Racism in the State of Palestine
Racism in the Palestinian territories encompasses all forms and manifestations of
Accusations of racism and discrimination have been leveled by Palestinians and Israelis against each other. Racism in the Palestinian territories may also be used to refer to prejudice directed at Palestinians of African origin, such as the
Background
Conflict between Jews and Arabs in British Mandatory Palestine
The
1920s – 1940s
After the
Zvi Elpeleg, while rehabilitating Haj Amin from other charges,[13] wrote that there is no doubt that the Mufti's hatred was not limited to Zionism, but extended to Jews as such. Amin, according to Elpeleg, knew the fate which awaited Jews, and he was not only delighted that Jews were prevented from emigrating to Palestine, but was very pleased by the Nazis' Final Solution.[14] Benny Morris also argues that the Mufti was deeply anti-Semitic, since he 'explained the Holocaust as owing to the Jews' sabotage of the German war effort in World War I and [their] character: (...) their selfishness, rooted in their belief that they are the chosen people of God."[15] In contrast, Idith Zertal asserts that 'in more correct proportions, [Husayni appeared] as a fanatic nationalist-religious Palestinian leader'.[16]
In the 1930s, wealthy Arab youths, educated in Germany and having witnessed the rise of
Antisemitism in Palestinian territories
Part of a series on |
Antisemitism |
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Category |
Extent of attitudes claimed to be antisemitic in Palestinian territories
According to one poll conduct by the
Holocaust denial
According to the
In July 1990, the Palestinian Liberation Organization-affiliated Palestinian Red Crescent published an article in its magazine Balsam claiming that Jews concocted, "The lie concerning the gas chambers." Gradually, throughout the 1990s, Holocaust denial became commonplace in popular media in the Middle East, particularly in the Palestinian Authority.[23]
In August 2003, senior
It is no longer a secret that the Zionists were behind the Nazis' murder of many Jews, and agreed to it, with the aim of intimidating them and forcing them to immigrate to Palestine.[24]
In August 2009, Hamas refused to allow Palestinian children to learn about the Holocaust, which it called "a lie invented by the Zionists" and referred to Holocaust education as a "war crime."[25]
Within the Palestinian leadership
Hamas
According to academic Esther Webman, antisemitism is not the main tenet of Hamas ideology, although antisemitic rhetoric is frequent and intense in Hamas leaflets. The leaflets generally do not differentiate between Jews and Zionists. In other Hamas publications and in interviews with its leaders attempts at this differentiation have been made.[26]
The
Hamas legislator and imam, Sheik Yunus al-Astal, said that "suffering by fire is the Jews' destiny in this world and the next". He concluded "Therefore we are sure that the Holocaust is still to come upon the Jews".[29][30] Another Hamas cleric, Yousif al-Zahar said that "Jews are a people who cannot be trusted. They have been traitors to all agreements. Go back to history. Their fate is their vanishing."[29][30]
In the media and education
In its 2009 report on human rights in the Palestinian territories, the US State Department asserted that:
Rhetoric by Palestinian terrorist groups included expressions of anti-Semitism, as did sermons by many Muslim religious leaders. Most Palestinian religious leaders rejected the right of Israel to exist. Hamas's al-Aqsa television station carried shows for preschoolers extolling hatred of Jews and suicide bombings.[31]
According to the report, international academics had concluded that "the textbooks did not incite violence against Jews."[31]
In its 2004 report on global antisemitism, the
The rhetoric of some Muslim religious leaders at times constituted an incitement to violence or hatred. For example, the television station controlled by the Palestinian Authority broadcast statements by Palestinian political and spiritual leaders that resembled traditional expressions of anti-Semitism.[32]
Use of The Protocols of the Elders of Zion
The
Official policies by the Palestinian Authority
