consisted of
Visible minority and Indigenous population (Canada 2021 Census)[57] | |||
---|---|---|---|
Population group | Population | % | |
European[note 2] |
8,807,805 | 62.8% | |
Visible minority group | South Asian | 1,515,295 | 10.8% |
Chinese | 820,245 | 5.8% | |
Black | 768,740 | 5.5% | |
Filipino |
363,650 | 2.6% | |
Arab | 284,215 | 2.0% | |
Latin American | 249,190 | 1.8% | |
Southeast Asian | 167,845 | 1.2% | |
West Asian | 212,185 | 1.5% | |
Korean |
99,425 | 0.7% | |
Japanese | 31,420 | 0.2% | |
Visible minority, n.i.e. | 124,120 | 0.9% | |
Multiple visible minorities | 181,025 | 1.3% | |
Total visible minority population | 4,817,360 | 34.3% | |
Indigenous group | First Nations (North American Indian) | 251,030 | 1.8% |
Métis | 134,615 | 1.0% | |
Inuk (Inuit) | 4,310 | 0.0% | |
Multiple Indigenous responses | 7,115 | 0.1% | |
Indigenous responses n.i.e. | 9,515 | 0.1% | |
Total Indigenous population | 406,585 | 2.9% | |
'Total population' | '14,031,750' | '100.0%' |
Religion
In 2021, 52.1% of the population was Christian, with the largest religious denominations being the Roman Catholic Church (with 26.0% of the population) and the United Church of Canada with (4.1%). Other religions included Islam (6.7%), Hinduism (4.1%). 31.6% of Ontarians had no religious affiliation.[58]
The major religious groups in Ontario in 2021 were:
Religion | People | % |
---|---|---|
Total | 14,031,750 | 100 |
No religious affiliation | 4,433,675 | 31.6 |
Catholic | 3,654,825 | 26.0 |
Protestant | 1,893,860 | 13.5 |
Other Christians | 1,437,275 | 10.2 |
Muslim | 942,990 | 6.7 |
Hindu | 573,700 | 4.1 |
Christian Orthodox | 329,850 | 2.4 |
Sikh | 300,435 | 2.1 |
Jewish | 196,100 | 1.4 |
Buddhist | 164,215 | 1.2 |
Other religions | 104,830 | 0.7 |
In Ontario,
Language
As of the 2021 Canadian Census, the ten most spoken languages in the province included English (13,650,230 or 97.28%), French (1,550,545 or 11.05%), Mandarin (467,420 or 3.33%), Hindi (436,125 or 3.11%), Spanish (401,205 or 2.86%), Punjabi (397,865 or 2.84%), Cantonese (352,135 or 2.51%), Arabic (342,860 or 2.44%), Italian (312,800 or 2.23%), and Urdu (295,175 or 2.1%).[61][note 3]
The principal language of Ontario is English, the province's
Other languages spoken by residents include Arabic, Bengali, Cantonese, Dutch, German, Greek, Gujarati, Hindi, Hebrew, Italian, Korean, Malayalam, Mandarin, Marathi, Persian, Polish, Portuguese, Punjabi, Russian, Sinhalese, Somali, Spanish, Tagalog, Telugu, Tamil, Tibetan, Ukrainian, Urdu, and Vietnamese.[66]
Economy
Ontario is Canada's leading manufacturing province, accounting for 52% of the total national manufacturing shipments in 2004.
Mining and the forest products industry, notably
An abundance of natural resources, excellent transportation links to the North American heartland and the inland Great Lakes making ocean access possible via container ships, have all contributed to making manufacturing the principal industry of the province, found mainly in the Golden Horseshoe region, which is the largest industrialized area in Canada, the southern end of the region being part of the North American Rust Belt. Important products include motor vehicles, iron, steel, food, electrical appliances, machinery, chemicals, and paper.
