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Protestantism
Latin version of the Christian cross which is used by virtually all Protestant denominations
Concepts
History
Branches
Movements
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The religion of

Roman Catholic principles, led initially by Martin Luther, later by John Wycliffe and John Calvin.[1]

History

The Protestant

Roman Catholicism’s emphasis on tradition, favouring a focus on the Bible.[3]

Political Effects

Separation of Church and State

In the early 1500’s, the Roman Empire led by Charles V treated German Protestantism as a competitor to its geo-political power, issuing a decree in 1524 banning the recitation of its Lutheran works.[4] This prompted riots across Germany and in 1529 a formal protestation was issued by a body of Protestant leaders and Princes, claiming the need for a clear separation from the Reichstag (German Parliament) and the right to self-autonomy.[5] In February 1531, prominent Protestant princes formed the ‘League of Schmalkalden’, endorsed by Martin Luther, with the intent to defend the rights of princes and the religion.[6] The league became central to the spread of Protestantism by using its political sway in Germany, helping the restoration of the Lutheran Duke of Wurttemberg in 1534, enabling the establishment of Protestantism in the region.[7] Conflicts with the Holy Roman Empire, resolved by the 1548 Council of Trent, maintained a lack of concessions to the German Protestants, and country wide riots ensured it was not accepted.[8] The official separation of Protestantism and the German Reichstag came when legislation was passed to ensure such in 1919.[9]

Nazi Germany

During the

Protestant church itself.[17] After the fall of Nazi power post 1945, the wider Church conducted a de-Nazification effort.[18]

Relationship with Communism and German Democratic Republic 1949 to 1990

In the initial years of

conservatives.[27]

Protestants in East Germany 1949-1989 No. of members No. parishes No. of pastors
Evangelical (Werner Leich, Chairman) 6,435,000 7,347 4,161
Methodist (Rüdiger Minor, Bishop of Dresden) 28,000 400 140
Baptist Federation (Manfred Suit, President) 20,000 222 130
Reformed (HansJürgen Sievers, Chairman) 15,000 24 20
Old Lutheran (Johannes Zellmer, President) 7,150 27 22
Total 6,505,150 8,020 4,473

Economic Effects

The initial effect of the Protestant revolution in Germany was to facilitate the entry of entrepreneurship with the decline of feudalism.[28] The Lutheran literature dispersed throughout Germany after the Reformation called for the elimination of clerical tax exemptions and the economic privileges granted to religious institutions.[29] Through the 16th century however, the Protestant movement brought with it wealthy and influential Lutheran princes who formed a new social class.[30]

Social and Cultural Effects

Art

Portrait of Frederick the Wise by Lucas Cranach the Elder
Portrait of Martin Luther by Lucas Cranach 1562

When the

Protestant movement brought Germany a new variation of figural sculptures, portraits, artworks and illustrations on interior of churches.[33]

Music

Calvinism, reduced the role of liturgical music and the expression of faith through the development of music.[35]

Education

In the immediate post Reformation and subsequent decades, the Lutheran principle of sola scripture prompted followers of the religion to promote the

Communist ideology.[42]

Literature

In the years after the Reformation, Luther and his followers utilised the printing press to spread their ideas.[43] The printing press enabled the dispersion of Protestant literature throughout greater Germany.[44]

Wider Culture (Adoption, Marriage and theological questions)

The Protestant Church has influenced changes in wider culture in Germany, contributing to the debate around

Protestant leadership in Germany is divided on the issue of stem cell research, however those opposing liberalising laws have characterised it as a threat to the sanctity of human life.[46]
Within the
German Democratic Republic, the Federation of Evangelical Churches formed in June 1969, lasting until April 1991, was where questions of morality were determined.[47]

Architecture

Protestant Christ Church bells
Church bells playing at the Mannheim Protestant Christ Church
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The Protestant Christ Church of Mannheim, completed in 1911.
The Ulm Minster (or Cathedral of Our Lady in Ulm), the largest Protestant Church in Germany completed in 1890

