Carlisle
Carlisle | |
---|---|
City | |
Ceremonial county | |
Region | |
Country | England |
Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
Post town | CARLISLE |
Postcode district | CA1-CA6 |
Dialling code | 01228 |
Police | Cumbria |
Fire | Cumbria |
Ambulance | North West |
UK Parliament | |
Carlisle (
Carlisle's early history is marked by the establishment of a Roman settlement to serve forts along Hadrian's Wall in Roman Britain.[6] Due to its proximity to Scotland (being located 8 mi (13 km) south of the current Anglo-Scottish border), Carlisle Castle and the city became an important military stronghold in the Middle Ages. The castle served as a prison for Mary, Queen of Scots in 1568 and currently hosts the Duke of Lancaster's Regiment and the Border Regiment Museum. In the early 12th century, a priory was built and gained cathedral status with a diocese in 1133 (city status at the time meant the settlement became a city) while the county of Carliol was created and later renamed Cumberland.
In the 19th century, the introduction of
History
Ancient Carlisle
The ancient history of Carlisle is derived mainly from archaeological evidence and the works of the
Excavations undertaken along Annetwell Street in the 1970s dated the Roman timber fort constructed at the site of present Carlisle Castle to the winter of AD 73.[15] It protected a strategic location on the Roman road to the north and overlooking the confluence of the Caldew and Eden rivers.[16]
The fort at Carlisle was reconstructed in 83 using oak timbers from further afield, rather than local alder as a possible result of the increased Roman control of the area.[17] At this time the Roman fort was garrisoned by a 500-strong cavalry regiment, the Ala Gallorum Sebosiana.[16]
By the early 2nd century, Carlisle was established as a prominent stronghold. The 'Stanegate' frontier, which consisted of Luguvalium and several other forts in a line east to Corbridge, was proving a more stable frontier against the Picts than those established deeper into Caledonia. In 122, the province was visited by Hadrian, who approved a plan to build a wall the length of the frontier. A new fort, Petriana, was therefore built in the Stanwix area of the city north of the river on Hadrian's Wall. It was the largest fort along the wall[citation needed] and was completed in stone by around 130. Like Luguvalium, which lay within sight, Petriana housed a nominal 1,000-strong cavalry regiment, the Ala Gallorum Petriana, the sole regiment of this size along the wall. Hadrian's successor Antoninus Pius abandoned the frontier and attempted to move further north; he built the Antonine Wall between the firths of Forth and Clyde. It was not a success and, after 20 years, the garrisons returned to Hadrian's Wall.[17]
At one time, Carlisle broke off from Rome when Marcus Carausius assumed power over the territory. He was assassinated and suffered damnatio memoriae, but a surviving reference to him has been uncovered in Carlisle. Coins excavated in the area suggest that Romans remained in Carlisle until the reign of Emperor Valentinian II, from 375 to 392.
Middle Ages
The period of
By the time of the
The conquest of Cumberland was the beginning of a war between Scotland and England which saw the region centred around Carlisle change hands a number of times. It was a major stronghold after the construction of the castle. During the wars, the livelihood of the people on the borders was devastated by armies from both sides. Even when the countries were not at war, tension remained high, and royal authority in one or the other kingdom was often weak. The uncertainty of existence meant that communities or peoples kindred to each other sought security through their own strength and cunning, and they improved their livelihoods at their enemies' expense. These peoples were known as the
The Reivers became so much of a nuisance to the Scottish and English governments that, in 1525, the Archbishop of Glasgow Gavin Dunbar cursed all the reivers of the borderlands. The curse was detailed in 1,069 words, beginning: "I curse their head and all the hairs of their head; I curse their face, their brain (innermost thoughts), their mouth, their nose, their tongue, their teeth, their forehead, their shoulders, their breast, their heart, their stomach, their back, their womb, their arms, their leggs, their hands, their feet and every part of their body, from the top of their head to the soles of their feet, before and behind, within and without."[23]
Early Modern era
After the
Following the personal union of the crowns Carlisle Castle should have become obsolete as a frontier fortress, but the two kingdoms continued as separate states. In 1639, with war between the two kingdoms looming, the castle was refortified using stone from the cathedral cloisters.
