Lincoln, England
Lincoln
Lindon, Lindum Colonia | ||
---|---|---|
Cathedral city and non-metropolitan district | ||
City of Lincoln | ||
Nickname(s): Tank Town,[1] | ||
Coordinates: 53°13′42″N 0°32′20″W / 53.22833°N 0.53889°W | ||
Sovereign state | United Kingdom | |
Country | England | |
Region | East Midlands | |
Ceremonial county | Lincolnshire | |
City status | 1072 | |
Incorporated | 1 April 1974 | |
Administrative centre | Guildhall and Stonebow | |
Areas of the city (2011 census BUASD) | List
| |
Government | ||
• Type | Leadership Leader and cabinet | |
• Executive | Labour | |
• Mayor | Biff Bean (Lab) | |
• Council Leader | Ric Metcalfe (Lab) | |
Area | ||
• City and District | 13.78 sq mi (35.69 km2) | |
Population | ||
• City and District | 103,813 | |
• Rank | 235th (of 296) | |
• Density | 1,780/sq mi (687/km2) | |
• Urban | 130,200 | |
• Metro | 189,000[2] | |
Demonym(s) | Lincolnian, Lincolnite, Lincolner | |
Ethnicity (2021) | ||
• Ethnic groups | ||
Religion (2021) | ||
• Religion | List
| |
OS grid reference | SK9771 | |
Primary airports | Humberside, East Midlands | |
Councillors | 33 | |
Member of Parliament | Karl McCartney (Con) | |
Website | www |
Lincoln (
Roman Lindum Colonia developed from an Iron Age settlement of Britons on the River Witham, near the Fosse Way road. Over time its name was shortened to Lincoln, after successive settlements, including by Saxons and Danes. Landmarks include Lincoln Cathedral (English Gothic architecture; for over 200 years the world's tallest building) and the 11th-century Norman Lincoln Castle. The city hosts the University of Lincoln, Bishop Grosseteste University, Lincoln City F.C. and Lincoln United F.C. Lincoln is the largest settlement in Lincolnshire, with the towns of Grimsby second largest and Scunthorpe third.
History
Earliest history
The earliest origins of Lincoln can be traced to remains of an Iron Age settlement of round wooden dwellings, discovered by archaeologists in 1972, which have been dated to the 1st century BCE.[7] It was built by Brayford Pool on the River Witham at the foot of a large hill, on which the Normans later built Lincoln Cathedral and Lincoln Castle.
The name Lincoln may come from this period, when the settlement is thought to have been named in the
Lindum Colonia
The Romans conquered this part of Britain in 48 CE and soon built a legionary fortress high on a hill overlooking the natural lake, Brayford Pool, formed by the widening of the River Witham, and the northern end of the
The conversion to a colonia occurred when the legion moved on to York (Eboracum) in 71 CE. Lindum colonia or more fully, Colonia Domitiana Lindensium, after the then Emperor Domitian, was set up within the walls of the hilltop fortress by extending it with about an equal area, down the hillside to the waterside.
It became a flourishing settlement accessible from the sea through the
Lincylene
Germanic tribes from the North Sea area settled Lincolnshire in the 5th to 6th centuries. The Latin Lindum Colonia shrank in Old English to Lindocolina, then to Lincylene.[10]
After the first
Green cloth
During
By 1150, Lincoln was among the wealthiest towns in England, based economically on cloth and wool exported to Flanders; Lincoln weavers had set up a guild in 1130 to produce Lincoln Cloth, especially the fine dyed "scarlet" and "green", whose reputation was later enhanced by the legendary Robin Hood wearing woollens of Lincoln green. In the Guildhall, surmounting the city gate called the Stonebow, the ancient Council Chamber contains Lincoln's civic insignia, a fine collection of civic regalia.