Ontario surpassed Michigan in car production, assembling more than 2,696,000 vehicles in 2004. Ontario has
Toronto, the capital of Ontario, is the centre of Canada's financial services and banking industry. Neighbouring cities are home to product distribution, IT centres, and manufacturing industries. Canada's Federal Government is the largest single employer in the National Capital Region, which centres on the border cities of Ontario's Ottawa and Quebec's Gatineau.[82][83]
The
Tourism contributes heavily to the economy of Central Ontario, peaking during the summer months owing to the abundance of fresh water recreation and wilderness found there in reasonable proximity to the major urban centres. At other times of the year, hunting, skiing and snowmobiling are popular. This region has some of the most vibrant fall colour displays anywhere on the continent, and tours directed at overseas visitors are organized to see them. Tourism also plays a key role in border cities with large casinos, among them Windsor, Cornwall, Sarnia and Niagara Falls, the latter of which attracts millions of US and other international visitors.[86]
Agriculture
Once the dominant industry, agriculture now uses a small percentage of the workforce. However, much of the land in southern Ontario is given over to agriculture. As the following table shows, while the number of individual farms has steadily decreased and their overall size has shrunk at a lower rate, greater mechanization has supported increased supply to satisfy the ever-increasing demands of a growing population base; this has also meant a gradual increase in the total amount of land used for growing crops.
Ontario Farming | 1986 | 1991 | 1996 | 2001 | 2006 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number of Farms | 72,713 | 68,633 | 67,520 | 59,728 | 57,211 | |
Total | Hectares | 5,646,582 | 5,451,379 | 5,616,860 | 5,466,233 | 5,386,453 |
Acres | 13,953,009 | 13,470,652 | 13,879,565 | 13,507,358 | 13,310,217 | |
Planted Crops |
Hectares | 3,457,966 | 3,411,667 | 3,544,927 | 3,656,705 | 3,660,941 |
Acres | 8,544,821 | 8,430,438 | 8,759,707 | 9,035,916 | 9,046,383 | |
Source: Statistics Canada, Census of Agriculture.[87] |
Common types of farms reported in the 2001 census include those for cattle, small grains and dairy. The fruit- and wine industry is primarily on the Niagara Peninsula, Prince Edward County, and along the northern shore of Lake Erie, where tobacco farms are also situated. Market vegetables grow in the rich soils of the Holland Marsh near Newmarket. The area near Windsor is also very fertile. The Heinz plant in Leamington was taken over in these autumn of 2013 by Warren Buffett and a Brazilian partner, following which it put 740 people out of work.[88] Government subsidies followed shortly; Premier Kathleen Wynne offered CAD$200,000 to cushion the blow, and promised that another processed-food operator would soon be found.[89] On December 10, 2013, Kellogg's announced layoffs for more than 509 workers at a cereal manufacture plant in London.[90]
The area defined as the Corn Belt covers much of the southwestern area of the province, extending as far north as close to Goderich, but corn and soy are grown throughout the southern portion of the province. Apple orchards are a common sight along the southern shore of Nottawasaga Bay (part of Georgian Bay) near Collingwood and along the northern shore of Lake Ontario near Cobourg. Tobacco production, centred in Norfolk County, has decreased, allowing an increase in alternative crops such as hazelnuts and ginseng. The Ontario origins of Massey Ferguson, once one of the largest farm-implement manufacturers in the world, indicate the importance agriculture once[citation needed] had to the Canadian economy.
Southern Ontario's limited supply of agricultural land is going out of production at an increasing rate. Urban sprawl and farmland severances contribute to the loss of thousands of acres of productive agricultural land in Ontario each year. Over 2,000 farms and 150,000 acres (61,000 ha) of farmland in the GTA alone were lost to production in the two decades between 1976 and 1996. This loss represented approximately 18%". of Ontario's Class 1 farmland being converted to urban purposes. In addition, increasing rural severances provide ever-greater interference with agricultural production.[91] In an effort to protect the farmland and green spaces of the National Capital Region, and Greater Toronto Area, the Federal[92] and Provincial Governments introduced greenbelts around Ottawa[93] and the Golden Horseshoe, limiting urban development in these areas.[94]
Energy
Ontario's rivers make it rich in hydroelectric energy.