The Palestinian Authority has a prohibition based on a 1973 Jordanian law against selling land to Israelis.[34] The law made such sales, which in the case of Israeli settlers are exclusively to Jews, punishable by death. The Palestinian Authority announced it would enforce the law in 1997, and drafted a replacement for it called the Property Law for Foreigners.[35] The Palestinian Authority describes the law as a response to occupation and illegal settlement.[35]
As of September 2010, the Palestinian Authority has not formally executed anyone under the law, but many land dealers suspected of selling land to Israeli Jews have been
The Palestinian Authority and opponents of such land purchases argue that a prohibition of such land purchases is necessary to prevent the illegal expansion of Israeli settlements, and to avoid the prejudicing negotiations on the status of Palestine and further reductions in
Anti-Black racism in Palestine
The State of Palestine has a community of Afro-Palestinians, many of whom are descendants of the victims of the historical Slavery in Palestine, which ended in the 20th-century.[43]
Racism against African-Americans in Palestinian media
Former
Her comment that the Israel-Lebanon war represented the "birth pangs of a new Middle East"—coming at a time when television stations were showing images of dead Lebanese children—sparked ridicule and even racist cartoons. A Palestinian newspaper, Al Quds," which "depicted Ms. Rice as pregnant with an armed monkey, and a caption that read, "Rice speaks about the birth of a new Middle East."[45]
The Palestinian media has used racist terms including "black spinster" and "colored dark skin lady."[46][47]
Presence of Israeli settlers and army
A review of Israel's country report conducted by the
Underlying the prohibition on Palestinian movement in the City Center is the army’s capitulation to the racist demands of Hebron settlers to enable them to conduct their lives in an environment “free of Arabs,” and the attempt to Judaize the area by separation based on ethnicity.[50]
See also
- Human rights in the Palestinian National Authority
- Slavery in Palestine
- Racism in the Arab world
- Islam and antisemitism
- Racism in Israel
- Israel and apartheid
Notes
- ^ Buessow, Johann. "Domestic Workers and Slaves in Late Ottoman Palestine at the Moment of the Abolition of Slavery: Considerations on Semantics and Agency.” Slaves and Slave Agency in the Ottoman Empire (2020): 373–433. Web.
- ISBN 978-1-119-52387-1.
- ISBN 978-1-136-27592-0p.218-219
- ^ ISBN 978-0-691-11897-0.
- ^ Norman A. Stillman, The Response of Jews of the Arab World in the Modern Era,' in Jehuda Reinharz (ed.),Living with Antisemitism: Modern Jewish Responses, Archived 2022-10-31 at the Wayback Machine University Press of New England 1987 p.357
- ISBN 978-1-85109-439-4.
- ISBN 978-0-300-14579-3.
- ISBN 978-0-691-11897-0.
- ISBN 978-3-87997-640-9.Nordbruch, Götz. "Palestine and National Socialism: Correcting the Picture". Qantara.de - Dialogue with the Islamic World. Retrieved October 14, 2010.
- ISBN 978-1-85109-439-4.
- ^ The Mufti of Jerusalem: Al-Hajj Amin al-Husayni and the Palestinian National Movement, Studies of the Middle East Institute, Philip Mattar, Columbia University Press, 1992, p. 13
- ^ The Israel-Arab reader: a documentary history of the Middle East conflict by Walter Laqueur, Barry M. Rubin 2001, p. 51
- ^ Eric Rouleau, Qui était le mufti de Jérusalem ? Archived 2011-07-09 at the Wayback Machine (Who was the Mufti of Jerusalem ?), Le Monde diplomatique, August 1994.
- ^ Zvi Elpeleg, Conclusion of the chapter Involvement in the destruction of the Jews, The Grand Mufti, 1993, p.72
- ^ 1948, Benny Morris, Yale University Press, 2008, pages 21-22 [1]
- ^ Idith Zertal, Israel's Holocaust and the Politics of Nationhood, 2005, p. 102.
- ^ a b c d Armies of the young: child soldiers in war and terrorism, The Rutgers series in childhood studies, David M. Rosen, Rutgers University Press, 2005, page 106 [2] Archived 2022-10-31 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Henry Laurens, La Question de Palestine, Fayard 2002 p.290.
- ISBN 978-0-300-16945-4.
- ^ a b Righteous victims: a history of the Zionist-Arab conflict, 1881–2001, Benny Morris, Knopf [3] Archived 2022-10-31 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Newman, Marissa; AP; Tress, Luke; Tress, Luke (2014-05-13). "The 10 most anti-Semitic countries". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 2019-10-01.
