Timeline of LGBTQ history in the British Isles

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    • This is a timeline of notable events in the history of the

    Celtic Britain
    .

    1st century

    • The
      virtus
      ) was seen as an active quality through which a man (vir) defined himself. The conquest mentality and "cult of virility" shaped same-sex relations. Roman men were free to enjoy sex with other males without a perceived loss of masculinity or social status, as long as they took the dominant or penetrative role.
    • Acceptable male partners included prostitutes, and entertainers, whose lifestyle placed them in the nebulous social realm of infamia, excluded from the normal protections accorded to a citizen even if they were technically free.
    • Although Roman men in general seem to have preferred youths between the ages of 12 and 20 as sexual partners, freeborn male minors were off limits, though professional prostitutes and entertainers might remain sexually available well into adulthood.[1]
    • By the end of the first century, Londinium the city was likely dotted with lupanaria ('wolf dens' or public pleasure houses) and fornices (brothels) where male-male sexual activity would have been accepted.

    2nd century

    Antinous
    Antinous
    • 117 – Emperor
      Antinopolis in his name and created a religious cult in his name.[3]

    3rd century

    • Britain was still under Roman rule, and as a result, homosexuality was still permissible.

    4th century

    5th century

    • 410 – Following the departure of the Romans,
      Norman conquest) until the seventh century.[8]

    6th century

    • Welsh King Maelgwn (Malgo) of Gwynedd ruled. Geoffrey of Monmouth in his pseudohistorical book History of the Kings of Britain described the king as one of the handsomest of men in Britain, a great scourge of tyrants, and a man of great strength, extraordinary munificence, and matchless valour, but addicted very much to the detestable vice of sodomy, by which he made himself abominable to God.[9]
    • 597 – Christianity did not formally arrive in Britain until 597 CE, when Augustine of Canterbury arrived in Britain to convert the Germanic Anglo Saxons (Jutes, Angles, Frisians and Saxons) to Christianity, thus confirming the prohibition of homosexuality, which was already punishable by death in Germanic societies.

    8th century

    • 797  – During the
      Alcuin of York, an abbot affectionately known as David, wrote love poems to other monks in spite of numerous church laws condemning homosexuality.[10] Historians agree that Alcuin at times "comes perilously close to communicating openly his same-sex desires", and this reflects the erotic subculture of the Carolingian monastic.[11]
    Alcuin of York, 8th-century cleric and scholar

    11th century

    • 1050–1150  – Historian John Boswell called the High Middle Ages the time of the 'Triumph of Ganymede' and finds evidence for a "reappearance for the first time since the decline of Rome of "what might be called a gay subculture" between 1050 and 1150 which completely disappears by 1300.[12]
    • 1056–1100 –
      English historian of the 12th century, described the King as "being in lust with Ranulf Flambard". He described the men of court having flamboyant tunics, pointed shoes, and hair down their backs like whores. He said court was full of "sodimites" and that William's death while hunting was judgement for his sins. Sodomy at this time however related to any sexual practice outside of marriage, and therefore does not necessarily refer to homosexuality.[13]

    12th century

    [14]

    • 1102 – The
      church in England) took measures to encourage the English public to believe that homosexuality was sinful.[15]

    13th century

    • 1290 – Publication of Fleta, first book to suggest a punishment for homosexuality in English law. The 'Fleta' required 'sodomites' to be punished by being buried alive, whilst the 'Britton' advocated burning. No evidence exists that the punishments were ever carried out.[16]
    • 1297 –
      Piers Gaveston, met. At 16 years old, Edward thus began a history of conflict with the nobility, who repeatedly banished Gaveston, the Earl of Cornwall, until Edward was king and could keep him reinstated. Gaveston's abuse of that power led to dangerous tensions with the barons who helped run the country and resulted in Gaveston's capture and eventual execution. After his death in 1312, Edward "constantly had prayers said for [Gaveston's] soul; he spent a lot of money on Gaveston's tomb".[17]

    14th century

    The head of Piers Gaveston, 1st Earl of Cornwall, is delivered to Thomas, 2nd Earl of Lancaster; Humphrey de Bohun, 4th Earl of Hereford; and Edmund FitzAlan, 9th Earl of Arundel, for inspection.
    The head of Piers Gaveston, 1st Earl of Cornwall, is delivered to Thomas, 2nd Earl of Lancaster; Humphrey de Bohun, 4th Earl of Hereford; and Edmund FitzAlan, 9th Earl of Arundel, for inspection.