Despite its diverse range of power options, problems related to increasing consumption, lack of energy efficiency and ageing nuclear reactors, Ontario has been forced in recent years to purchase power from its neighbours Quebec and Michigan to supplement its power needs during peak consumption periods. Ontario's basic domestic rate in 2010 was 11.17 cents per kWh; by contrast. Quebec's was 6.81.[98] In December 2013, the government projected a 42 percent hike by 2018, and 68 percent by 2033.[97] Industrial rates are projected to rise by 33% by 2018, and 55% in 2033.[97]
The Green Energy and Green Economy Act, 2009 (GEA), takes a two-pronged approach to commercializing renewable energy; first, it aims to bring more renewable energy sources to the province; and secondly, it aims to adopt more energy-efficiency measures to help conserve energy. The bill envisaged appointing a Renewable Energy Facilitator to provide "one-window" assistance and support to project developers to facilitate project approvals.[99]
The approvals process for transmission projects would also be streamlined and (for the first time in Ontario) the bill would enact standards for renewable energy projects. Homeowners would have access to incentives to develop small-scale renewables such as low- or no-interest loans to finance the capital cost of renewable energy generating facilities like solar panels.[99]
Ontario is home to Niagara Falls, which supplies a large amount of electricity to the province. The Bruce Nuclear Generating Station, the second largest operational nuclear power plant in the world, is also in Ontario and uses 8 CANDU reactors to generate electricity for the province.
Ontario had the most
Government, law and politics
The British North America Act 1867 section 69 stipulated "There shall be a Legislature for Ontario consisting of the Lieutenant Governor and of One House, styled the Legislative Assembly of Ontario." The assembly currently has 124 seats (increased from 107 as of the 42nd Ontario general election) representing ridings elected in a first-past-the-post system across the province.
The legislative buildings at
Although the Legislative Assembly Act (R.S.O. 1990) refers to "members of the assembly", the legislators are now commonly called MPPs (
Law
Ontario has grown, from its roots in
Politics
Ontario has numerous political parties which run for election. The four main parties are the centre-right Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario, the social democratic Ontario New Democratic Party (NDP), the centre to centre-left Ontario Liberal Party, and Green Party of Ontario. The Progressive Conservatives, Liberals and New Democrats have each governed the province, while the Greens elected their first member to the Legislative Assembly in 2018.
The 2018 provincial election resulted in a Progressive Conservative majority government under party leader Doug Ford, who was sworn in as Premier on June 29. Ontario NDP leader Andrea Horwath was sworn in as the leader of her Majesty's Loyal Opposition.
Administrative divisions
Ontario has three types of
Administrative divisions differ primarily in the services that they provide to their residents, with the differing structures of these administrative regions resulting in disparities among Ontario's different regions. The administrative regions of Ontario are roughly coterminous with the census divisions used by Statistics Canada, although some exceptions do exist.[note 5]
Urban areas
Statistics Canada's measure of a "metro area", the
CMA (largest other included municipalities in brackets) | 2001 | 2006 | 2011 | 2016 | % Change |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Toronto CMA (Mississauga, Brampton) | 4,682,897 | 5,113,149 | 5,583,064 | 5,928,040 | 6.2 |