In 1707 an
Industrial Revolution
Although Carlisle continued to garrison soldiers, becoming the headquarters of the
In the early 19th century textile mills, engineering works and food manufacturers built factories in the city mostly in the Denton Holme, Caldewgate and Wapping suburbs in the Caldew Valley.[30] These included Carr's of Carlisle, Kangol, Metal Box and Cowans Sheldon. Shaddon Mill, in Denton Holme, became famous for having the world's 8th tallest chimney and was the largest cotton mill in England.
The expanding industries brought about an increase in population as jobs shifted from rural farms towards the cities. This produced a housing shortage where at one point 25,000 people in the city only had 5,000 houses to live in. People were said to be herded together with animal houses, slaughter houses and communal lavatories with open drains running between them. Living conditions were so bad that riots were common and some people emigrated. The problem wasn't solved until the end of the 19th century when mass housing was built west of the city walls.[31]
In 1823 a canal was built to Fisher's Cross (Port Carlisle) to transport goods produced in the city. This enabled other industrial centres such as Liverpool to link with Carlisle via the Solway. This was short-lived and when the canal operators ran into financial difficulty the waterway was filled in.[32] A railway was built in place of the canal.
Carlisle became a major
The Strand Road drill hall opened in 1874.[33]
Modern history
At the start of the 20th century, the population had grown to over 45,000. Transport was improved by the City of Carlisle Electric Tramways from 1900 until 1931, and the first cinema was built in 1906. In 1912, the boundaries of Carlisle were extended to include Botcherby in the east and Stanwix in the north.[34]
Carlisle was subject to the decline in the
During the Second World War, Carlisle hosted over 5,000 evacuees, many of whom arrived from Newcastle upon Tyne and the surrounding towns.[35]
A shopping centre (including a new central library) was built to the east and north-east of the market cross and opened in 1986.[36] The area east of the market cross had formerly been occupied by narrow alleyways of housing and small shops (on a layout which had not changed much since medieval times) and referred to locally as The Lanes. Carlisle city centre was pedestrianised in 1989.[34]
On the evening of Friday, 7 January 2005, the rivers Eden, Caldew and Petteril burst their banks due to as much as 180 mm rainfall up stream that day.[37] 2,700 homes were flooded and three people died. The city's police and fire stations were flooded along with Brunton Park football stadium. The police, fire service and Carlisle United F.C. were moved, the latter as far as Morecambe. At the time of the flood, emergency services also had to respond to cases of car-related arson in the city.[38]
City centre
Carlisle is the only city in Cumbria. The city centre is largely pedestrianised and the Lanes shopping centre is home to around 75 shops.
Carlisle has a compact historic centre with a castle, cathedral and semi-intact city walls, as well as other medieval buildings including the Guildhall and Tithe Barn. The Citadel towers, which until 2016 also served as offices for Cumbria County Council, were designed by Thomas Telford, with the eastern tower incorporating part of the 16th-century building.[39][40] The first Citadel building was a Tudor fortification replacing the medieval Englishgate, designed by the Moravian military engineer Stefan von Haschenperg in 1541.[41] Next to the Citadel is Carlisle railway station, designed by William Tite in the neo-Tudor style, considered by Historic England to be among the most important early railway stations in England.[42][43]
Gallery
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Old Town Hall 1668–69 with 1717 extension[44]
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Carlisle Market Cross, 1682[45]
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Guildhall Museum, 1407
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The Tithe Barn, 1470s[46]
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The Citadel, 1810
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Carlisle Station frontage
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West City Walls
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Traditional Barber Shop
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Bitts Park
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Millennium Bridge
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Chinese Gardens
Governance
Historical
Carlisle has held
The municipal borough contained several
At the time of the
On 1 April 2023 the City of Carlisle local government district was abolished, and the boundaries of the City of Carlisle were redefined to cover the following wards: Belah and Kingmoor, Botcherby and Harraby North, Cathedral and Castle, Currock and Upperby, Denton Holme and Morton South, Harraby South and Parklands, Newtown and Morton North, Sandsfield and Morton West and Stanwix and Houghton.
Charter trustees were formed from the councillors that cover the said areas. They act as appropriate bodies in which historic rights and privileges of Carlisle, including the mayoralty will continue until a governance review will determine the need of a
Parliament
The current member of Parliament is John Stevenson, representing the Conservative Party.
Carlisle used to be within the North West England constituency of the European Parliament.
Former county council
Carlisle elected 18 county councillors to the former Cumbria County Council.[49] Its headquarters were located at Cumbria House on Botchergate.
