Turkish Americans

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Turkish Americans
Türk Amerikalılar
USSR.[6]

Part of a series of articles on
Turkish people
People
Population
Traditional Areas of Turkish Settlement

Turkish majorities:

  • Turkish minorities in the Balkans:
  • Turkish minorities in the Caucasus:
  • Turkish minorities in the Levant:
  • Iraq
  • Israel
  • Jordan
  • Lebanon
  • Syria
  • Turkish minorities in North Africa:
  • Other Turkish minorities:


  • Turkish diasporas in the Americas:
  • Turkish diasporas in Central Asia:
  • Turkish diasporas in Oceania:
  • Australia
  • New Zealand
  • Other Turkish diasporas:
History
Culture
Languages
Religion

Turkish Americans (

Turkish communities in the US which descend from the island of Cyprus, the Balkans, North Africa, the Levant and other areas of the former Ottoman Empire. Furthermore, in recent years there has been a significant number of ethnic Turkish people coming to the US from the modern Turkish diaspora (i.e. outside the former Ottoman territories), especially from the Turkish Meskhetian diaspora in Eastern Europe (e.g. from Krasnodar Krai in Russia) and "Euro-Turks" from Central and Western Europe (e.g. Turkish Germans
etc.).

History

Ottoman Turkish migration

A group of immigrants, most wearing fezzes, surrounding a large vessel which is decorated with the star and crescent symbol of the Ottoman Empire (1902–1913)

The earliest known

repatriate about 100 of them to the Ottoman realms.[8]

A Turkish immigrant in New York (1912)
A Turkish immigrant leather worker, Yakub Ahmed, celebrates becoming a naturalized American citizen in the 1920s

Significant waves of Turkish immigration to the United States began during the period between 1820 and 1920.

Harput, French and German schools, and word of mouth from former migrants were major sources of information about the "New World" for those who wished to emigrate.[14]

The largest number of ethnic Turks appear to have entered the

Balkan provinces of Albania, Kosovo, Western Thrace, and Bulgaria emigrated and settled in the United States;[13] they were listed as "Albanians", "Bulgarians" and "Serbians" according to their country of origin, even though many of them were ethnically Turkish and identified themselves as such.[13] Furthermore, many immigrant families who were ethnic Albanians, Bulgarians, Greeks, Macedonians or Serbians included children of Turkish origin who lost their parents during ethnic cleansings committed by Bulgaria, Serbia and Greece following the Balkan War of 1912–13.[13] These Turkish children had been sheltered, baptized and adopted, and then used as field laborers; when the adopting families emigrated to the United States they listed these children as family members, although most of these Turkish children still remembered their origin.[13]

Turkish workers in Detroit (1923)

Early Turkish migrants were mostly male-dominated economic migrants who were farmers and shepherds from the lower socioeconomic classes; their main concern was to save enough money and return home.

industrial sector, taking difficult and lower-paying jobs in leather factories, tanneries, the iron and steel sector, and the wire, railroad, and automobile industries, especially in New England, New York, Detroit, and Chicago.[15] The Turkish community generally relied on each other in finding jobs and a place to stay, many staying in boarding houses. There was also cooperation between ethnic Turks and other Ottomans such as the Greeks, Jews, and Armenians, although ethnic conflicts were also common and carried to some parts of the United States, such as in Peabody, Massachusetts, where there was tension between Greeks, Armenians, and Turks.[15]

Dr. Fuat Umay meeting Turkish American women (1923)

Unlike the other Ottoman ethnic groups living in the United States, many early Turkish migrants returned to their homeland. The rate of return migration was exceptionally high after the establishment of the

American culture and today vaguely have a notion of their Turkish ancestry.[10]

Mainland Turkish migration

Turkish Americans holding the flags of the United States and Turkey
Turkish Americans dressed in traditional clothing at a Turkish Festival in Washington, D.C.