Ottawa CMA (Gatineau, Clarence-Rockland) * | 1,067,800 | 1,130,761 | 1,254,919 | 1,323,783 | 4.4 |
Hamilton CMA (Burlington, Grimsby) | 662,401 | 692,911 | 721,053 | 747,545 | 3.7 |
Kitchener CMA (Cambridge, Waterloo) | 414,284 | 451,235 | 496,383 | 523,894 | 5.5 |
London CMA (St. Thomas, Strathroy-Caradoc) | 435,600 | 457,720 | 474,786 | 494,069 | 4.1 |
St. Catharines CMA (Niagara Falls, Welland) | 377,009 | 390,317 | 392,184 | 406,074 | 3.5 |
Oshawa CMA (Whitby, Clarington) | 296,298 | 330,594 | 356,177 | 379,848 | 6.6 |
Windsor CMA (Lakeshore, LaSalle) | 307,877 | 323,342 | 319,246 | 329,144 | 3.1 |
Barrie CMA (Innisfil, Springwater) | 148,480 | 177,061 | 187,013 | 197,059 | 5.4 |
Sudbury CMA (Whitefish Lake, Wanapitei Reserve) | 155,601 | 158,258 | 160,770 | 164,689 | 1.0 |
Kingston CMA | 146,838 | 152,358 | 159,561 | 161,175 | 1.0 |
*Parts of Quebec (including Gatineau) are included in the Ottawa CMA. The population of the Ottawa CMA, in both provinces, is shown. The Ontario portion of the CMA is about 75% of the total population of the CMA.[106]
- Ten largest municipalities by population[107]
Municipality | 2001 | 2006 | 2011 | 2016 | 2021 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Toronto | 2,481,494 | 2,503,281 | 2,615,060 | 2,731,571 | 2,794,356 |
Ottawa | 774,072 | 812,129 | 883,391 | 934,243 | 1,017,449 |
Mississauga | 612,925 | 668,549 | 713,443 | 721,599 | 717,961 |
Brampton | 325,428 | 433,806 | 523,911 | 593,638 | 656,480 |
Hamilton | 490,268 | 504,559 | 519,949 | 536,917 | 569,353 |
London | 336,539 | 352,395 | 366,151 | 383,822 | 422,324 |
Markham | 208,615 | 261,573 | 301,709 | 328,996 | 338,503 |
Vaughan | 182,022 | 238,866 | 288,301 | 306,233 | 323,103 |
Kitchener | 190,399 | 204,668 | 219,153 | 233,222 | 256,885 |
Windsor | 209,218 | 216,473 | 210,891 | 217,188 | 229,660 |
Education
In Canada, education falls under provincial jurisdiction. Publicly funded elementary and secondary schools are administered by the
Higher education
Higher education in Ontario includes post-secondary education and skills training regulated by the
Culture
Outdoor recreation is popular in Ontario and the region is home to numerous cultural events and festivals. There is no single regional dish in Ontario. Local fish and wild game, such as walleye and moose, are sometimes consumed. Poutine, a dish that originated in Quebec, is also popular in Ontario.
In 2019, the government of Ontario passed legislation that established the Poet Laureate of Ontario.[114]
Museums
The largest museum in both Ontario and Canada is the
Music and arts
Ontario has a particularly prominent role in
Media
As of 2022[update], Ontario has 357 newspapers, 32 of which are
Songs and slogans
In 1973, the first slogan to appear on licence plates in Ontario was "Keep It Beautiful". This was replaced by "Yours to Discover" in 1982,[143] which was originally used as a tourism slogan beginning in 1980.[144] Plates with the French equivalent, Tant à découvrir, were made available to the public beginning in May 2008.[145] (From 1988 to 1990,[146] "Ontario Incredible"[147] gave "Yours to Discover" a brief respite.) In 2020, as part of a licence plate redesign, the slogan was changed to "A Place to Grow," inspired by the song A Place to Stand, a Place to Grow. This decision was reversed in the same year, due to visibility concerns.[148][149] The slogan on licence plates remains "Yours to Discover".[150]
Professional sports
The province has professional sports teams in baseball, basketball, Canadian football, ice hockey, lacrosse, rugby league, rugby union and soccer.