The

Protestant Church has influenced German architecture. Among adherents to Protestantism in Germany were engineers, craftsmen and architects, enabling Lutheran constructions.[48] The earliest Protestant constructions were in the 17th century, where the castles built along Germanys Middle Rhine were inhabited by Protestant Archbishops, joined only by Nobles and Princes.[49]. In the later centuries, separate Church buildings were constructed along the Rhine region, due to controversial marriage laws that mandated Protestants and Catholics marry separately.[50] The spreading of Protestant architecture was slower in other parts of Germany however, such as the city of Cologne where its first Protestant Church was constructed in 1857.[51]
Large
Protestant places of worship were commissioned across Germany, such as the Garrison Church in the city of Ulm built in 1910 which could hold 2,000 Protestants.[52]
In the early 1920s, architects such as Gottfried Böhm and Otto Bartning were involved in changing Protestant architecture towards modern constructions.[53] An example of this new form of architecture was the Protestant Church of Resurrection built in the city of Esson in 1929 by Bartning.[54]

Media

The

Protestant Church published five regional Papers throughout the GDR, including: Die Kirche (Berlin, circulation 42,500; also in a Greifswald edition), Der Sonntag (Dresden, circulation 40,000), Mecklenburgische Kirchenzeitung (Mecklenburg, circulation 15,000), Glaube und Heimat (Jena, circulation 35,000), and Potsdamer Kirche (Potsdam, circulation 15,000) . [55]

Influences on Christianity within Germany

The reformation itself was grounded in a rebellion against the German Catholic church, emphasizing the primacy of the Bible, the abolition of the Catholic ritualistic mass and a rejection of clerical celibacy [56]

Current Representation

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Protestant adherence in Germany according to the Pew Research Center (2016)[57]

  
Muslim
(4,760,000%)



Protestant adherence in Germany according to the Pew Research Center (2020) as of 2010.[57]

  Protestants (33.8%)
  Catholics (32.9%)
  Muslims (5.8%)
  Jews (1%)
  Buddhists (1%)
  Unaffiliated (24.5%)
  Other (1%)





Look up Protestant, Protestantism, or evangelical in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
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References