- ^ Emmaia Gelman, 'The Anti-Defamation League Is Not What It Seems,' Archived 2019-10-02 at the Wayback Machine Boston Review 23 May 2019:'Critics have noted that the ADL does not distinguish between teenage pranks designed to shock, such as swastika graffiti, and attacks grounded in bias, nor between expressions of bias and material violence. In the press, the ADL also counts calls for Palestinian rights, and even criticism of the ADL itself, as anti-Semitic incidents. Presumably these are included in the annual count. News media rarely look beyond the numbers, though, as they report “spikes” and “dramatic increases” which correctly remind readers, even if the data are spurious, that white supremacy persists..'
- ^ "United States Department of State | Contemporary Global Anti-Semitism: A Report Provided to the United States Congress" (PDF). 11 March 2008. Retrieved March 27, 2015.
- ^ "David S. Wyman Institute for Holocaust Studies: Welcome". wymaninstitute.org. 2 December 2004. Retrieved March 27, 2015.
- ^ "Hamas rips U.N. for teaching the Holocaust." Archived 2009-09-04 at the Wayback Machine JTA. 31 August 2009. 31 August 2009.
- ISBN 965-222-592-4
- ^ "Hamas in 2017: The document in full". Retrieved 15 July 2021.
- ^ "The Avalon Project : Hamas Covenant 1988 articles 22 and 32". avalon.law.yale.edu. Retrieved March 27, 2015.
- ^ a b "Hamas ratchets up its rhetoric against Jews". Herald Tribune. Retrieved November 21, 2008.
- ^ a b Erlanger, Steven (April 1, 2008). "In Gaza, Hamas's Insults to Jews Complicate Peace". New York Times. Retrieved April 1, 2008.
- ^ a b "2009 Human Rights Report: Israel and the occupied territories". State.gov. Archived from the original on March 15, 2010. Retrieved August 21, 2010. See section "Societal Abuses and Discrimination"
- ^ "Report on Global Anti-Semitism". State.gov. January 5, 2005. Retrieved August 21, 2010. See section "Occupied Territories"
- ^ The anti-Jewish lie that refuses to die Archived 2020-04-22 at the Wayback Machine by Steve Boggan, The Times, March 2, 2005
- ISBN 0-7658-0476-X.
- ^ a b c d e Abu Toameh, Khaled (2010-09-20). "PA affirms death penalty for land sales to Israelis". Jerusalem Post. Retrieved October 18, 2010.
- ^ "JPost | French-language news from Israel, the Middle East & the Jewish World". Archived from the original on 2013-07-04. Retrieved March 27, 2015.
- ^ "Jordan, PA arrest 2 Palestinians for selling Hebron house to Jews - Israel News | Haaretz". Haaretz. haaretz.com. Retrieved March 27, 2015.
- ^ "Jewish settlers in West Bank building curb protest". BBC. 2009-12-09. Retrieved December 12, 2009.
- ISBN 0-19-825297-8.
- ISBN 0-521-79725-X.
- ISBN 0-275-96011-0.
- ^ Convention (IV) relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War. Archived 2010-09-15 at the Wayback Machine Geneva, 12 August 1949.
- ^ Buessow, Johann. "Domestic Workers and Slaves in Late Ottoman Palestine at the Moment of the Abolition of Slavery: Considerations on Semantics and Agency.” Slaves and Slave Agency in the Ottoman Empire (2020): 373–433. Web.
- ^ Karon, Tony (26 July 2006). "Condi in Diplomatic Disneyland". Time. Archived from the original on September 25, 2006. Retrieved October 10, 2010.
- New York Times, "Rice's Hurdles on Middle East Begin at Home", by Helena Cooper, August 10, 2006 [4] Archived 2017-04-01 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Jerusalem Post, August 2, 2006, "Palestinian anti-Rice feeling peaks with monkey cartoon", Khaled Abu Toameh [5][6][permanent dead link]
- ^ "Condi’s Cartoon, Wasn’t That Freedom of the Press Too!" Arab news, August 5, 2006 "Condi's Cartoon, Wasn't That Freedom of the Press Too!". Archived from the original on 2012-03-30. Retrieved 2010-08-21.
- ^ See CERD/C/SR.1250, 9 March 1998
- Washington Post. Retrieved March 29, 2010.
- ^ B'Tselem, Ghost Town: Israel’s Separation Policy and Forced Eviction of Palestinians from the Center of Hebron, May 2007.