Outside the precincts of cathedral and castle, the old quarter clustered round the Bailgate and down
Lincoln was home to one of five main Jewish communities in England, well established before it was officially noted in 1154. In 1190, anti-Semitic riots that started in King's Lynn, Norfolk, spread to Lincoln; the Jewish community took refuge with royal officials, but their homes were plundered. The so-called House of Aaron has a two-storey street frontage that is essentially 12th century and the nearby Jew's House likewise bears witness to the Jewish population.[14][15][16] In 1255, the affair called "The Libel of Lincoln" in which prominent Lincoln Jews, accused of ritual murder of a Christian boy (Little Saint Hugh of Lincoln in medieval folklore) were sent to the Tower of London and 18 executed.[16] The Jews were all expelled in 1290.[16]
Thirteenth-century Lincoln was England's third largest city and a favourite of more than one king. In the First Barons' War it was caught in the strife between the king and rebel barons allied with the French. Here and at Dover the French and Rebel army was defeated. Thereafter the town was pillaged for having sided with Prince Louis.[17] In the Second Barons' War, of 1266, the disinherited rebels attacked the Jews of Lincoln, ransacked the synagogue and burned the records that registered debts.[18]
Decline, dissolution and damage
Some historians have the city's fortunes declining from the 14th century, but others argue that it remained buoyant in trade and communications well into the 15th. In 1409, the city became a county corporate: the County of the City of Lincoln, formerly part of the West Riding of Lindsey since at least the time of the Domesday Book. Additional rights were then conferred by successive monarchs, including those of an assay town (controlling metal manufacturing, for example).[19] The oldest surviving secular drama in English, The Interlude of the Student and the Girl (c. 1300), may have originated from Lincoln.
Lincoln's
The dissolution of the monasteries cut Lincoln's main source of diocesan income and dried up the network of patronage controlled by the bishop. Seven monasteries closed in the city alone, as did several nearby abbeys, which further diminished the region's political power. A symbol of Lincoln's economic and political decline came in 1549, when the cathedral's great spire rotted and collapsed and was not replaced. However, the comparative poverty of post-medieval Lincoln preserved pre-medieval structures that would probably have been lost under more prosperous conditions.
Between 1642 and 1651 in the English Civil War, Lincoln was on a frontier between the Royalist and Parliamentary forces and changed hands several times.[21] Many buildings were badly damaged. Lincoln now had no major industry and no easy access to the sea. It suffered as the rest of the country was beginning to prosper in the early 18th century, travellers often commenting on what had essentially become a one-street town.[21]
Revolutions
By the Georgian era, Lincoln's fortunes began to pick up, thanks in part to the Agricultural Revolution. Reopening of the Foss Dyke canal eased imports of coal and other raw materials vital to industry. Along with the economic growth of Lincoln in this period, the city boundaries were spread to include the West Common. To this day, an annual Beat the Boundaries walk takes place along its perimeter.
Coupled with the arrival of railway links, Lincoln boomed again during the
It was also around this time that the town’s name became overshadowed in the world’s consciousness by a different meaning of the word “Lincoln”: namely, U. S. President Abraham Lincoln, who led his country through their brutal Civil War and succeeded in abolishing all slavery within its borders. Abraham Lincoln’s surname does trace back to the English town of Lincoln, but his family had migrated to America long before his birth.[22] Many locations in the U. S. now bear the name Lincoln, such as Lincoln, Nebraska. But the shared name with England’s Lincoln is only coincidental, as the U. S. place names were named in honor of Abraham Lincoln.
A permanent military presence came with the 1857 completion of the "Old Barracks" (now held by the Museum of Lincolnshire Life). They were replaced by the "New Barracks" (now Sobraon Barracks) in 1890, when Lincoln Drill Hall in Broadgate also opened.[23][24]
20th and 21st centuries
Lincoln was hit by
In the two
In World War II 26 high explosive bombs were dropped on the city, with around 500 incendiary bombs, over five occasions, with eight people killed. 50 houses were destroyed, with the worst night being 9 May 1941.[31] Also much damage occurred in the Dixon Street area on Friday 15 January 1943.[32] Two parachute mines landed in fields on South Common on the night of 19 November 1940, which exploded and broke many windows in the town, but with no more damage.[33] n 8 May 1941, nine high explosive bombs were dropped on around Westwick Gardens in Boultham Park, east of the former Ancaster High School, killing three people.[34]
Ruston & Hornsby produced diesel engines for ships and locomotives, then by teaming up with former colleagues of Frank Whittle and Power Jets Ltd, in the early 1950s, R & H (which became RGT) opened the first production line for gas turbine engines for land-based and sea-based energy production. Its success made it the city's largest single employer, providing over 5,000 jobs in its factory and research facilities, making it a rich takeover target for industrial conglomerates. It was subsumed by English Electric in November 1966, which was then bought by GEC in 1968, with diesel engine production being transferred to the Ruston Diesels Division in Newton-le-Willows, Lancashire, at the former Vulcan Foundry.
Pelham Works merged with
Lincoln's second largest private employer is James Dawson and Son, a belting and hose maker founded in the late 19th century. Its two sites are in Tritton Road. The main one, next to the University of Lincoln, used Lincoln's last coal-fired boiler until it was replaced by gas in July 2018.
