User:Swafles13/sandbox

Coordinates: 12°07′N 61°40′W / 12.117°N 61.667°W / 12.117; -61.667
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
This page is about the island country in the Caribbean. For the city and province in Spain, see Granada. For New Granada (a Spanish colonial province), see Viceroyalty of New Granada. For the Grenadine Islands, see Grenadines. For other uses, see Swafles13/sandbox (disambiguation).

Grenada
Gwenad (Grenadian Creole French)
Motto: "Ever Conscious of God We Aspire, Build and Advance as One People"
Prime Minister
Keith Mitchell
Legislature
Associated State
3 March 1967
• Independence from the United Kingdom
7 February 1974
13 March 1979
• Constitution Restoration
4 December 1984
+1-473
ISO 3166 codeGD
Internet TLD.gd
  1. Plus trace of
    Carib
    .

Grenada (

mace crops.[10]

12°07′N 61°40′W / 12.117°N 61.667°W / 12.117; -61.667 Before the

Federation of the West Indies, a short-lived federation of British West Indian colonies. On 3 March 1967, Grenada was granted full autonomy over its internal affairs as an associated state
.

Independence was granted on 7 February 1974 under the leadership of

People's Revolutionary Government (PRG), headed by Maurice Bishop as Prime Minister.[11] Bishop was later executed by military hardliners, prompting a U.S.-led invasion in October 1983. Since then democratic governance has been restored and the island has remained politically stable.[9]

Etymology

The origin of the name "Grenada" is obscure, but it is likely that Spanish sailors named the island for the Andalusian city of Granada.[9][12] However it carried at least two other names during the Age of Discovery.

On his third voyage to the region in 1498, Christopher Columbus sighted Grenada and named it "La Concepción" in honour of the Virgin Mary. It is said that he may have actually named it "Assumpción", but it is uncertain, as he is said to have sighted what are now Grenada and Tobago from a distance and named them both at the same time. However, it became accepted that he named Tobago "Assumpción" and Grenada "La Concepción".[12]

In 1499, the Italian explorer Amerigo Vespucci traveled through the region with the Spanish explorer Alonso de Ojeda and mapmaker Juan de la Cosa. Vespucci is reported to have renamed the island "Mayo", although this is the only map where the name appears.[13]

However, by the 1520s, Spanish maps used the name "Granada" and the islands to the north Los Granadillos ("Little Granadas").[14] Although it was deemed the property of the King of Spain, there are no records to suggest the Spanish ever attempted to settle the island.[13]

The French maintained the name ("La Grenade" in French) after settlement and colonisation in 1649.[15] On 10 February 1763, the island of La Grenade was ceded to the British under the Treaty of Paris. The British renamed it "Grenada", one of many place name anglicisations they carried out on the island during this time.[16]

History

Main article: History of Grenada

Pre-colonial history

Grenada was first populated by peoples from South America, possibly during the Caribbean

"Carib Invasion",[19] although the latter rests on highly circumstantial evidence.[20]

European arrival

It is thought that Christopher Columbus was the first European to see Grenada in 1498 during his third voyage, naming it 'Concepción'.[21] The Spanish did not follow up on this and it was the English who were the first to attempt to colonise the island in 1609; however they were beaten off by the native Carib peoples.[21][22][22][23]

French colony (1649–1763)

Main article: French West Indies

In 1649 a French expedition of 203 men from

St. Vincent and the Grenadines
.

The French named their

Fort Royal (later St. George's). To shelter from hurricanes the French navy would often take refuge in the capital's natural harbour, as no nearby French islands had a natural harbour to compare with that of Fort Royal. The British captured Grenada during the Seven Years' War in 1762.[21]

British colonial period

The island of Grenada and port Saint-Georges in 1776.