  1. ^ Elton, G., & Pettegree, A. (1999). Reformation Europe, 1517-1559 (pp. 30-84). Oxford: Blackwell.
  2. ^ Scribner, R. W. (1987). Popular culture and popular movements in Reformation Germany. A&C Black.
  3. ^ Dixon, C. S. (2008). The Reformation in Germany (Vol. 4). John Wiley & Sons.
  4. ^ Hughes, M. (1992). Early Modern Germany, 1477-1806 (1st ed., pp. 4-190). Basingstoke: Macmillan.
  5. ^ Hughes, M. (1992). Early Modern Germany, 1477-1806 (1st ed., pp. 4-190). Basingstoke: Macmillan.
  6. ^ Hughes, M. (1992). Early Modern Germany, 1477-1806 (1st ed., pp. 4-190). Basingstoke: Macmillan.
  7. ^ Hughes, M. (1992). Early Modern Germany, 1477-1806 (1st ed., pp. 4-190). Basingstoke: Macmillan.
  8. ^ Hughes, M. (1992). Early Modern Germany, 1477-1806 (1st ed., pp. 4-190). Basingstoke: Macmillan.
  9. ^ Eberle, E. (2016). Church and state in Western society (1st ed., pp. 32-100). London: Routledge.
  10. ^ Probst, C. (2012). Demonizing the Jews (pp. 3-98). Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
  11. ^ Pauley, B., & Barnett, V. (1994). For the Soul of the People: Protestant Protest against Hitler. German Studies Review, 17(3), 579. doi: 10.2307/1431915
  12. ^ Ramet, S. (1991). Protestantism in East Germany, 1949–1989: A summing up. Religion In Communist Lands, 19(3-4), 160-196. doi: 10.1080/09637499108431513
  13. ^ Probst, C. (2012). Demonizing the Jews (pp. 3-98). Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
  14. ^ Ramet, S. (1998). Nihil Obstat: Religion, Politics, and Social Change in East-Central Europe (2nd ed., pp. 67-101). Durham: Duke University Press.
  15. ^ Pauley, B., & Barnett, V. (1994). For the Soul of the People: Protestant Protest against Hitler. German Studies Review, 17(3), 579. doi: 10.2307/1431915
  16. ^ Pauley, B., & Barnett, V. (1994). For the Soul of the People: Protestant Protest against Hitler. German Studies Review, 17(3), 579. doi: 10.2307/1431915
  17. ^ Ramet, S. (1998). Nihil Obstat: Religion, Politics, and Social Change in East-Central Europe (2nd ed., pp. 67-101). Durham: Duke University Press.
  18. ^ Pauley, B., & Barnett, V. (1994). For the Soul of the People: Protestant Protest against Hitler. German Studies Review, 17(3), 579. doi: 10.2307/1431915
  19. ^ Tyndale, W. (2016). Protestants in Communist East Germany: In the Storm of the World (1st ed., pp. 4-95). New York: Routledge.
  20. ^ Ramet, S. (1991). Protestantism in East Germany, 1949–1989: A summing up. Religion In Communist Lands, 19(3-4), 160-196. doi: 10.1080/09637499108431513
  21. ^ Solberg, R. (1961). God and Caesar in East Germany. The conflicts of Church and State in East Germany since 1945, etc. [With plates.] (1st ed., pp. 235-260). Michigan: Macmillan University of Michigan.
  22. ^ Ramet, S. (1991). Protestantism in East Germany, 1949–1989: A summing up. Religion In Communist Lands, 19(3-4), 160-196. doi: 10.1080/09637499108431513
  23. ^ Ramet, S. (1998). Nihil Obstat: Religion, Politics, and Social Change in East-Central Europe (2nd ed., pp. 67-101). Durham: Duke University Press.
  24. ^ Tyndale, W. (2016). Protestants in Communist East Germany: In the Storm of the World (1st ed., pp. 4-95). New York: Routledge.
  25. ^ Solberg, R. (1961). God and Caesar in East Germany. The conflicts of Church and State in East Germany since 1945, etc. [With plates.] (1st ed., pp. 235-260). Michigan: Macmillan University of Michigan.
  26. ^ Ramet, S. (1991). Protestantism in East Germany, 1949–1989: A summing up. Religion In Communist Lands, 19(3-4), 160-196. doi: 10.1080/09637499108431513
  27. ^ Tyndale, W. (2016). Protestants in Communist East Germany: In the Storm of the World (1st ed., pp. 4-95). New York: Routledge.
  28. ^ Ekelund, Jr., R., Hébert, R., & Tollison, R. (2002). An Economic Analysis of the Protestant Reformation. Journal Of Political Economy, 110(3), 646-671. doi: 10.1086/339721
  29. ^ Seabold, S., & Dittmar, J. (2015). Media, Markets and Institutional Change: Evidence from the Protestant Reformation. Centre For Economic Performance, 2, 6-43.
  30. ^ Hughes, M. (1992). Early Modern Germany, 1477-1806 (1st ed., pp. 4-190). Basingstoke: Macmillan.