New suburbs appeared after 1945, but heavy industry declined towards the end of the 20th century. Much development, notably around the Brayford area, has followed the construction of the University of Lincoln's Brayford Campus, which opened in 1996.[38] In 2012, Bishop Grosseteste teaching college was also awarded university status.
Economy
34 per cent of Lincoln's workforce are in public administration, education and health; distribution, restaurants and hotels account for 25 per cent.[39]
Industrial relics like
Like many other cities, Lincoln has a growing
Lincoln is the hub for settlements such as Welton, Saxilby, Skellingthorpe and Washingborough, which look to it for most services and employment needs. Added they raise the population to 165,000.[42] Lincoln is the main centre for jobs and facilities in Central Lincolnshire and performs a regional role over much of Lincolnshire and parts of Nottinghamshire. According to a document entitled "Central Lincolnshire Local Plan Core Strategy", Lincoln has a "travel-to-work" area with a population of about 300,000.[42] In 2021, Lincoln City Council joined the UK's Key Cities network to help the city's public sector.[43][44]
The University of Lincoln and Lincoln's colleges contributes to the cities growth in the small firms, services, restaurants and entertainment venues. A small business unit next door to a student accommodation, the Think Tank, opened in June 2009.[45] Some entertainment venues linked to the university include The Engine Shed and The Venue Cinema. Its presence has also built-up the area around the Brayford Pool.
Tourism
The city is a tourist centre for visitors to historic buildings that include the cathedral, the castle and the medieval Bishop's Palace.
The Collection, of which the Usher Gallery is now part, is an important attraction, partly in a purpose-built venue. It currently contains over 2,000,000 objects, and was one of the four finalists for the 2006 Gulbenkian Prize. Any material from official archaeological excavations in Lincolnshire is eventually deposited there. Other attractions include the Museum of Lincolnshire Life and the International Bomber Command Centre.
Tranquil destinations close by are
.Early each December the Bailgate area holds a
Demographics
Ethnicity
In the 2021 census, the population of Lincoln district was 103,813.
15.1% of the people living in Lincoln were born outside of the UK, of which 9.6% are from ‘other European countries’. The most common countries of birth aside from the UK are Poland at 2.6%, Romania at 1.4%, and Lithuania at 1.1%.[49]
Lincoln: Ethnicity: 2021 Census[50] | |||||||||||||
Ethnic group | Population | % | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
White | 95,665 | 92.2% | |||||||||||
Asian or Asian British | 3,347 | 3.5% | |||||||||||
Mixed | 2,068 | 2% | |||||||||||
Black or Black British | 1,466 | 1.4% | |||||||||||
Arab | 320 | 0.3% | |||||||||||
Other Ethnic Group | 948 | 0.9% | |||||||||||
Total | 103,813 | 100% |
Religious sites
Lincoln is home to many active and former churches.[51] These serve the city centre and outer suburbs of the city and urban area.[52] Lincoln Central Mosque and Cultural Centre is on Dixon Street. The city has no Sikh or Hindu temples, with the nearest ones being in Scunthorpe, Grimsby, Nottingham and Doncaster. The Jewish Lincoln Synagogue is on Steep Hill, in the ancient building, Jews' Court, which is believed to be the site of the original medieval synagogue.[53][54][55] There is also an international temple on James Street.[citation needed]
Churches in the city include:
Cathedral
Construction of the first Lincoln Cathedral within a close or walled precinct facing the castle began when the see was removed from the quiet backwater of
The Lincoln bishops were among the magnates of medieval England. The Diocese of Lincoln, the largest in England, had more monasteries than the rest of England put together, and the diocese was supported by large estates. When Magna Carta was drawn up in 1215, one of the witnesses was Hugh of Wells, Bishop of Lincoln. One of only four surviving originals of the document is preserved in Lincoln Castle.
Among the famous bishops of Lincoln were
The administrative centre was the Bishop's Palace, the third element in the central complex. When built in the late 12th century by Hugh of Lincoln, the Bishop's Palace was one of the most important buildings in England. Its East Hall over a vaulted undercroft is the earliest surviving example of a roofed domestic hall. The chapel range and entrance tower were built by Bishop William of Alnwick, who modernised the palace in the 1430s. Both Henry VIII and James I were guests there. The palace was sacked in 1648 by royalist troops during the civil war.
Geography and environment
Lincoln lies at an altitude of 67 ft (20.4 m) by the River Witham up to 246 ft (75.0 m) on Castle Hill. It fills a gap in the
Uphill and Downhill
Due to the variation in altitude, which presents something of an obstacle, Lincoln is divided informally into two zones: uphill and downhill.