Notable residents
Transportation
Transportation in Ontario is under the purview of the Ministry of Transportation of Ontario and Transport Canada. Infrastructure and laws relating to road transport is the responsibility of the Ministry of Transportation, while infrastructure and laws relating to air, rail and marine transport is the responsibility of Transport Canada.[153][154]
Air travel
As of October 2023[update], there are two Transport Canada designated international airports in Ontario[155] They are Toronto Pearson International Airport, the busiest airport in Canada,[156] handling almost 35 million passengers in 2022[157] and Ottawa Macdonald–Cartier International Airport, Ontario's second largest airport, handling over 2.5 million passengers in 2022.[157] In addition to airports in Ottawa, and Toronto, the province also operates 11 other airports of entry.[158]
A number of Ontario cities also have regional airports,
Railways
Via Rail operates the inter-regional passenger train service on the Quebec City–Windsor Corridor,[164] along with The Canadian, a transcontinental rail service from Southern Ontario to Vancouver,[165] and the Sudbury–White River train.[166] Additionally, Amtrak rail connects Ontario with key New York cities including Buffalo, Albany, and New York City.[167] Ontario Northland provides rail service to destinations as far north as Moosonee near James Bay, connecting them with the south.[168] Regional commuter rail is limited to the provincially owned GO Transit, and serves a train-bus network spanning the Golden Horseshoe region, with Union Station in Toronto serving as the transport hub.[169][170]
Freight rail is dominated by the founding cross-country Canadian National Railway and Canadian Pacific Kansas City (formerly CP Rail) companies.[171] As of 2021, there are 19,979 km of railways in operation.[172]
There are several city rail-transit systems in the Province. The Toronto Transit Commission operates subways, as well as streetcars (being one of the busiest streetcar systems in North America). OC Transpo operates a light rail metro system in Ottawa.[173] In addition, Waterloo region operates a surface light rail system called Ion.[174] Construction on light rail lines, such as the Hurontario LRT, are also underway in the Regional Municipality of Peel, and are expected to be completed by late 2024.[175][176][177]
Roads
Waterways
The
See also
Notes
- ^ in weekly circulation
- ^ Ontario is located in the geographic eastern half of Canada, but it has historically and politically been considered to be part of Central Canada.[10]
- ^ Statistic includes all persons that did not make up part of a visible minority or an indigenous identity.
- ^ The question on knowledge of languages allows for multiple responses.
- ^ The following figure is taken from the province's "Inclusive Definition of Francophones", (IDF) which includes those whose mother tongue is French, and those whose mother tongue is not French, but have proficiency in the language, and use French as the primary language at home.
- ^ Statistics Canada treats Norfolk County and Haldimand County as one single census division; the County of Brant and City of Brantford are also treated as one single census division. There would otherwise be 51 census divisions instead of the 49 official ones used by Statistics Canada.
- ^ As of 2011, domestic and international tonnage
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Further reading
- Beckett, Harry (2001). Ontario. ISBN 978-1-894705-04-2. Archivedfrom the original on June 13, 2021. Retrieved October 19, 2020.
- White, Randall (1985). Ontario, 1610–1985 : a political and economic history. Dundurn Press. ISBN 978-0-919670-98-3.
Ontario.
- Montigny, Edgar-André; Chambers, Anne Lorene (2000). Ontario since Confederation : a reader. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-4444-0. Archivedfrom the original on June 13, 2021. Retrieved October 19, 2020.
- Celebrating One Thousand Years of Ontario's History: Proceedings of the Celebrating One Thousand Years of Ontario's History Symposium, April 14, 15 and 16, 2000. Ontario Historical Society, 2000. 343 pp.
- Baskerville, Peter A. Sites of Power: A Concise History of Ontario. Oxford U. Press., 2005. 296 pp. (first edition was Ontario: Image, Identity and Power, 2002) online review.
- Chambers, Lori, and Edgar-Andre Montigny, eds. Ontario Since Confederation: A Reader (2000), articles by scholars.
- Winfield, Mark S. Blue-Green Province: The Environment and the Political Economy of Ontario (University of British Columbia Press; 2012) 296 pages; environmental policies since 1945.
External links
- Definitions from Wiktionary
- Media from Commons
- News from Wikinews
- Recipes from Wikibooks
- Travel information from Wikivoyage
- Government of Ontario
- Tourism Ontario Archived April 21, 2021, at the Wayback Machine
- Ontario at Curlie
- Ontario Visual Heritage Project Archived July 6, 2011, at the Wayback Machine – Non-profit documentary project about Ontario's history
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