From World War I to 1965 the number of Turkish immigrants arriving in the United States was quite low, as a result of restrictive immigration laws such as the Immigration Act of 1924. Approximately 100 Turkish immigrants per year entered the United States between 1930 and 1950.[17] However, the number of Turkish immigrants to the United States increased to 2,000 to 3,000 per year after 1965 due to the liberalization of US immigration laws.[16] As of the late 1940s, but especially in the 1960s and 1970s, Turkish immigration to the United States changed its nature from one of unskilled to skilled migration; a wave of professionals such as doctors, engineers, academicians, and graduate students came to the United States. In the 1960s, 10,000 people entered the United States from Turkey, followed by another 13,000 in the 1970s.[16] As opposed to the male-dominated first flows of Ottoman Turkish migrants, these immigrants were highly educated, return migration was minimal, migrants included many young women and accompanying families, and Turkish nationalism and secularism was much more common.[10] The general profile of Turkish men and women immigrating to the United States depicted someone young, college-educated with a good knowledge of English, and with a career in medicine, engineering, or another profession in science or the arts.[18]

Since the 1980s, the flow of Turkish immigrants to the United States has included an increasing number of students and professionals as well as migrants who provide unskilled and semi-skilled labor.

visas. Thus, it is difficult to estimate the number of undocumented Turkish immigrants in the United States who overstay their visas or arrive illegally.[19] Moreover, with the introduction of the Diversity Immigrant Visa more Turkish immigrants, from all socioeconomic and educational backgrounds, have arrived in the United States, with the quota for Turkey being 2,000 per year.[10]

Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus

Turkish Cypriot migration

See also: Turkish Cypriots and Turkish Cypriot diaspora

The

US Congress.[24]

Turkish Macedonian migration

In 1960, the Macedonian Patriotic Organization reported that a handful of Turkish Macedonians in American "have expressed solidarity with the M.P.O.'s aims, and have made contributions to its financial needs."[25]

Meskhetian Turks protesting outside the White House in Washington, D.C.

Turkish Meskhetian migration

See also: Meskhetian Turks

Exiled first from

civil and human rights, including the right to employment, social and medical benefits, property ownership, higher education, and legal marriage.[26] In mid-2006, over 10,000 Meskhetian Turks had resettled from the Krasnodar region to the United States. Out of approximately 21,000 applications, nearly 15,000 individuals in total were eligible for refugee status and likely to immigrate during the life of the resettlement program.[27]

Demographics

Characteristics

Official statistics on the total number of Turkish Americans (of full or partial ancestry) do not provide a true reflection of the total population. In part, this is because ethnic Turkish people often choose not to report their ethnic ancestry, which is only voluntary in censuses. Moreover, the Turkish American community is unique in that many trace their roots to early Ottoman Turkish migrants who came to the United States from all areas of the

Turkish Lebanese, and Turkish Syrians) as well as from other areas of the former Ottoman Empire (e.g. Turkish Saudis). Furthermore, in recent years there has been a significant number of ethnic Turkish people coming to the US from the modern Turkish diaspora, especially from the Turkish Meskhetian diaspora in Krasnodar Krai in Russia and other former Soviet states in Eastern Europe. There is also a growing number of "Euro-Turks" from Central and Western Europe (e.g. Turkish Austrian, Turkish British, and Turkish German
communities) which have settled in the United States.

Population

According to the

Turkish American community was now over 1,000,000:[3][4]

Here in the U.S., you can see our person-to-person relationships growing stronger each day. You can see it in the 13,000 Turkish students that are studying here in the U.S. You can see it in corporate leaders like Muhtar Kent, the CEO of Coca-Cola, and you can see it in more than one million Turkish-Americans who add to the rich culture and fabric of our country. – John Bryson (2012)[4][3]

Other sources such as the Turkish American Community put the Turkish American population at between 350,000 and 500,000 with majority concentrations living in the New York/New Jersey region as well as California. The 2019 American Community Survey (ACS) conducted by the United States Census Bureau recorded 212,489 Americans of Turkish descent.[1]

In addition, the Turks of South Carolina, an Anglicized isolated community identifying as Turkish in Sumter County for over 200 years, numbered around 500 in the mid-20th century.[31]

Settlement

Turkish Americans live in all fifty states, although the largest concentrations are found in