Early colonial period

Main articles: British West Indies, British Windward Islands, and West Indies Federation

Grenada was formally ceded to

pro-French revolt in 1795–96 led by Julien Fédon, which was successfully defeated by the British.[28][29]

As Grenada's economy grew, more and more African slaves were forcibly transported to the island. Britain eventually outlawed the slave trade within the British Empire in 1807, and slavery was outlawed completely in 1834.[21][30] In an effort to ameliorate the subsequent labour shortage, migrants from India were brought to Grenada in 1857.[22][23][31]

Nutmeg was introduced to Grenada in 1843 when a merchant ship called in on its way to England from the East Indies.[22][23] The ship had a small quantity of nutmeg trees on board which they left in Grenada, and this was the beginning of Grenada's nutmeg industry that now supplies nearly 40% of the world's annual crop.[32]

Later colonial period

In 1877 Grenada was made a

Theophilus A. Marryshow founded the Representative Government Association (RGA) in 1917 to agitate for a new and participative constitutional dispensation for the Grenadian people.[citation needed] Partly as a result of Marryshow's lobbying, the Wood Commission of 1921–22 concluded that Grenada was ready for constitutional reform in the form of a modified Crown colony government. This modification granted Grenadians the right to elect five of the 15 members of the Legislative Council, on a restricted property franchise enabling the wealthiest 4% of adult Grenadians to vote.[33] Marryshow was named a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in 1943.[citation needed
]

In 1950 Eric Gairy founded the Grenada United Labour Party (GULP), initially as a trade union, which led the 1951 general strike for better working conditions.[22][23][34] This sparked great unrest—so many buildings were set ablaze that the disturbances became known as the "red sky" days—and the British authorities decided to call in military reinforcements to help regain control of the situation.[citation needed] On 10 October 1951, Grenada held its first general elections on the basis of universal adult suffrage,[35] with Gairy's party winning six of the eight seats contested.[35]

From 1958 to 1962 Grenada was part of the

Premier from August 1967 until February 1974.[21]

Post-independence era

Maurice Bishop visiting East Germany, 1982

Independence was granted on 7 February 1974, under the leadership of Eric Gairy, who became the first

British Commonwealth, retaining Queen Elizabeth as Monarch, represented locally by a Governor-General. Civil conflict gradually broke out between Eric Gairy's government and some opposition parties, including the Marxist New Jewel Movement (NJM).[21] Gairy and the GULP won the 1976 Grenadian general election, albeit with an reduced majority;[21] however the opposition deemed the results invalid due to fraud and the violent intimidation performed by the so-called 'Mongoose Gang', a private militia loyal to Gairy.[36][37][38]

On 13 March 1979, whilst Gairy was out of the country, the NJM launched a

communist bloc countries.[21]
All political parties except for the New Jewel Movement were banned and no elections were held during the four years of PRG rule.

Invasion by the United States (1983)

Main article: United States invasion of Grenada
invasion of Grenada

Coup and execution of Maurice Bishop

Some years later a dispute developed between Bishop and certain high-ranking members of the NJM. Though Bishop cooperated with

communist Deputy Prime Minister Bernard Coard
, deemed Bishop insufficiently revolutionary and demanded that he either step down or enter into a power-sharing arrangement.

On 16 October 1983 Bernard Coard and his wife, Phyllis, backed by the Grenadian Army, led a coup against the government of Maurice Bishop and placed Bishop under house arrest.[21] These actions led to street demonstrations in various parts of the island because Bishop had widespread support from the population. Because Bishop was a widely popular leader, he was freed by impassioned supporters who marched en masse on his guarded residence from a rally in the capital's central square. Bishop then led the crowd to the island's military headquarters to reassert his power. Grenadian soldiers were dispatched in armored vehicles by the Coard faction to retake the fort. A confrontation between soldiers and civilians at the fort ended in gunfire and panic. Three soldiers and at least eight civilians died in the tumult that also injured 100 others, a school-sponsored study later found. When the initial shooting ended with Bishop's surrender, he and seven of his closest supporters were taken prisoner and executed by a firing squad of soldiers. Besides Bishop, the group included three of his cabinet ministers, a trade union leader and three service-industry workers.[39][clarification needed]

After the execution of Bishop, the People's Revolutionary Army (PRA) formed a Military-Marxist government with General Hudson Austin as chairman. The army declared a four-day total curfew, during which anyone leaving their home without approval would be shot on sight.[40]