    16th century

    King James I of England, VI of Scotland
    King James I of England, VI of Scotland

    17th century

    • 1634 - The Buggery Act 1533 was extended to Ireland.
    • 1663 - The London diarist Samuel Pepys wrote that ‘Sir Jemmes and Mr Batten both say that buggery is now almost grown as common among our gallants as in Italy.’
    • 1682 – A same-sex marriage is annulled. Arabella Hunt had married "James Howard" two years earlier but the marriage was annulled on the ground that Howard was in fact Amy Poulter, a 'perfect woman in all her parts', and two women could not validly marry.[25]
    • 1690 –
      Arnold Joost van Keppel was created Earl of Albemarle. These relationships with male friends and his apparent lack of more than one female mistress led William's enemies to suggest that he might prefer homosexual relationships. Keppel was 20 years William's junior, described as strikingly handsome, and rose from being a royal page to an earldom with some ease.[26]
    • 1697 – William Bentinck, 1st Earl of Portland wrote to King William III that "the kindness which your Majesty has for a young man, and the way in which you seem to authorise his liberties ... make the world say things I am ashamed to hear".[27] This, he said, was "tarnishing a reputation which has never before been subject to such accusations". William tersely dismissed these suggestions, saying, "It seems to me very extraordinary that it should be impossible to have esteem and regard for a young man without it being criminal."[27]
    Captain Edward Rigby
    • 1698 - Agent provocateurs from the Society for the Reformation of Manners were sometimes used to entrap men, such as naval Captain Edward Rigby, who was arrested in 1698. Edward had approached William Minton, unbeknownst to him an agent of the society, spoke with and kissed him then arranged to meet the next day in a local tavern. When they met, constables listened to Edward’s propositions, leading to him being convicted for "sodomitical intent". He served part of a prison sentence before he was able to escape to France, where he worked on French vessels.[28]

    18th century

    • 1711 – Anne, Queen of Great Britain ended a long-lasting intimate friendship with Sarah Churchill, Duchess of Marlborough. The "Queen's Favourite" hoped to wield power equal to that of a government minister. When their relationship soured, she blackmailed Anne with letters revealing their intimacy, and accused her of perverting the course of national affairs by keeping lesbian favourites. Anne and Sarah had invented petnames for themselves during their youths which they continued to use after Anne became queen: Mrs Freeman (Sarah) and Mrs Morley (Anne).[29] Effectively a business manager, Sarah had control over the queen's position, from her finances to people admitted to the royal presence.[30][31]
    • 1722 – John Quincy writes about lesbianism in his second edition of the Lexicon Physico Medicum. According to Quincy, confricatrices or confictrices were terms used by authors for lesbians "who have learned to titulate one another with their clitoris, in imitation of venereal intercourse with men".[32]
    • 1724 –
      Molly House for the underground gay community.[33][34] Her house was popular,[35] being well known within the gay community. She cared for her customers, and catered especially to the gay men who frequented it. She was known to have provided "beds in every room of the house" and commonly had "thirty or forty of such Kind of Chaps every Night, but more especially on Sunday Nights".[36]
      18th century illustration of a "Molly" (contemporary term for an effeminate homosexual)
    • 1726 – Three men (Gabriel Lawrence, William Griffin, and Thomas Wright) were hanged at Tyburn for sodomy following a raid of Margaret Clap's Molly House.[37]
    • 1727 –
      Molly House. Hitchen had abused his position of power to extort bribes from brothels and pickpockets to prevent arrest, and he particularly leaned on the thieves to make them fence their goods through him. Hitchen had frequently picked up soldiers for sex, but had eluded prosecution by the Society for the Reformation of Manners.[38]
    • 1728 –18th century London
      Molly House, Julius Caesar Taylor's, Tottenham Court Road, Jenny Greensleeves' Molly House, Durham Yard, off The Strand, The Golden Ball, Bond's Stables, off Chancery Lane, Royal Oak Molly House, Giltspur Street, Smithfield and Three Tobacco Rolls Covent Garden were operating in London.[39]
    • 1730 – The term "lesbian" to describe same sex relationships between women comes into use around the 1730s.[40]
    • 1735 – Conyers Place wrote "Reason Insufficient Guide to Conduct Mankind in Religion".[41]
    • 1736 – Love letters from
      Member of Parliament, show that they had been living in a homosexual relationship for a period of ten years, from 1726 to 1736.[42]
    • 1749 – Thomas Cannon wrote "Ancient and Modern Pederasty Investigated and Exemplified".[43]
    • 1772 – The first public debate about homosexuality began during the trial of Captain Robert Jones who was convicted of the capital offence of sodomising a thirteen-year-old boy. The debate during the case and with the background of the 1772
      South of France
      .
    • 1773 – Charles Crawford wrote "A Dissertation on the Phaedon of Plato".[46]
    • 1776 –18th century London gay bar, Harlequin (Nag's Head Court, Covent Garden) was operating[47]
    • 1778 - Eleanor Butler & Sarah Ponsonby, known as The Ladies of Llangollen, were two upper-class Irish women whose relationship scandalised and fascinated their contemporaries during the late 18th and early 19th centuries.[48] The pair moved to a Gothic house in Llangollen, North Wales, in 1780 after leaving Ireland to escape the social pressures of conventional marriages. Over the years, numerous distinguished visitors called upon them. Guests included Shelley, Byron, Wellington and Wordsworth, who wrote a sonnet about them.
    • 1785 – Jeremy Bentham becomes one of the first people to argue for the decriminalisation of sodomy in England, which was punishable by hanging.[22] The essay Offences Against One's Self,[49] written about 1785, argued for the liberalisation of laws prohibiting homosexual sex. He argued that homosexual acts did not weaken men, nor threaten population or marriage. The essay was never published in his lifetime.
    • 1797 – The Encyclopædia Britannica published a brief mention of homosexuality in the article about Greece.[50]