Former district council
Until April 2023 Carlisle was governed by a
.Unitary authority
The first election to Cumberland Council was held on 5 May 2022. All 46 seats were up for election. Labour won a majority of 30 seats.[51] Conservatives have 7 seats, Liberal Democrats 4 seats, Independents 3 seats and Green Party 2 seats. Turnout was 36.1%.[52]
Geography
Carlisle is situated on a slight rise, in the
.An important centre for trade, it is located 56 mi (90 km) west of
Climate
Carlisle experiences an oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification Cfb). In January 2005 Carlisle was hit by strong gales and heavy rain, and on Saturday 8 January 2005 all roads into Carlisle were closed owing to severe flooding, the worst since 1822, which caused three deaths.[53][54] Even worse flooding than in 2005 affected Carlisle between 4 and 6 December 2015. During this time, nearly 36 hours of incessant rainfall breached flood defences and left several areas submerged – including Bitts Park, Hardwicke Circus and Warwick Road. This left the Sands Centre (and the nearby Shell petrol station and Bitts Park), marooned from the rest of the city. As several other areas of Cumbria were also badly affected (particularly Appleby and Wigton), all trains to Scotland were postponed indefinitely, with trains on the West Coast Mainline going no further than Preston, as nearby Lancaster suffered flooding and problems with electricity supply. Prime Minister David Cameron visited the city on 7 December 2015 to assess the damage, having earlier called an emergency Cobra meeting.[citation needed]
Climate data for Carlisle[a] WMO ID: 03220; coordinates 54°56′04″N 2°57′49″W / 54.93436°N 2.96364°W; elevation: 28 m (92 ft), 1991–2020 normals | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 14.7 (58.5) |
16.0 (60.8) |
19.7 (67.5) |
25.2 (77.4) |
28.1 (82.6) |
30.4 (86.7) |
34.5 (94.1) |
33.2 (91.8) |
29.5 (85.1) |
23.5 (74.3) |
18.2 (64.8) |
15.3 (59.5) |
34.5 (94.1) |
Mean maximum °C (°F) | 12.0 (53.6) |
12.0 (53.6) |
14.5 (58.1) |
18.4 (65.1) |
22.9 (73.2) |
24.8 (76.6) |
26.2 (79.2) |
24.6 (76.3) |
22.5 (72.5) |
18.3 (64.9) |
14.6 (58.3) |
12.5 (54.5) |
27.8 (82.0) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 7.2 (45.0) |
7.8 (46.0) |
9.7 (49.5) |
12.5 (54.5) |
15.6 (60.1) |
18.1 (64.6) |
19.8 (67.6) |
19.3 (66.7) |
17.2 (63.0) |
13.6 (56.5) |
10.0 (50.0) |
7.4 (45.3) |
13.2 (55.8) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 4.6 (40.3) |
4.9 (40.8) |
6.4 (43.5) |
8.6 (47.5) |
11.1 (52.0) |
14.1 (57.4) |
15.9 (60.6) |
15.6 (60.1) |
13.5 (56.3) |
10.3 (50.5) |
7.1 (44.8) |
4.6 (40.3) |
9.7 (49.5) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 1.9 (35.4) |
1.9 (35.4) |
3.0 (37.4) |
4.7 (40.5) |
7.1 (44.8) |
10.0 (50.0) |
11.9 (53.4) |
11.7 (53.1) |
9.8 (49.6) |
7.0 (44.6) |
4.1 (39.4) |
1.8 (35.2) |
6.3 (43.3) |
Mean minimum °C (°F) | −4.3 (24.3) |
−3.9 (25.0) |
−2.9 (26.8) |
−1.2 (29.8) |
0.9 (33.6) |
4.8 (40.6) |
7.1 (44.8) |
6.0 (42.8) |
3.6 (38.5) |
−0.1 (31.8) |
−2.6 (27.3) |
−5.6 (21.9) |
−6.8 (19.8) |
Record low °C (°F) | −13.5 (7.7) |
−14.9 (5.2) |
−10.7 (12.7) |
−4.8 (23.4) |
−1.6 (29.1) |
1.7 (35.1) |
3.4 (38.1) |
2.9 (37.2) |
0.6 (33.1) |
−4.1 (24.6) |
−9.2 (15.4) |
−14.7 (5.5) |
−14.9 (5.2) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 81.3 (3.20) |
69.4 (2.73) |
62.3 (2.45) |
49.2 (1.94) |
57.4 (2.26) |
70.5 (2.78) |
80.6 (3.17) |
89.0 (3.50) |
77.8 (3.06) |
97.9 (3.85) |
85.3 (3.36) |
98.1 (3.86) |
918.8 (36.16) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 14.1 | 11.6 | 11.7 | 11.0 | 10.7 | 11.5 | 12.8 | 12.9 | 12.0 | 14.5 | 14.7 | 15.2 | 152.7 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 53.6 | 74.8 | 108.5 | 156.9 | 197.5 | 181.0 | 165.6 | 163.2 | 126.9 | 90.3 | 59.3 | 43.4 | 1,421 |
Average ultraviolet index | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 3 |
Source 1: Met Office[55] Infoclimat [56] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: WeatherAtlas[57] |
Divisions and suburbs
In the north of Carlisle are the suburbs of Kingstown, Lowry Hill and Moorville, formerly part of the parish of Kingmoor. To the south of them are Stanwix, Edentown, Etterby, St Ann's Hill and Belah which were added to Carlisle in 1912. The parish of Stanwix Rural exists but only includes a small part of Carlisle's urban area, Whiteclosegate.