United States and allied response and reaction

invasion of Grenada

The overthrow of a moderately socialist government by one which was strongly pro-communist concerned the administration of US President

airstrip on Grenada.[41] Bishop had stated the purpose of the airstrip was to allow commercial jets to land, but some US military analysts argued that the only reason for constructing such a long and reinforced runway was so that it could be used by heavy military transport planes. The contractors, American and European companies, and the EEC, which provided partial funding, all claimed the airstrip did not have military capabilities.[41] Reagan claimed that Cuba, under the direction of the Soviet Union, would use Grenada as a refuelling stop for Cuban and Soviet airplanes loaded with weapons destined for Central American communist insurgents.[42]

On 25 October 1983, combined forces from the United States and from the

Governor-General of Grenada, Sir Paul Scoon.[43] Progress was rapid and within four days the Americans had removed the military government of Hudson Austin
.

The invasion was heavily criticized by the governments of Britain,[44] Trinidad and Tobago, and Canada. The United Nations General Assembly condemned it as "a flagrant violation of international law" by a vote of 108 in favor to 9, with 27 abstentions.[45][46] The United Nations Security Council considered a similar resolution, which was supported by 11 nations. However, the United States vetoed the motion.[47]

Post-invasion arrests

After the invasion, the pre-revolutionary Grenadian constitution came into operation once again. Eighteen members of the PRG/PRA were arrested on charges related to the murder of Maurice Bishop and seven others. The 18 included the top political leadership of Grenada at the time of the execution, along with the entire military chain of command directly responsible for the operation that led to the executions. Fourteen were sentenced to death, one was found not guilty, and three were sentenced to 45 years in prison. The death sentences were eventually commuted to terms of imprisonment. Those in prison have become known as 'the Grenada 17'.[48]

Grenada since 1983

When US troops withdrew from Grenada in December 1983, Nicholas Brathwaite of the National Democratic Congress was appointed Prime Minister of an interim administration by Governor-General Scoon until elections could be organised.[21] The first democratic elections since 1976 were held in December 1984, and were won by the Grenada National Party under Herbert Blaize, who served as Prime Minister until his death in December 1989.[49][50]

Ben Jones briefly succeeded Blaize as Prime Minister and served until the March 1990 election,[51][52] which was won by the National Democratic Congress under Nicholas Brathwaite who returned as Prime Minister for a second time until he resigned in February 1995.[53] He was succeeded by George Brizan who served for a brief period[54] until the June 1995 election which was won by the New National Party under Keith Mitchell, who went on to win the 1999 and 2003 elections, serving for a record 13 years until 2008.[21] Mitchell re-established relations with Cuba and also reformed the country's banking system, which had come in for criticism over potential money laundering concerns.[21][22][23]

In 2000–02, much of the controversy of the late 1970s and early 1980s was once again brought into the public consciousness with the opening of the

Roman Catholic priest, Father Mark Haynes, and was tasked with uncovering injustices arising from the PRA, Bishop's regime, and before. It held a number of hearings around the country. Brother Robert Fanovich, head of Presentation Brothers' College (PBC) in St. George's tasked some of his senior students with conducting a research project into the era and specifically into the fact that Maurice Bishop's body was never discovered.[55] Paterson also uncovered that there was still a lot of resentment in Grenadian society resulting from the era and a feeling that there were many injustices still unaddressed.[citation needed
]

Aftermath of Hurricane Ivan in Grenada

On 7 September 2004, after being hurricane-free for 49 years, the island was directly hit by

Category 3 hurricane, resulting in 39 deaths and damage or destruction to 90% of the island's homes.[21][22][23] On 14 July 2005, Hurricane Emily, a Category 1 hurricane at the time, struck the northern part of the island with 80-knot (150 km/h; 92 mph) winds, killing one person and causing an estimated USD $110 million (EC$297 million) worth of damage.[22][23][57] Agriculture, and in particular the nutmeg
industry, suffered serious losses, but that event has begun changes in crop management and it is hoped that as new nutmeg trees gradually mature, the industry will gradually rebuild.

Mitchell was defeated in the

Grenada confirmed its first case of COVID-19, of which the economic effects are expected to rival past downturns, including Hurricane Ivan
. Though by June 18th, the country reported 0 active cases.