Detroit, Michigan. The largest concentrations of Turkish Americans are found scattered throughout New York City, Long Island, New Jersey, Connecticut, and other suburban areas. They generally reside in specific cities and neighborhoods including Brighton Beach in Brooklyn, Sunnyside in Queens, and in the cities of Paterson and Clifton in New Jersey.[32]

According to the

State of New York followed by California, New Jersey, Florida, Texas, Virginia, Illinois, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, and Maryland.[33]

The top US communities with the highest percentage of people claiming Turkish ancestry in 2000 are:[34]
Community Place type % Turkish
Islandia, NY
 village 2.5
Edgewater Park, NJ
 township 1.9
Fairview, NJ
 borough 1.7
Goldens Bridge, NY
 populated place 1.6
Point Lookout, NY
 populated place 1.4
Marshville, NC
 town 1.4
Boonton, NJ
 town 1.3
Bellerose Terrace, NY populated place 1.3
Cliffside Park, NJ
 borough 1.3
Franksville, WI
 populated place 1.3
Ridgefield, NJ
 borough 1.3
Chester, OH
 township 1.3
Bay Harbor Islands, FL
 town 1.2
Herricks, NY populated place 1.2
Barry, IL
 city 1.2
Cloverdale, IN
 town 1.2
Highland Beach, FL
 town 1.2
Friendship Village, MD
 populated place 1.2
New Egypt, NJ
 populated place 1.1
Delran, NJ
 township 1.1
Trumbull County, OH township 1.1
Summit, IL
 village 1.1
Haledon, NJ
 borough 1.0

Culture

Language

See also:
Languages in the United States

According to the 2000 Census,[35] the Turkish language is spoken in 59,407 households within the entire U.S. population, and in 12,409 households in NYC alone by highly bilingual families with Turkish ancestry. These data show that many speakers with Turkish origins continue speaking the language at home despite the fact that they are highly bilingual. The number of English-proficient households using Turkish as a home-language outweighs that of families who have switched completely to English. In this sense, the Turkish American community efforts and the schools that serve the Turkish community in the U.S. are responsible for the retaining of the Turkish language and slowing of assimilation. A detailed study has documented the efforts of language and culture-disseminating schools of the Turkish American community and is available as a doctoral dissertation,[36] a book,[37] book chapters,[38] and journal articles.[39]

Religion

See also: Islam in the United States
The Islamic Center of Washington was originally conceived in 1944 when the Turkish ambassador Munir Ertegun died and there was no mosque to hold his funeral in.[40]
The Diyanet Center of America in Lanham, Maryland was built in the traditional Ottoman-Turkish style.

Although

secular Turkish Americans who arrived in the United States during the 1940s to the 1970s, more recent Turkish immigrants have tended to be more religious.[41] Since the 1980s, the wave of Turkish immigrants has been quite diverse and have included a broad mixture of secular and religious people.[42] Thus, due to the diversification of Turkish Americans since the 1980s, religion has become a more important identity marker within the community. Especially after the 1980s, religious organizations, Islamic cultural centers, and mosques were founded to serve the needs of Turkish people.[41]

Various groups are active in the United States.

dervishes in Spring Valley, New York
.

Organizations and associations

Until the 1950s Turkish Americans had only a few organizations, the agendas of which were mainly cultural rather than political. They organized celebrations that would bring immigrant Turks together in a place during religious and national holidays.[43] Turkish early migrants founded the first Muslim housing cooperatives and associations between 1909 and 1914.[44] After World War I, the "Turkish Aid Society" ("Türk Teavün Cemiyeti") in New York City and the "Red Crescent" ("Hilali Ahmer"), were collecting money not only for funeral services and other community affairs but also to help the Turkish War of Independence.[44] In 1933, Turkish Americans established the "Cultural Alliance of New York" and the "Turkish Orphans’ Association", gathering to collect money for orphans in Turkey who had lost their parents in the Turkish War of Independence.[44][45] As Turkish immigration increased after the 1950s Turkish Americans gained more economic status and formed new organizations. Thus, Turkish American organizations and associations are growing throughout the United States as their number increases. Most of these organizations put emphasis on preserving the Turkish identity.[46]