    19th century

    Fanny and Stella (Park & Boulton) on stage

    20th century

    Christopher Isherwood (left) and W. H. Auden (right), photographed by Carl Van Vechten, 1939

    1920s

    Radclyffe Hall
    Radclyffe Hall

    1930s

    • 1932  – Sir Noël Coward wrote "Mad About the Boy", a song which dealt with the theme of homosexual love; it was introduced in the 1932 revue, but due to the risque nature of the song, it was sung by a woman. The News of the World published a story, 'Amazing Change of Sex', about a trans man from Sussex who transitioned 'from Margery to Maurice', namely Colonel Sir Victor Barker (1895–1960) who married Elfrida Haward in Brighton. Barker's birth sex (female) was later revealed and the marriage was consequently annulled. Barker went on to appear in freak show displays in New Brighton, Southend-on-Sea and Blackpool.[56]
    • 1935 – Queer club culture in the 1930s was vibrant and varied, especially in the growing post-First World War underground scene. Music was central to the character of many of these venues, from the music hall artists to the expanding London jazz scene. At the centre of the action was the Shim Sham Club at 37 Wardour Street, an unlicensed jazz club popular with black and gay audiences, and its successor the Rainbow Roof.[93]
    • 1936  – A 30-year-old British athletic champion, Mark Weston of Plymouth, transitioned from female to male. The story appeared in some national newspapers, including the News of the World (31 May 1936). The reportage was accurate and sensitive. In the words of L. R. Broster, the Harley Street surgeon who treated him, 'Mark Weston, who has always been brought up as a female, is a male and should continue to live as such'.[56] Nightwood by Djuna Barnes, a novel that portrays explicit homosexuality between women, was published in London by Faber and Faber.[94]