Geography

Main article: Geography of Grenada
A map of Grenada

The island of Grenada is the southernmost island in the

Hillsborough on Carriacou
.

Grenada is of

volcanic origin,[9] as evident in its soil, mountainous interior, and several explosion craters, including Lake Antoine, Grand Etang Lake and Levera Pond. Grenada's highest point is Mount St. Catherine, rising to 840 m (2,760 ft) above sea level.[9] Other major mountains include Mount Granby and South East Mountain
. Several small rivers with waterfalls flow into the sea from these mountains. The coastline contains several bays, most notably on the southern coast which is split into numerous thin peninsulas.

An aerial photo of the capital St. George's

Climate

The

hurricane belt, has suffered only three hurricanes in fifty years.[citation needed
]

Hurricane Janet passed over Grenada on 23 September 1955, with winds of 185 km/h (115 mph), causing severe damage. The most recent storms to hit have been Hurricane Ivan on 7 September 2004, causing severe damage and thirty-nine deaths, and Hurricane Emily on 14 July 2005, causing serious damage in Carriacou and in the north of Grenada, which had been relatively lightly affected by Hurricane Ivan.[citation needed]

Politics

Main article: Politics of Grenada

Grenada is a

Prime Minister. The Governor-General role is largely ceremonial, while the Prime Minister is usually the leader of the largest party in Parliament.[9]

The Parliament of Grenada consists of a Senate (13 members) and a House of Representatives (15 members). Senators are appointed by the government and the opposition, while the Representatives are elected by the population for five-year terms.[9] Grenada operates a multi-party system, with the largest parties being the center-right New National Party (NNP) and the center-left National Democratic Congress (NDC).[9]

Foreign relations

Further information: Foreign relations of Grenada

Grenada is a full and participating member of both the Caribbean Community (CARICOM) and the Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS).[9]

The Commonwealth

Grenada is, along with much of the Caribbean region, a member of the Commonwealth of Nations. The organization, which is primarily the old British colonies, focuses on fostering international relations between its members.

Organization of American States (OAS)

Grenada is one of the 35 states which has ratified the OAS charter and is a member of the Organization.[62][63] Grenada entered into the Inter-American system in 1975 according to the OAS's website.[64]

Double Taxation Relief (CARICOM) Treaty

On 6 July 1994 at Sherbourne Conference Centre in St. Michael, Barbados, George Brizan signed the Double Taxation Relief (CARICOM) Treaty on behalf of the Government of Grenada.[65] This treaty covered concepts such as taxes, residence, tax jurisdictions, capital gains, business profits, interest, dividends, royalties and other areas.[citation needed]

FATCA

On 30 June 2014, Grenada signed a Model 1 agreement with the United States of America in relation to Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act (FATCA).[66]

Military

Grenada has no standing military, leaving typical military functions to the Royal Grenada Police Force (including a Special Service Unit) and the Coast Guard of Grenada.[9]

In 2019, Grenada signed the UN treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons.[67]

Administrative divisions

Main article: Parishes of Grenada

Grenada is divided into six parishes:[9] Carriacou and Petite Martinique (not pictured) have the status of a dependency.[9]

Grenada ParishesSaint AndrewSaint DavidSaint GeorgeSaint JohnSaint MarkSaint PatrickSaint Andrew
Grenada Parishes

Human rights

Main article: LGBT rights in Grenada

Male homosexuality is illegal in Grenada and punishable by prison time.[68][69]

Economy

Main article: Economy of Grenada

Grenada has a small economy in which tourism is the major

East Caribbean dollar) with seven other members of the Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS).[9][70]

Grenada has suffered from a heavy external debt problem, with government debt service payments running at about 25% of total revenues in 2017; Grenada was listed as ninth from bottom in a study of 126 developing countries.[71]

Agriculture and exports

mace

Grenada is an exporter of several different spices, most notably

mace.[72][10] Other major exports include bananas, cocoa, fruit and vegetables, clothing, chocolate and fish.[9]

Tourism

Tourism is the mainstay of Grenada's economy.[9] Conventional beach and water-sports tourism is largely focused in the southwest region around St George, the airport and the coastal strip. Ecotourism is growing in significance. Most small ecofriendly guesthouses are located in the Saint David and Saint John parishes. The tourism industry is increasing dramatically with the construction of a large cruise ship pier and esplanade.