Two umbrella organizations, the Federation of Turkish American Associations (FTAA) and the Assembly of Turkish American Associations (ATAA), have been working to bring different Turkish American organizations together for which they receive financial and political support from the Turkish government.[46] The New York based FTAA, which started in 1956 with two associations, namely the "Turkish Cypriot Aid Society" and the "Turkish Hars Society", hosts over 40 member associations, with the majority of these groups located in the northeast region of the United States.[45] The FTAA is located in the Turkish House in the vicinity of the United Nations. The Turkish House, which was bought by the Turkish government in 1977 as the main office for the consulategeneral, also serves as a center for cultural activities: there is a Saturday school for Turkish American children,[36] and it also houses the "Turkish Women's League of America".[47] The Washington, D.C. based ATAA, which was established in 1979, shares many of the goals of the FTAA but has clearer political aims. It has over 60 component associations in the United States, Canada, and Turkey and has some 8,000 members all over the United States.[47] The Association also publishes a biweekly newspaper, "The Turkish Times", and regularly informs its members on developments requiring community action.[45] These organizations aim to unite and improve support for the Turkish community in the United States and to defend Turkish interests against groups with conflicting interests.[43] Today, both the FTAA and the ATAA organize cultural events such as concerts, art-gallery exhibits, and parades, as well as lobby for Turkey.[43]

Politics

See also:
Turkish lobby in the United States
The Turkish Ambassador's residence in Washington, D.C.

During the 1970s Turkish Americans began to mobilize politically in order to influence American policies in favor of their homeland as a result of the

US Congress. In 2005, second-generation Turkish American Oz Bengur
was the first candidate (Democrat from Maryland's 3rd district) of Turkish origin to run for Congress in US history.[51]

Festivals

Turkish American festivals are major public events in which the community present themselves to the wider public. The Federation of Turkish American Associations (FTAA) organizes the "Turkish Cultural Month Festival" starting on 23 April each year, the date when the first

Armenian militant attacks on Turkish diplomats, has evolved into a weeklong celebration and has since continued to increase in scope and length.[53]

Media

Radio and TV

Newspapers and periodicals

  • Turk of America – the first Turkish American bi-monthly business magazine; in English

Cable system

Notable people

For a more comprehensive list, see List of Turkish Americans.

Numerous Turkish Americans have made notable contributions to

American society
, particularly in the fields of education, medicine, music, the arts, science, and business.

Academia

Aziz Sancar won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2015

Within academia,

Wigner Medal.[56]

Another influential Turkish American was Muzafer Sherif who was one of the founders of social psychology which helped develop social judgment theory and realistic conflict theory.[56]

In 2015 Aziz Sancar was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his mechanistic studies of DNA repair.[57]

Two prominent Turkish-American economists include Daron Acemoğlu at MIT, who writes on democracy and national development, and Dani Rodrik at Harvard Kennedy School, an expert on globalization.

Seyla Benhabib is a Turkish-born political theorist, and professor at Yale, who writes on citizenship, identity, and ethics.

American Civil War

Union army during the American Civil War.[58] Tepe served with the 27th and 114th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiments.[59][60] Her father was Turkish and her mother was French.[61]

Arts

Ben Ali Haggin
Bülent Atalay
Gizem Saka
Özge Samancı
Pınar Yoldaş

One of the earliest Turkish American artists was

stage design and created sets for the Metropolitan Opera Ballet and the Ziegfeld Follies.[63]

Other notable Turkish American artists include

SUNY; and Jihan Zencirli is a visual artist who was the first female New York City Ballet art series collaborator,[65][66] and whose work the New York Times called "the most recognizable public art installations in the country."[67]

In the performing arts, Adam Darius was a dancer, mime artist, writer and choreographer.