    1940s

    • 1940 – Throughout the forties, attitudes to homosexuality were relaxed. With conscription into the armed services, men and women were removed from their homes and families were relocated to a military life. John Howard described the services as being tolerant of 'homosex', which was same-sex sexual activity but which makes no assumption about the sexuality of its participants. In the Navy masturbation between seamen was known as a "flip".[95][96] Jivani claims that in the Navy 'wingers' were sexual relationships between seamen of unequal rank and 'oppos' were sexual relationships between men of similar rank.[97] In the army sex between men was often viewed by officers and other ranks as a legitimate response to the absence of women and the need for safe sexual relief. Both in the Army and the RAF the system of employing young boys as batmen who acted as orderlies for their officers was sometimes rooted in sex.[98]
    • 1940 – Urania, a feminist gender studies journal with strong pacifist editorial stance, ceased publication. The journal's goal was the abolition of gender in order to build a society of equal women whose sex and orientation were unimportant. Urania remained privately published for its 24-year history.[99][100]
    • 1939–1945 Blackouts during World War II afforded men many new opportunities for sexual encounters under the cover of complete darkness.
    • 1945 – World War II ended. 6,508,000 men and women had served in the British Armed Forces during World War II.[101] Following the war, moral attitudes to prostitution and homosexuality rapidly changed. The Anglican Public Morality Council declared that the police were once again 'conducting a campaign against this deplorable offence' (homosexual sex). In London, gay men in Piccadilly and Leicester Square were targeted and anyone caught charged with being "concerned together in committing an act of gross indecency".[102]
    • 1946 –
      sex reassignment surgeries from female to male on Michael Dillon.[103] In 1951 he and colleagues carried out one of the first modern sex reassignment surgeries from male to female on Roberta Cowell, using a flap technique[103]
      which became the standard for 40 years.
    • 1947 - The first female deputy chief medical officer at the Department of Health, Albertine Winner, was commissioned to write a report titled Homosexuality in Women. She wrote that ‘there are two categories of female homosexuals, the woman who tends to prefer the society of women and a much more dangerous type, the promiscuous Lesbian who may cause great harm and unhappiness.’
    • 1948 - The
      British Broadcasting Corporation’s
      Variety Programmes Policy Guide, also known as the Green Book, outlined a ban of jokes about effeminacy in men, vulgarity or immorality of any kind.

    1950s

    Throughout the Cold War period, anti-gay sentiment was high in the United States and the United Kingdom. This was later called the Lavender Scare. The then Home Secretary, Sir David Maxwell Fyfe, had promised "a new drive against male vice" that would "rid England of this plague." As many as 1,000 men were locked up in Britain's prisons every year amid a widespread police clampdown on homosexual offences. Undercover officers conducted plain clothes surveillance on places where gay men were known to meet.[106] Sir Fyfe also introduced ‘positive vetting’ for recruits to the Foreign Office to identify queer men and stop them from being employed in the service. The prevailing mood has been described as one of barely concealed paranoia.[107]

    • 1950 – In Rotherham, an English schoolteacher, Kenneth Crowe, aged 37, was found dead wearing his wife's clothes and a wig. He had approached a man on his way home from the pub, who upon discovering Crowe was male, beat and strangled him.[108] The killer, John Cooney, was found not guilty of murder and sentenced to five years for manslaughter.[109]
    • 1951 –
      male-to-female confirmation surgery on 16 May. Cowell continued her career as a racing driver and published her autobiography in 1954. Ivor Novello, an Anglo-Welsh matinee idol, author, and composer noted for his hospitality and homosexuality, died.[110]
    • 1952 – Sir John Nott-Bower, commissioner of Scotland Yard began to weed out homosexuals from the British Government[111] at the same time as McCarthy was conducting a federal homosexual witch hunt in the US.[112]
    • 1953 – John Gielgud, the actor-director, was arrested on 20 October in Chelsea for cruising in a public lavatory, and was subsequently fined. When the news broke he was in Liverpool on the pre-London tour of a new play. He was paralysed by nerves at the prospect of going onstage, but fellow players, led by Sybil Thorndike, encouraged him. The audience gave him a standing ovation, showing that they didn't care about his private life. The episode affected Gielgud's health and he suffered a nervous breakdown months later. He did not acknowledge publicly that he was gay.
    • Edward Montagu (the 3rd Baron Montagu of Beaulieu) was charged and committed for trial at Winchester Assizes, firstly in 1953 for having underage sex with a 14-year-old boy scout at his beach hut on the Solent, a charge he always denied. The American Institute of Public Relations had just voted him the most promising young PR man when he was arrested. Although he enjoyed the support of his close family and a wide variety of friends, for a year or so he became "the subject of endless blue jokes and innumerable bawdy songs". This was not to be Montagu's first arrest during this witch hunt period.
    • 1954 – Michael Pitt-Rivers and Peter Wildeblood were arrested and charged with having committed specific acts of "indecency" with RAF airmen Edward McNally and John Reynolds; they were also accused of conspiring with Edward Montagu (the 3rd Baron Montagu of Beaulieu) to commit these offences. The Director of Public Prosecutions gave his assurance that the witnesses Reynolds and McNally would not be prosecuted if they testified in court against the three defendants. Michael Pitt-Rivers, Montagu and Peter Wildeblood were tried in the Great Hall at Winchester in 1954. All three were convicted with two of the men sent to prison for 12 months and Wildeblood receiving an 18-month prison sentence. This set off a chain of events which would lead to the decriminalisation of homosexuality in 1967.[107]
    Alan Turing in 1930
    Alan Turing in 1930