Tourism is concentrated in the southwest of the island, around St. George's, Grand Anse, Lance Aux Epines, and Point Salines. Grenada has many beaches around its coastline, including the 3 km (1.9 mi) long Grand Anse Beach in St George, often hailed as one of the best beaches in the world.[73] Grenada's many waterfalls are also popular with tourists. The nearest to St. George's is the Annandale Waterfalls, but other notable ones like Mt. Carmel, Concord, Seven Sisters and Tufton Hall also being within easy reach.[74]

Grand Anse Beach, St. George's

Several festivals also draw in tourists, such as Carriacou Maroon and String Band Music Festival in April,[75][75] the Annual Budget Marine Spice Island Bill Fish Tournament,[76] the Island Water World Sailing Week[77] and the Grenada Sailing Festival Work Boat Regatta.[citation needed]

Education

Education in Grenada consists of kindergarten, pre-primary school, primary school, secondary school and tertiary education. The government has prioritised education, spending 10.3% of its budget to the sector in 2016, the third highest rate in the world.[9] Literacy rates are very high, with 98.6% of the population being able to read and write.[9] Schools include:

Primary Schools

  • St. Patrick's Roman Catholic Primary School
  • St. Patrick's Anglican Primary
  • Mt. Rose's Seventh Day Adventist Primary School
  • Chantimelle Primary School
  • St. Dominic's R.C. School
  • St. George's Anglican Senior School
  • St. George's Government School
  • Paraclete Government School

Secondary Schools

  • Anglican High School
  • Grenada Boys' Secondary School, established in 1885
  • Mac Donald's College
  • St. Joseph's Convent (St. Andrew/St. George)
  • BishGrenada Critian Academy
  • St. Mark's Secondary School
  • St. John's Christian Secondary School
  • St. Andrew's Anglican Secondary School
  • Mt. Rose Seventh Day Adventist Secondary School
  • Westerhall Secondary School
  • Wesley College
  • Beacon High School
  • Westmorland Secondary School
  • Grenville Secondary School
  • J.W. Fletcher Secondary School
  • Bishop's College (Carriacou)
  • Hillsborough Secondary School (Carriacou)

Tertiary education

  • St. George's University, one of the Organisation of American States (OAS) Consortium of Universities[78]
  • T.A. Marryshow Community College
  • UWI Open Campus in Grenada
  • New Life Organisation (NEWLO)

Transport

Maurice Bishop International Airport is Grenada's main airport,[9] connecting the country with other Caribbean islands, the United States, Canada, and Europe. There is also an airport on Carriacou.[21] There is a daily fast ferry service between St. George's and Hillsborough.[citation needed]

Demographics

Main article: Demographics of Grenada
Further information: Afro-Grenadians, Indo-Grenadians, and List of cities in Grenada
A view of Carriacou, with other Grenadine islands visible in the distance

A majority of Grenadians (82%[2]) are descendants of the African slaves.[9][21] Few of the indigenous Carib and Arawak population survived the French purge at Sauteurs.[citation needed] A small percentage of descendants of indentured workers from India were brought to Grenada between 1857 and 1885, predominantly from the states of Bihar and Uttar Pradesh.[citation needed] Today, Grenadians of Indian descent constitute 2.2% of the population.[9] There is also a small community of French and English descendants.[21] The rest of the population is of mixed descent (13%).[2]

Grenada, like many of the Caribbean islands, is subject to a large amount of out-migration, with a large number of young people seeking more prospects abroad. Popular migration points for Grenadians include more prosperous islands in the Caribbean (such as

Grenadians in the UK) and Australia.[citation needed
]

Religion

Religion in Grenada (2011 estimate)[79]

  Protestant (49.2%)
  
Rastafarian
(1.2%)
  other (5.5%)

Figures are 2011 estimates[79]