The uphill area comprises the northern part of the city, on top of the Lincoln Cliff (to the north of the gap). This includes the historical quarter, including Lincoln Cathedral, Lincoln Castle and the Medieval Bishop's Palace, known locally as The Bail (though described in tourist literature as the Cathedral Quarter).[64] It also has residential suburbs to the north and north-east. The downhill area comprises the city centre and suburbs to the south and south-west. Steep Hill is a narrow, pedestrian street directly connecting the two. It passes through an archway known as the Stonebow.
This divide, peculiar to Lincoln, was once an important class distinction, with uphill more affluent and downhill less so. The distinction dates from the time of the
Ecology
The mute swan is an iconic species for Lincoln. Many pairs nest each year beside the Brayford, and they feature on the university's heraldic emblem. Other bird life within the city includes peregrine falcon, tawny owl and common kingfisher.[65][66]
Mammals on the city edges include red fox, roe deer and least weasel.[67] European perch, northern pike and bream are among fishes seen in the Witham and Brayford.[68] Nature reserves around the city include Greetwell Hollow SSSI, Swanholme SSSI, Whisby Nature Park, Boultham Mere and Hartsholme Country Park.
Since 2016, little egrets have nested in the Birchwood area and otters appeared in the River Witham. Both are native to Britain and repopulating the area after near extermination.[69][70]
Several invasive species of plants and animals have reached Lincoln.
Built-up area
The Lincoln built-up area extends outside of the city boundaries and includes the town of North Hykeham and the villages of Bracebridge, Bracebridge Heath, Canwick, South Hykeham and Waddington. It had a population of 115,000 according to the 2011 census.[71]
Climate
Lincoln has a typical East Midland
Climate data for Waddington,[a] elevation: 68 m (223 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1948–present | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 14.2 (57.6) |
17.4 (63.3) |
22.4 (72.3) |
27.0 (80.6) |
27.8 (82.0) |
32.4 (90.3) |
40.3 (104.5) |
34.8 (94.6) |
30.0 (86.0) |
29.2 (84.6) |
17.8 (64.0) |
15.5 (59.9) |
40.3 (104.5) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 7.0 (44.6) |
7.7 (45.9) |
10.2 (50.4) |
13.1 (55.6) |
16.3 (61.3) |
19.1 (66.4) |
21.6 (70.9) |
21.4 (70.5) |
18.3 (64.9) |
14.1 (57.4) |
9.9 (49.8) |
7.2 (45.0) |
13.9 (57.0) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 4.3 (39.7) |
4.7 (40.5) |
6.6 (43.9) |
9.0 (48.2) |
12.0 (53.6) |
14.8 (58.6) |
17.1 (62.8) |
17.0 (62.6) |
14.4 (57.9) |
10.9 (51.6) |
7.1 (44.8) |
4.6 (40.3) |
10.2 (50.4) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 1.6 (34.9) |
1.7 (35.1) |
3.0 (37.4) |
4.9 (40.8) |
7.6 (45.7) |
10.5 (50.9) |
12.7 (54.9) |
12.6 (54.7) |
10.5 (50.9) |
7.6 (45.7) |
4.3 (39.7) |
2.0 (35.6) |
6.6 (43.9) |
Record low °C (°F) | −13.8 (7.2) |
−15.6 (3.9) |
−11.1 (12.0) |
−4.7 (23.5) |
−2.0 (28.4) |
0.0 (32.0) |
3.3 (37.9) |
3.9 (39.0) |
0.0 (32.0) |
−3.2 (26.2) |
−6.7 (19.9) |
−14.0 (6.8) |
−15.6 (3.9) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 47.6 (1.87) |
38.4 (1.51) |
36.4 (1.43) |
44.3 (1.74) |
47.0 (1.85) |
60.3 (2.37) |
60.3 (2.37) |
58.3 (2.30) |
52.0 (2.05) |
61.4 (2.42) |
56.9 (2.24) |
51.9 (2.04) |
614.8 (24.20) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 10.6 | 9.0 | 8.6 | 8.9 | 8.9 | 9.3 | 9.2 | 9.3 | 8.7 | 10.7 | 11.6 | 10.7 | 115.5 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
86 | 84 | 80 | 79 | 77 | 77 | 77 | 79 | 80 | 84 | 85 | 87 | 81 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 62.2 | 86.0 | 125.6 | 168.2 | 211.6 | 190.8 | 206.3 | 192.0 | 146.7 | 109.3 | 71.3 | 61.3 | 1,631.2 |
Source 1: NOAA (Relative humidity 1961–1990)[78]
| |||||||||||||
Source 2: KNMI[79] |
Climate data for Scampton,[b] elevation: 57 m (187 ft), 1991–2020 normals | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 6.9 (44.4) |
7.7 (45.9) |
10.2 (50.4) |
13.2 (55.8) |
16.2 (61.2) |
19.1 (66.4) |
21.6 (70.9) |
21.4 (70.5) |
18.4 (65.1) |
14.1 (57.4) |
9.8 (49.6) |
7.0 (44.6) |