Business

James Ben Ali Haggin was an American multi-millionaire by 1880
Melih Abdulhayoğlu
Chief Executive Officer of The Coca-Cola Company

One of the earliest notable entrepreneurs of Turkish origin in the United States is

California Gold Rush and was a multi-millionaire by 1880.[69] Many of Haggin's descendants adopted the name "Ben Ali"[70] (e.g. the painter Ben Ali Haggin), and many continued with the family business, including his grandson, Richard Lounsbery, who established the Richard Lounsbery Foundation.[70]

Billionaire

Samumed. The company "raised $438 million in August 2018 to further its work developing drugs to reverse aging, claiming a valuation of $12.4 billion".[71] Forbes also listed Kibar as one of the "Global Game Changers 2016".[71]

Billionaire

Comodo Group, an Internet security company he founded in the United Kingdom in 1998 and relocated to the US in 2004.[72]

Billionaire Eren Ozmen (worth $1.2B in 2020[73]) was listed number 15 in Forbes's "America's Self-Made Women 2020".[73] Alongside her husband, Fatih Ozmen (also worth $1.2B in 2020[74]), they are the co-owners of Sierra Nevada Corporation (SNC) which is a privately held aerospace and national security contractor specializing in aircraft modification and integration, space components and systems, and related technology products for cybersecurity and eHealth. SNC is best known for providing the US military with souped-up planes, loaded with cameras, sensors, navigation gear and comms systems.[73] In particular, SNC's Dream Chaser spaceplane has been "tapped by NASA to ferry food, water, supplies and scientific experiments to the International Space Station."[74]

Yalçın Ayaslı is founder of Hittite Microwave Corporation. His company was taken over by Analog Devices for 2.45 Billion Dollars.[75]

Hamdi Ulukaya is a Turkish billionaire businessman and activist. Ulukaya is the owner, founder, chairman, and chief executive officer of Chobani, the #1-selling strained yogurt brand in the US. According to Forbes, his net worth as of June 2019 is $2 billion. On 26 April 2016, Ulukaya announced to his employees that he would be giving them 10% of the shares in Chobani.[76]

entrepreneur and the current chairman and CEO of İhlas Holding,[77]

Chief Executive Officer of The Coca-Cola Company.[78]

Hikmet Ersek is the former CEO of Western Union.[79]

Cinema and television

Americans with Middle Eastern origins (including Turks, Arabs, Persians etc.) are underrepresented in American TV and cinema and often stereotyped.[80] Consequently, several actors and actresses have Anglicized or changed their names from Turkish to English names. Nonetheless, there is an increasing number of Turkish American contributions in cinema and television.

Film

Turhan Bey

One of the earliest actors with Turkish roots in American cinema was Turhan Bey (Turkish father) who was active in Hollywood from 1941 to 1953. He was dubbed "The Turkish Delight" by his fans,[81] whilst Hedda Hopper called him a "Turkish Valentino."[82]

In animated cinema,

Bébé's Kids
.

Shevaun Mizrahi is a documentary filmmaker who received a Jury Special Mention Award at the Locarno Film Festival 2017 for her documentary film Distant Constellation[83] among many other awards including the Best Picture Prize at the Jeonju International Film Festival 2018 and the FIPRESCI Critics Prize at the Viennale (Vienna International Film Festival) 2018.

Furthermore, the actor and filmmaker Onur Tukel is a notable figure in the New York City independent film community. His films often deal with issues of gender and relationships.

Television shows

D'Arcy Carden
Mehmet Oz

Several Americans with Turkish roots have also starred in American television; for example,

The Blacklist, Graceland, Impastor, 90210, and Kyle XY; and Tiffani Thiessen (maternally of Greek, Turkish and Welsh origin) is best known for her role as Kelly Kapowski on Saved by the Bell (1989–93) and as Valerie Malone on Beverly Hills, 90210
(1994–98).

In television animation, Jason Davis (Turkish father) was best known for his role as the voice of Mikey Blumberg from the animated television series Recess.[84]

Meanwhile, the nutrition author,

cardiothoracic surgeons. He has made frequent appearances on The Oprah Winfrey Show. In the fall of 2009, Winfrey's Harpo Productions and Sony Pictures launched a daily talk show featuring Oz, called The Dr. Oz Show.[85] "The Dr. Oz Show" has been an enormous success with an average of about 3.5 million viewers.[85]

Outside the United States, Ayda Field (Turkish father) has been a regular panellist on the television show Loose Women in the United Kingdom. During 2018, she featured on the judging panel of the British version of The X Factor, alongside her husband, singer Robbie Williams.