Languages

English is the country's official language[9] but the main spoken language is either of two creole languages (Grenadian Creole English and, less frequently, Grenadian Creole French) (sometimes called 'patois') which reflects the African, European, and native heritage of the nation. The creoles contain elements from a variety of African languages, French and English. Grenadian Creole French is mainly spoken in smaller rural areas.[citation needed]

Some

Bhojpuri terms are still spoken amongst the Indo-Grenadian community descendants.[citation needed
]

The indigenous languages were

Karina (Carib).[citation needed
]

Culture

Main articles: Culture of Grenada and Music of Grenada
A carnival in 1965

Island culture is heavily influenced by the

Carib Amerindian
influence is also seen, especially in the island's cuisine.

The "oildown" is considered to be the national dish.[80] The name refers to a dish cooked in coconut milk until all the milk is absorbed, leaving a bit of coconut oil in the bottom of the pot. Early recipes call for a mixture of salted pigtail, pig's feet (trotters), salt beef and chicken, dumplings made from flour, and provision like breadfruit, green banana, yam and potatoes. Callaloo leaves are sometimes used to retain the steam and add extra flavour.[80]

Zouk is also being slowly introduced onto the island.[citation needed
]

An important aspect of the Grenadian culture is the tradition of

Loogaroo (from "loup-garou"), a werewolf.[citation needed
]

Sports

Olympics

Main article: Grenada at the Olympics
Kirani James, noted Grenadian sprinter

Grenada has competed in every Summer Olympics since the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles.[citation needed] Kirani James won the first Olympic gold medal for Grenada in the men's 400 meters in 2012 in London and silver in 2016.[citation needed]

Cricket

See also: Cricket in the West Indies and Windward Islands cricket team

As with other islands from the Caribbean, cricket is the national and most popular sport and is an intrinsic part of Grenadian culture. The Grenada national cricket team forms a part of the Windward Islands cricket team in regional domestic cricket, however it plays as a separate entity in minor regional matches,[81] as well as having previously played Twenty20 cricket in the Stanford 20/20.[82]

The

domestic competition for the second time, was born in the small town of Hermitage
.

In April 2007 Grenada jointly hosted (along with several other Caribbean nations) the