13.8 (56.8) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 4.0 (39.2) |
3.9 (39.0) |
6.3 (43.3) |
8.7 (47.7) |
11.6 (52.9) |
14.5 (58.1) |
16.8 (62.2) |
16.7 (62.1) |
14.1 (57.4) |
10.6 (51.1) |
6.6 (43.9) |
4.1 (39.4) |
9.9 (49.8) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 1.1 (34.0) |
1.0 (33.8) |
2.3 (36.1) |
4.1 (39.4) |
7.0 (44.6) |
10.0 (50.0) |
12.1 (53.8) |
12.0 (53.6) |
9.8 (49.6) |
7.0 (44.6) |
3.6 (38.5) |
1.1 (34.0) |
5.9 (42.6) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 48.9 (1.93) |
38.6 (1.52) |
35.9 (1.41) |
44.5 (1.75) |
45.8 (1.80) |
65.0 (2.56) |
58.8 (2.31) |
57.4 (2.26) |
53.0 (2.09) |
58.2 (2.29) |
59.9 (2.36) |
53.5 (2.11) |
619.4 (24.39) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 10.6 | 9.5 | 8.8 | 9.0 | 8.9 | 9.6 | 9.6 | 9.4 | 9.4 | 10.4 | 11.9 | 11.0 | 118.1 |
Source: Met Office[80] |
Transport
Rail
is located in the southwestern suburbs and is served by local trains on the line to Newark.The city was previously served by three other railway lines: the Lincolnshire loop line,[81] the Lancashire, Derbyshire and East Coast Railway[82] and the Grantham and Lincoln railway line[83] Trains on the Newark line formerly stopped at Lincoln St Marks, a separate station to the south, until they were diverted to the current station in 1985. Its site is now part of a shopping park.[84]
Road
The city lies on the A57, A46, A15 and A158 roads. These bring high levels of through traffic and bypasses have been built. To the north west is the £19-million A46 bypass opened in December 1985. On 19 December 2020 the £122-million A15 Eastern bypass was completed.[85] A southern bypass, the North Hykeham relief road, is due to start construction in 2025 and will be the final section of a complete ring road around the city.[86]
Until the 1980s, two trunk roads passed through Lincoln: the A46 and A15, both feeding traffic along the High Street. At the intersection of Guildhall Street and the High Street, the roads met at the termination of the A57. North of the city centre, the former A15 (
Air
East Midlands Airport, 43 miles from Lincoln, is the main international airport serving the county. It mainly handles European flights with low-cost airlines. Humberside Airport, 29 miles north of Lincoln, is the only airport located in the county. It has a small number of flights mainly to hub airports such as Amsterdam. From 2005 until 2022, Doncaster Sheffield Airport also served Lincoln.
Education
Higher education
The older of Lincoln's two higher education institutions,
The larger
The name changed to the University of Lincoln in September 2002. In the 2021–2022 academic year, a total of 18,705 university students studied in the city.[88]
Further education
Further education in Lincoln is provided by Lincoln College, Lincolnshire's largest education institution with 18,500 students, 2,300 of them full-time.[89] There is a specialist creative college, Access Creative, offering courses in music, media and games design to some 180 students, all full-time.[90]
Schools
The school system in Lincoln is anomalous within Lincolnshire despite being part of the same
In 1952, William Farr School was founded in Welton, a nearby village. Lincoln itself had four single-sex grammar schools until September 1974.
The Lincolnshire LEA was ranked 32nd in the country based on its proportion of pupils attaining at least 5 A–C grades at GCSE including maths and English (62.2% compared with a national average of 58.2%).[91]
There are four special-needs schools in Lincoln: Fortuna Primary School (5–11 year olds), Sincil Sports College (11–16), St Christopher's School (3–16) and St Francis Community Special School (2–18).
Media
The local newspaper, the Lincolnshire Echo, was founded in 1894. Local radio stations are BBC Radio Lincolnshire on 94.9 FM, its commercial rival Greatest Hits Radio Lincolnshire on 102.2FM (formerly held by Lincs FM, but continues on DAB) and Lincoln City Radio on 103.6 FM a community radio station catering mainly for listeners over 50.[92] The Lincolnite is an online mobile publication covering the greater-Lincoln area.[93] Local listeners can also receive Siren FM, on 107.3 FM from the University of Lincoln.