Furthermore, some Turkish Americans have gained notability in Turkey where they have starring roles on Turkish TV, including Derya Arbaş, Didem Erol, Defne Joy Foster, Murat Han, and Ozman Sirgood.

Music

Founders of Atlantic Records, Ahmet Ertegun (left) with his brother Nesuhi Ertegun (right)
Arif Mardin was the vice president and general manager of Manhattan Records

Many prominent Turkish Americans have made lasting contributions to the

Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum
. In a music career marked by numerous lifetime achievement awards, he was inducted into the hall in 1987.

In 1956, Ahmet Ertegun's older brother,

musicians of the era.[86][87]

By 1963, arranger, composer and record producer

Grammys, including two for best producer, non-classical (in 1976 and 2003).[88] He retired from Atlantic Records in May 2001 and began a new corporate relationship as senior vice president and co-general manager of the EMI label Manhattan Records. Mardin was considered one of the most successful and significant behind-the-scenes figures in popular music in the last half-century. His son, Joe Mardin is also a record producer and arranger.[88]

Other notable musicians include the songwriter

The Wind Gods
(2013).

Several notable Turkish American musicians have established their careers outside the United States; for example, the fusion jazz drummer Atilla Engin was active in Denmark; the singer, guitarist and songwriter Deniz Tek was a founding member of the Australian rock group Radio Birdman; and the singer Özlem Tekin has released most of her songs in Turkey.

Politics

In the United States, Turkish Americans remain relatively underrepresented politically. Typically, Turkish Americans have voted

Cyprus conflict.[92] Turkish American lobbying groups have donated money to politicians of both parties over the years whom they felt best represented Turkish American interests, such as helping Texas Republican and former Turkey Caucus co-chair Pete Sessions return to the U.S. House in 2021 after suffering a defeat in 2018, or helping California Democrat Farrah Khan win an election to mayor of Irvine, California, in 2020.[93]

In 2019, Tayfun Selen became the first Turkish American mayor, having been elected mayor of Chatham Township, New Jersey.[94] In 2021, three Turkish American women were selected for positions within the Biden administration, including Didem Nişancı (chief of staff at the Department of the Treasury); Özge Güzelsu (deputy general counsel at the Department of Defense); and Naz Durakoğlu (assistant secretary for the Bureau of Legislative Affairs at the Department of Foreign Affairs).[95] That same year, Mehmet Oz announced his bid for the 2022 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania as a Republican, making references to his Turkish ancestry in his campaign announcement.[96]

There are also notable Turkish Americans in politics outside the United States. For example, American-born

Merve Kavakçı, who holds dual citizenship, was elected as a Virtue Party deputy for Istanbul in 1999. She is now serving as the Turkish ambassador to Malaysia
.

Sports

Association football/Soccer

In December 1970

North American Soccer League (NASL) until 1984 and was the strongest franchise in that league, both competitively and financially. The team were champions of the North American Soccer League in 1972, 1977, 1978, 1980, and 1982. In particular, the signing of Pelé
by the Cosmos transformed soccer across the United States, lending credibility not only to the Cosmos, but also to the NASL and soccer in general.

On January 16, 2013, Ersal Ozdemir founded Indy Eleven which is an American professional soccer team based in Indianapolis, Indiana. The team came second place in the 2016 North American Soccer League season and third place in the 2019 USL Championship season.

Tunch Ilkin (born Tunç Ali İlkin; September 23, 1957 – September 4, 2021) was a Turkish-born player of American football and sports broadcaster. A two-time Pro Bowl selection as an offensive tackle with the Pittsburgh Steelers, he was the first Turk to play in the National Football League (NFL).[2][3] He was voted to the Pittsburgh Steelers All-Time Team. After his playing career, he was a television and radio analyst for the Steelers from 1998 to 2020.

See also

References

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Bibliography

External links

Media related to Turkish diaspora in the United States at Wikimedia Commons

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