Republic of China (ROC, Taiwan) was accidentally played instead of the PRC's anthem, leading to the firing of top officials.[84][85]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ "Government of Grenada Website". Retrieved 1 November 2007.
  2. ^ a b c "Grenada". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). Retrieved 19 March 2012.
  3. ^ https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gj.html
  4. ^ "About Grenada, Carriacou & Petite Martinique | GOV.gd". www.gov.gd. Retrieved 31 July 2017.
  5. ^ "World Population Prospects 2022". United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
  6. ^ "World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100" (XSLX) ("Total Population, as of 1 July (thousands)"). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
  7. ^ a b c d "Grenada". International Monetary Fund. 2018. Retrieved 1 April 2018.
  8. ^ "Human Development Report 2019" (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 10 December 2019. Retrieved 10 December 2019.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab "CIA World Factbook – Grenada". Retrieved 12 July 2019.
  10. ^ a b "Grenada | History, Geography, & Points of Interest". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 12 June 2020.
  11. ISBN 978-1-62846-151-0
  12. ^
    ISBN 9781841622743
    . grenada name.
  13. ^
    ISBN 9781841622743
    . grenada name.
  14. ISBN 9781490472003
    .
  15. ISBN 9781490472003
    .
  16. ISBN 9781841622743
    . grenada name.
  17. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.10.014
    .
  18. doi:10.1016/j.jaa.2019.101075
    .
  19. S2CID 182630336
    .
  20. ^ Whitehead, Neil (1995). Wolves from the Sea: Readings in the Anthropology of the Native Caribbean. Leiden: KITLV Press.
  21. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z "Encyclopedia Britannica – Grenada". Retrieved 12 July 2019.
  22. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Steele, pp. 35–36
  23. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "About Grenada: Historical Events". Retrieved 13 July 2019.
  24. ^ Crouse, Nellis Maynard (1940). French pioneers in the West Indies, 1624–1664. New York: Columbia university press. p. 196.
  25. ISBN 0333930533
    .
  26. ISBN 0-333-93053-3
    , pp. 35–44.
  27. ^ Steele, p. 59
  28. ^ Jacobs, Curtis. The Fédons of Grenada, 1763–1814 Archived 31 August 2008 at the Wayback Machine. University of the West Indies. Retrieved 10 March 2013.
  29. JSTOR 2717757
    .
  30. ^ "Encyclopedia Britannica – Anguilla". Retrieved 12 July 2019.
  31. ^ "About Grenada: Historical Events". GOV.gd. 7 May 2013. Retrieved 16 March 2015.
  32. ^ "Grenada Nutmeg – GCNA – Organic Nutmeg Producers, Nutmeg Oil – Nutmeg trees – Nutmeg farming in Grenada". Travelgrenada.com. Archived from the original on 23 March 2012. Retrieved 19 March 2012.
  33. ^ "From Old Representative System to Crown Colony". Bigdrumnation.org. 1 July 2008. Retrieved 19 March 2012.
  34. ^ "Eric Gairy - Caribbean Hall of Fame". caribbean.halloffame.tripod.com.
  35. ^ a b "1951 and Coming of General Elections". BigDrumNation. Retrieved 19 March 2012.
  36. ISBN 978-0-19-928357-6
  37. ^ "Grenada : History". Retrieved 8 October 2013.
  38. ^ "The end of Eric Gairy". Retrieved 1 June 2016.
  39. OCLC 1123182247
    .
  40. Croom Helm
    . Retrieved 10 September 2009.
  41. ^ a b Gailey, Phil; Warren Weaver Jr. (26 March 1983). "Grenada". The New York Times. Retrieved 11 July 2010.
  42. ^ Julie Wolf (1999–2000). "The Invasion of Grenada". PBS: The American Experience (Reagan). Retrieved 10 September 2009.
  43. ^ Autobiography: Sir Paul Scoon 'Survival for Service' (Macmillan Caribbean, 2003)(pp. 135–136)
  44. ^ Charles Moore, Margaret Thatcher: At her Zenith (2016) p. 130.
  45. ^ "United Nations General Assembly resolution 38/7". United Nations. 2 November 1983. Archived from the original on 16 March 2008.
  46. ^ "Assembly calls for cessation of 'armed intervention' in Grenada". UN Chronicle. 1984. Archived from the original on 27 June 2007.
  47. ^ Richard Bernstein (29 October 1983). "U.S. VETOES U.N. RESOLUTION 'DEPLORING' GRENADA INVASION". The New York Times. Retrieved 8 July 2012.
  48. ^ Amnesty International (October 2003). "The Grenada 17: the last of the cold war prisoners?" (PDF).
  49. ^ Political Parties of the World (6th edition, 2005), ed. Bogdan Szajkowski, page 265.
  50. ^ "Jan 1985 – General election and resumption of Parliament – Formation of Blaize government – Foreign relations Opening of airport – Start of murder trial", Keesing's Record of World Events, volume 31, January 1985, Grenada, page 33,327.
  51. ^ "Grenada profile". 12 March 2018 – via www.bbc.co.uk.
  52. ^ "Biography: Ben Jones | GOV.gd". www.gov.gd.
  53. ^ "Former Grenadian PM Nicholas Brathwaite dies". Jamaica Observer. 29 October 2016. Retrieved 5 November 2016.