The student publication The Linc[94] is available online and in print and targets the University of Lincoln's student population.
Local TV coverage is provided by BBC Yorkshire and Lincolnshire and ITV Yorkshire which is received from the Belmont TV transmitter. The Waltham TV transmitter can also be received in the city that broadcast BBC East Midlands and ITV Central.
Sport
Lincoln's professional
Lincoln City was the first club managed by
Lincoln is also home to
Lincoln hosts upcoming sports facilities such
Two short-lived greyhound racing tracks were opened by Lincolnshire Greyhound Racing Association. One was the Highfield track in Hykeham Road, which opened on 13 September 1931, and the second the Lincoln Speedway on the Rope Walk, which opened on 4 June 1932.[98] Racing at both was independent, as they were "flapping" tracks unaffiliated to the sport's governing body, the National Greyhound Racing Club.[99][100]
Notable people
In alphabetical order:
- Aaron of Lincoln (c. 1125–1186), medieval Jewish financier
- Marlon Beresford (born 1969), professional footballer.
- Gary Blades (born 1980), professional darts player competing in the Professional Darts Corporation
- George Boole (1815–1864), mathematician, developer of Boolean logic, born in Lincoln in 1815[101]
- Peter Buravytskiy (born 2001), trampoline gymnast
- William Byrd (c. 1539–40 or 1543–1623), composer, organist attached to Lincoln Cathedral from 1563 to 1572
- George Francis Carline (1855–1920), artist, born in Lincoln
- Jamie Clapham (born 1975), former professional footballer. He currently a first-team coach at Barnsley F.C.
- Sam Clucas (born 1990), footballer, who currently plays with Stoke City F.C. He was born and attended school in Lincoln.[102]
- Peter Day (born 1947), broadcaster. He attended Lincoln Grammar School.
- Penelope Fitzgerald (1916–2000), novelist, biographer, born in Penelope Mary Knox in 1916[103]
- Keith Fordyce (1928–2011), broadcaster, born in Lincoln
- Lee Frecklington (born 1985), footballer. He last played for the League One side Lincoln City.
- James Hall (historian) (1846–1914), born and raised in Lincoln before leaving for teacher training in 1864, he subsequently settled in Cheshire
- Francis Hill (1899–1980), local historian, mayor of Lincoln and Chancellor of the University of Nottingham, born in Lincoln in 1899[104]
- William Hilton (1786–1839), portrait and history painter, born in Lincoln
- John Hurt (1940–2017), actor. He attended Lincoln School.[105]
- Colonel John Hutchinson (1615–1664), Roundhead politician and signatory to the death warrant of King Charles I. He attended Lincoln Free School.
- Benjamin Lany (1591–1675), academic, royal chaplain and religious writer. He was Bishop of Lincoln in 1663–1667.[106]
- William Logsdail (1859–1944), painter, born in Lincoln
- Mary Mackie (née Kathleen Mary Whitlam, living), novelist and non-fiction writer, born in Lincoln in the Second World War, she attended Lincoln Christ's Hospital High School
- Karen Maitland (born 1956), English author of medieval thriller fiction
- Neville Marriner (1924–2016), violinist, conductor, founder of the Academy of St Martin in the Fields, born in Lincoln and educated at Lincoln Grammar School
- Ross McLaren (born 1991), actor, born in Lincoln and trained at the Joyce Mason School of Dance[107]
- Rose Mead (1867–1946), portrait painter. She attended Lincoln School of Art.
- Henry Whitehead Moss (1841–1917), born at Lincoln, he went to Lincoln School before attending Shrewsbury School where he became headmaster
- Paul Palmer (born 1974), swimmer who won an Olympic silver medal at the Atlanta Olympic Games in 1996, he was twice a short-course world champion
- William Pool(c. 1783–1856), maritime inventor. He worked in Lincoln in the 1820s and 1830s.
- Thomas Pownall (1722–1805), politician, Governor of the Province of Massachusetts Bay
- Philip Priestley (1936–2018), chemist and author. He attended City School.
- My Music 1967–1993. He was born in Lincoln and attended Lincoln School in 1932–1939.[108]
- Fanny Robertson (1765–1855), actress and theatre owner, manager of The Lincoln Circuit of theatres[109]
- Charlotte Scott (1858–1931), mathematician, born in Lincoln
- Lee Swaby (born 1976), former professional boxer at both cruiserweight and heavyweight divisions
- John Taylor (1781–1864), publisher of John Keats and John Clare. He attended Lincoln Grammar School.