  31. ^ Christensen, C. (1973). The Reformation and the Decline of German Art. Central European History, 6(3), 207-232. Retrieved April 14, 2020, from www.jstor.org/stable/4545672
  32. ^ Heal, B. (2018). A Magnificent Faith: Art and Identity in Lutheran Germany (2nd ed., pp. 23-79). New York: Oxford University Press.
  33. ^ Smith, J. (1994). German sculpture of the later Renaissance, c. 1520-1580 : art in an age of uncertainty (1st ed., pp. 23-78). Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  34. ^ Oettinger, R. (2001). Music as Propaganda in the German Reformation (1st ed., pp. 4-350). New York: Routledge.
  35. ^ Etherington, C. (1978). Protestant worship music. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press.
  36. ^ Gawthrop, R., & Strauss, G. (1984). Protestantism And Literacy In Early Modern Germany. Past And Present, 104(1), 31-30. doi: 10.1093/past/104.1.31
  37. ^ Ramet, S. (1998). Nihil Obstat: Religion, Politics, and Social Change in East-Central Europe (2nd ed., pp. 67-101). Durham: Duke University Press.
  38. ^ Boppart, T., Falkinger, J., & Grossmann, V. (2014). Protestantism and Education: Reading (The Bible) and other skills. Economic Inquiry, 52(2), 874-895. doi: 10.1111/ecin.12058
  39. ^ Gawthrop, R., & Strauss, G. (1984). Protestantism And Literacy In Early Modern Germany. Past And Present, 104(1), 31-30. doi: 10.1093/past/104.1.31
  40. ^ Ramet, S. (1998). Nihil Obstat: Religion, Politics, and Social Change in East-Central Europe (2nd ed., pp. 67-101). Durham: Duke University Press.
  41. ^ Ramet, S. (1991). Protestantism in East Germany, 1949–1989: A summing up. Religion In Communist Lands, 19(3-4), 160-196. doi: 10.1080/09637499108431513
  42. ^ Ramet, S. (1998). Nihil Obstat: Religion, Politics, and Social Change in East-Central Europe (2nd ed., pp. 67-101). Durham: Duke University Press.
  43. ^ Rubin, J. (2011). Printing and Protestants: Reforming the Economics of the Reformation. The George L. Argyros School Of Business & Economics, 2-76. doi: 10.2139/ssrn.1742523
  44. ^ Hughes, M. (1992). Early Modern Germany, 1477-1806 (1st ed., pp. 4-190). Basingstoke: Macmillan.
  45. ^ Charbonnier, R. (2008). The Contribution of the Protestant Church in Germany to the Pluralist Discourse in Bioethics: The Case of Stem Cell Research. Christian Bioethics, 14(1), 95-107. doi: 10.1093/cb/cbn006
  46. ^ Tuffs, A. (2001). Germany debates embryonic stem cell research. BMJ Publishing Group, 8, 323.
  47. ^ Ramet, S. (1998). Nihil Obstat: Religion, Politics, and Social Change in East-Central Europe (2nd ed., pp. 67-101). Durham: Duke University Press.
  48. ^ Heal, B. (2018). A Magnificent Faith: Art and Identity in Lutheran Germany (2nd ed., pp. 23-79). New York: Oxford University Press.
  49. ^ Taylor, R. (1998). The Castles of the Rhine: Recreating the Middle Ages in Modern Germany (1st ed., pp. 32-100). Ontario: Wilfrid Laurier University Press.
  50. ^ Taylor, R. (1998). The Castles of the Rhine: Recreating the Middle Ages in Modern Germany (1st ed., pp. 32-100). Ontario: Wilfrid Laurier University Press.
  51. ^ James-Chakraborty, K. (2000). German Architecture for a Mass Audience (2nd ed., pp. 3-158). New York: Routledge.
  52. ^ Maciuika, J. (2008). Before the Bauhaus: Architecture, Politics and the German State, 1890-1920 (1st ed., pp. 12-340). New York: Cambridge University Press.
  53. ^ James-Chakraborty, K. (2000). German Architecture for a Mass Audience (2nd ed., pp. 3-158). New York: Routledge.
  54. ^ James-Chakraborty, K. (2000). German Architecture for a Mass Audience (2nd ed., pp. 3-158). New York: Routledge.
  55. ^ Solberg, R. (1961). God and Caesar in East Germany. The conflicts of Church and State in East Germany since 1945, etc. [With plates.] (1st ed., pp. 235-260). Michigan: Macmillan University of Michigan.
  56. ^ (Seabold, S., & Dittmar, J. (2015). Media, Markets and Institutional Change: Evidence from the Protestant Reformation. Centre For Economic Performance, 2, 6-43.).
  57. ^ a b "German Religious Demography". Pew Research Center: Religion & Public Life. June 3, 2020.
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