    1960s

    The book Homosexual Behavior Among Males by Wainwright Churchill breaks ground as a scientific study approaching homosexuality as a fact of life and introduces the term "homoerotophobia", a possible precursor to "homophobia".
    post-operative transsexual their marriage was not permitted. Justice Ormerod stated that Marriage is a relationship which depends on sex, not on gender.[124][125]

    1970s
    Quentin Crisp

    1980s

    The red ribbon is a symbol for solidarity with HIV-positive people and those living with AIDS
    Activists target a bus operated by Brian Souter's Stagecoach company at a rally in Albert Square, Manchester, on 15 July 2000

    1990s

    London gay pub bombing in 1999 killed three and injured 70
    The landmark case – P v S and Cornwall County Council – finds that an employee who was about to undergo gender reassignment was wrongfully dismissed. It was the first piece of case law, anywhere in the world, which prevented discrimination in employment or vocational education because someone is trans.[173][174]
    Angela Eagle

    21st century

    2000s
    Tony Blair's Labour government enacted the Civil Partnership Act 2004

    2010s

    • 2010
      • Pope Benedict XVI condemns British equality legislation for running contrary to "natural law" as he confirmed his first visit to the UK.[214]
      • The Equality Act 2010 makes discrimination on grounds of gender reasignment and sexual orientation in employment and in the provision of goods and services illegal.
      • The Supreme Court ruled that two gay men from Iran and Cameroon have the right to asylum in the UK and Lord Hope, who read out the judgment, said: To compel a homosexual person to pretend that his sexuality does not exist or suppress the behaviour by which to manifest itself is to deny him the fundamental right to be who he is.[215]
      • Some 6,385
        Civil Partnerships were conducted in Britain in 2010, 49% were men.[216]
      • gay rights movement, dies.[56]
      • Shadow Home Secretary Chris Grayling MP said that he thought bed and breakfast owners should be able to bar gay couples, however, under the Equality Act (Sexual Orientation) Regulations 2007 no-one can be refused goods or services on the grounds of their sexuality. Grayling subsequently was passed over as Home Secretary when the Coalition government came to power.[217]
      • Parental orders for gay men and their partners became possible on 6 April 2010, reassigning the legal parents for gay men parenting children under surrogacy arrangements.[218]
    Nicole Sinclaire
    Andy Street

    2020s

    See also

    References

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    2. ^ Akbar, Arifa (11 January 2008). "Hadrian the gay emperor". The Independent. Retrieved 11 January 2008.
    3. ^ Renberg, Gil H. Hadrian and the Oracles of Antinous (SHA, Hadr. 14.7); with an appendix on the so-called Antinoeion at Hadrian's Villa and Rome's Monte Pincio Obelisk, Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome, Vol. 55 (2010) [2011], 159–198; Jones, Christopher P., New Heroes in Antiquity: From Achilles to Antinoos (Cambridge, Massachusetts & London, 2010), 75–83; Bendlin, Andreas, Associations, Funerals, Sociality, and Roman Law: The collegium of Diana and Antinous in Lanuvium (CIL 14.2112) Reconsidered, in M. Öhler (ed.), Aposteldekret und antikes Vereinswesen: Gemeinschaft und ihre Ordnung (WUNT 280; Tübingen, 2011), 207–296.
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    Further reading
    Wikimedia Commons has media related to LGBT history in the United Kingdom.
    Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_LGBTQ_history_in_the_British_Isles&oldid=1284743786"