- William Foster & Co. Ltd from 1911 to 1939, directly involved in developing the military vehicle, the tank
- James Ward Usher (1845–1921), jeweller and philanthropist. He spent his life in the city.[110]
- William T. Warrener (1861–1934), English painter, born in Lincoln in 1861. He attended Lincoln School of Art.
- Juan Watterson (born 1980), Manx politician, Speaker of the House of Keys. He studied at the University of Lincoln.
- Victor Wells-Cole (1897–1987), first-class cricketer, British Army officer
International relations
Twin towns
Lincoln is
|
Freedom of the city
The following people and military units have received the Freedom of the City of Lincoln.
Individuals
- Lord Cormack: 18 March 2022.[113]
Military units
- RAF Waddington: 25 April 1959.[114]
- RAF Scampton: 14 May 1993.[115][116]
- 2nd Battalion The Royal Anglian Regiment: 1997.[117]
- The Grenadier Guards: 8 May 2008.[118]
Climate
Lincoln has a typical East Midland
Climate data for Waddington[c] WMO ID: 03377; coordinates 53°10′31″N 0°31′24″W / 53.17541°N 0.52334°W; elevation: 68 m (223 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1948–present | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 14.2 (57.6) |
17.4 (63.3) |
22.4 (72.3) |
27.0 (80.6) |
27.8 (82.0) |
32.4 (90.3) |
40.3 (104.5) |
34.8 (94.6) |
31.0 (87.8) |
29.2 (84.6) |
17.8 (64.0) |
15.5 (59.9) |
40.3 (104.5) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 7.0 (44.6) |
7.7 (45.9) |
10.2 (50.4) |
13.1 (55.6) |
16.3 (61.3) |
19.1 (66.4) |
21.6 (70.9) |
21.4 (70.5) |
18.3 (64.9) |
14.1 (57.4) |
9.9 (49.8) |
7.2 (45.0) |
13.9 (57.0) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 4.3 (39.7) |
4.7 (40.5) |
6.6 (43.9) |
9.0 (48.2) |
12.0 (53.6) |
14.8 (58.6) |
17.1 (62.8) |
17.0 (62.6) |
14.4 (57.9) |
10.9 (51.6) |
7.1 (44.8) |
4.6 (40.3) |
10.2 (50.4) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 1.6 (34.9) |
1.7 (35.1) |
3.0 (37.4) |
4.9 (40.8) |
7.6 (45.7) |
10.5 (50.9) |
12.7 (54.9) |
12.6 (54.7) |
10.5 (50.9) |
7.6 (45.7) |
4.3 (39.7) |
2.0 (35.6) |
6.6 (43.9) |
Record low °C (°F) | −13.8 (7.2) |
−15.6 (3.9) |
−11.1 (12.0) |
−4.7 (23.5) |
−2.0 (28.4) |
0.0 (32.0) |
3.3 (37.9) |
3.9 (39.0) |
0.0 (32.0) |
−3.2 (26.2) |
−6.7 (19.9) |
−14.0 (6.8) |
−15.6 (3.9) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 47.6 (1.87) |
38.4 (1.51) |
36.4 (1.43) |
44.3 (1.74) |
47.0 (1.85) |
60.3 (2.37) |
60.3 (2.37) |
58.3 (2.30) |
52.0 (2.05) |
61.4 (2.42) |
56.9 (2.24) |
51.9 (2.04) |
614.8 (24.20) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 10.6 | 9.0 | 8.6 | 8.9 | 8.9 | 9.3 | 9.2 | 9.3 | 8.7 | 10.7 | 11.6 | 10.7 | 115.5 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
86 | 84 | 80 | 79 | 77 | 77 | 77 | 79 | 80 | 84 | 85 | 87 | 81 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 62.2 | 86.0 | 125.6 | 168.2 | 211.6 | 190.8 | 206.3 | 192.0 | 146.7 | 109.3 | 71.3 | 61.3 | 1,631.2 |
Source 1: NOAA (Relative humidity 1961–1990)[124]
| |||||||||||||
Source 2: KNMI[125] |
Climate data for Scampton[d] WMO ID: 03373; coordinates 53°18′25″N 0°32′53″W / 53.3069°N 0.54811°W; elevation: 57 m (187 ft), 1991–2020 normals | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 6.9 (44.4) |
7.7 (45.9) |
10.2 (50.4) |
13.2 (55.8) |
16.2 (61.2) |
19.1 (66.4) |
21.6 (70.9) |
21.4 (70.5) |
18.4 (65.1) |
14.1 (57.4) |
9.8 (49.6) |
7.0 (44.6) |
13.8 (56.8) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 4.0 (39.2) |
3.9 (39.0) |
6.3 (43.3) |
8.7 (47.7) |
11.6 (52.9) |
14.5 (58.1) |
16.8 (62.2) |
16.7 (62.1) |
14.1 (57.4) |
10.6 (51.1) |
6.6 (43.9) |
4.1 (39.4) |
9.9 (49.8) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 1.1 (34.0) |
1.0 (33.8) |
2.3 (36.1) |
4.1 (39.4) |
7.0 (44.6) |
10.0 (50.0) |
12.1 (53.8) |
12.0 (53.6) |
9.8 (49.6) |
7.0 (44.6) |
3.6 (38.5) |
1.1 (34.0) |