  54. ^ "Feb 1995 – New Prime Minister – Government changes", Keesing's Record of World Events, Volume 41, February 1995 Grenada, Page 40402.
  55. ^ See Maurice Paterson's book, published before this event, called Big Sky Little Bullet
  56. ^ Green, Eric (24 February 2005). "Grenada Making Comeback from Hurricane Ivan". United States Department of State. Archived from the original on 22 November 2006. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
  57. ^ James L. Franklin & Daniel P. Brown (10 March 2006). "Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Emily" (PDF). National Hurricane Center. NOAA. Retrieved 13 March 2006.
  58. ^ "New Grenada prime minister vows to boost economy, lower cost of living". Associated Press via International Herald Tribune. 9 July 2008. Archived from the original on 4 August 2008. Retrieved 31 July 2011.
  59. ^ George Worme, "Thomas wins by a landslide in Grenada" Archived 14 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine, The Nation (Barbados), 10 July 2008.
  60. ^ "Clean sweep", Jamaica Observer, 21 February 2013.
  61. ^ "Clean sweep! Grenada PM predicts repeat victory". WIC News. 9 November 2017. Retrieved 9 November 2017.
  62. ^ "Member States". OAS. Retrieved 18 May 2017.
  63. ^ "SLA :: Department of International Law (DIL) :: Inter-American Treaties". OAS. Retrieved 18 May 2017.
  64. ^ "Member State :: Grenada". OAS. Retrieved 18 May 2017.
  65. ^ "The double taxation relief (Caricom) order, 1994" (PDF).{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  66. ^ "Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act (FATCA)". Treasury.gov. Retrieved 18 May 2017.
  67. ^ "Chapter XXVI: Disarmament – No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons". United Nations Treaty Collection. 7 July 2017.
  68. ^ Avery, Daniel (4 April 2019). "71 Countries Where Homosexuality is Illegal". Newsweek.
  69. ^ "State-Sponsored Homophobia". International Lesbian Gay Bisexual Trans and Intersex Association. 20 March 2019.
  70. ^ "Welcome to the OECS". Oecs.org. Retrieved 28 June 2010.
  71. ^ Elliott, Larry (18 March 2018). "Developing countries at risk from US rate rise, debt charity warns". Retrieved 19 March 2018. Jubilee Debt Campaign study
  72. ^ "Nutmeg, mace and cardamons (HS: 0908) Product Trade, Exporters and Importers". oec.world. Retrieved 12 June 2020.
  73. ^ "The 10 Best Beaches in the World". The Daily Telegraph. London.
  74. ^ Cruisemanic. "Top 10 Things to Do in Grenada". Cruise Panorama.
  75. ^ a b "11th Carriacou Maroon & String Band Music Festival | Events | Plan Your Vacation". www.grenadagrenadines.com. Retrieved 25 November 2019.
  76. ^ "51st Annual Budget Marine Spice Island Billfish Tournament | Events | Plan Your Vacation". www.grenadagrenadines.com. Retrieved 25 November 2019.
  77. ^ "Event Schedule". Grenada Sailing Week. 27 February 2018. Retrieved 25 November 2019.
  78. ^ "Scholarships". OAS. Retrieved 18 May 2017.
  79. ^ a b "Central America and Caribbean :: GRENADA". CIA The World Factbook.
  80. ^ a b "Oil down – National Dish of Grenada". Gov.gd. 5 March 2010. Retrieved 19 March 2012.
  81. ^ "Other Matches played by Grenada". CricketArchive. Retrieved 9 August 2014.
  82. ^ "Twenty20 Matches played by Grenada". CricketArchive. Retrieved 9 August 2014.
  83. ^ "Grenada: Bandleader Loses Job in Chinese Anthem Gaffe". The New York Times. Associated Press. 8 February 2007. Retrieved 5 August 2008.
  84. ^ "BBCCaribbean.com | Grenada goofs: anthem mix up". BBC. 5 February 2007. Retrieved 28 June 2010.
  85. ^ Scott Conroy (3 February 2007). "Taiwan Anthem Played For China Officials". CBS News. Retrieved 28 June 2010.

References

External links


This page will be placed in the following categories if it is moved to the
article namespace.
Categories:
  • Countries in the Caribbean
  • Windward Islands
  • English-speaking countries and territories
  • Former British colonies and protectorates in the Americas
  • Former French colonies
  • Member states of the Caribbean Community
  • Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations
  • Member states of the Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States
  • Member states of the United Nations
  • Small Island Developing States
  • 1640s establishments in the Caribbean
  • 1649 establishments in the French colonial empire
  • 1649 establishments in North America
  • 1760s establishments in the Caribbean
  • 1763 establishments in the British Empire
  • 1763 establishments in North America
  • States and territories established in 1974
  • 1970s establishments in the Caribbean
  • 1974 establishments in North America
  • Countries in North America
    • Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Swafles13/sandbox&oldid=1109448494"