5.9 (42.6) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 48.9 (1.93) |
38.6 (1.52) |
35.9 (1.41) |
44.5 (1.75) |
45.8 (1.80) |
65.0 (2.56) |
58.8 (2.31) |
57.4 (2.26) |
53.0 (2.09) |
58.2 (2.29) |
59.9 (2.36) |
53.5 (2.11) |
619.4 (24.39) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 10.6 | 9.5 | 8.8 | 9.0 | 8.9 | 9.6 | 9.6 | 9.4 | 9.4 | 10.4 | 11.9 | 11.0 | 118.1 |
Source: Met Office[126] |
Arms
|
See also
Attractions
Places
- Boultham, Lincoln
- Engine Shed
- Hartsholme Country Park
- High Street, Lincoln
- Theatre Royal, Lincoln
- Ritz Theatre (Lincoln, England)
- Lincoln Drill Hall
- Lincoln Medieval Bishop's Palace
- Lincoln Performing Arts Centre
- Lincoln Racecourse
- St Catherine's, Lincoln
- St Hugh's Church, Lincoln
- St Swithin's Church, Lincoln
- Steep Hill
- University of Lincoln
- Bishop Grosseteste University
- Sincil Bank
People
Societies and groups
- Jew's Court
Notes
References
Footnotes
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Lincoln: English city, county town of Lincolnshire, O.E. Lindcylene, from L. Lindum Colonia from a Latinate form of British *lindo "pool, lake" (corresponding to Welsh llyn). Originally a station for retired IX Legion veterans.
- ^ "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle – Parker MS: entry for 942". Archived from the original on 1 May 2011.
- ^ Finds suggest a 100-to-1 preponderance over the nominal mints of Caistor, Horncastle and Louth; a hoard recovered at Corringham, near Gainsborough, consists mainly of coins minted at Lincoln and York (David Michael Metcalf, An Atlas of Anglo-Saxon and Norman Coin Finds, c. 973–1086, 1998:198–200).
- ^ Richard Hall, Viking Age Archaeology (series Shire Archaeology) 2010:23.
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Taking advice from partners, including Lincolnshire Police, East Midlands Ambulance Service and Lincolnshire County Council Highways, organisers at Lincoln Council have taken the decision to cancel the event.
Rob Bradley from the City Council is in charge of safety at the event. He said: 'It is with extreme regret that we... cancel the Lincoln Christmas Market this year. It has taken extreme weather conditions to do this, the first time it's happened in the history of the market.' - ^ "Traders say decision to cancel Christmas market is 'a disgrace' and 'a disaster'". Lincolnshire Echo. Lincoln, United Kingdom: Northcliffe Media. 2 December 2010. Archived from the original on 5 December 2010. Retrieved 2 December 2010.
Lincoln Christmas Market has been cancelled for the first time in its 28-year history
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The tall spire of timber, covered with lead, which originally crowned this tower reached an altitude, it is said, of 525 feet, although this is doubtful. This blew down in a storm in January 1547-1548.
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Between 1307 and 1311 the central tower was raised to its present height. Then about 1370–1400, the western towers were heightened. All three had spires until 1549, when the one on the central tower blew down.
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New sounds will be hitting the airwaves as Lincoln City Radio prepares to launch after nearly 25 years of planning. The community radio station will be blasting out old-school classics from the '50s to the '90s on 103.6 FM.
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{{cite web}}
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- Francis Hill, 1948. Medieval Lincoln (Cambridge: University Press)
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- Wedgwood, C. V. (1970). The King's War: 1641–1647. London: Fontana.
External links
- City of Lincoln Council
- University of Lincoln
- Bishop Grosseteste University
- Lincoln in the Domesday Book