To the immediate south of Stanwix is the River Eden. On the opposite bank is the city centre bounded on the west by the West Coast Main Railway line and the River Caldew. In the past industry flourished on the banks of the River Caldew, especially Denton Holme and Caldewgate on the west bank and Wapping, around the former Metal Box works, on the east. West of Caldewgate and north of Denton Holme the suburbs of Newtown, Morton, Sandsfield Park, Longsowerby, Raffles and Belle Vue developed in the late 19th and 20th centuries.
The eastern side of the city centre developed in the 19th century into a more affluent area along the main
South of the city centre is the Botchergate/St Nicholas area of late Victorian terraced housing similar to that found in Denton Holme and Caldewgate. The Botchergate East area until recently had older slum dwellings.
To the south west of Botchergate and St Nicholas are the former villages now suburbs of
Between Upperby and Botcherby is Harraby, a former village once part of St Cuthbert Without and the largest suburb of Carlisle. Harraby is subdivided into Harraby East, New Harraby, Harraby Green, Old Harraby, Petteril Bank and the Durranhill Industrial Estate. Adjoining Harraby to the south but outside the former borough boundary is the hamlet of
Transport
Road
Carlisle is linked to the rest of England via the
Rail
Carlisle became a major
Today,
Bus services
Local bus services are run by Stagecoach Cumbria & North Lancashire, Reay's and Arriva North East. Following the flooding of Carlisle bus depot on 8 January 2005, Stagecoach announced the purchase of a fleet of low-floor buses for Carlisle city routes. These were launched on 30 June 2005, with Carlisle Citi branding, and most buses carry route branding for individual routes both internally and externally.
In 2009, locally based coach operator, Reay's, started a City Hopper bus services on routes formerly operated by Stagecoach but later expanded with similar routes to Stagecoach and also connects parts of the city that previously did not have a service. Reays withdrew the majority of their Carlisle services, which competed with Stagecoach, in 2012.[citation needed]
The bus station, which has seven stands and a travel centre, is situated on Drury Lane just off Lonsdale Street in the city centre. The present station was built in the 1990s to replace a larger station that was partially on the same site and had access from Lowther Street, where the Earls Lane shopping area is now.[citation needed] It is owned and managed by Stagecoach Cumbria & North Lancashire.[58] The main operators at the bus station are Arriva North East, Borders Buses, National Express and Stagecoach Cumbria & North Lancashire.
Air
Carlisle Lake District Airport is a small regional airport located 5.8 mi (9.3 km) east north-east of the city. The nearest major airport is Newcastle International Airport, near the east coast, which is around 55 mi (89 km) away from Carlisle.
Trade and industry
Carlisle became an industrial city in the 19th and early 20th centuries with many textile mills, engineering works and food manufacturers opening up mostly in the Denton Holme, Caldewgate and Wapping areas which lie in the Caldew Valley area of Carlisle. (One such manufacturer located in the Denton Holme area was Ferguson Printers, a large textile printing factory that had stood for many years before its closure in the early 1990s). In the early 19th century, a canal was dug connecting Caldewgate with the sea at Port Carlisle. The canal was later filled in and became a railway line.
Carlisle was served by two electricity power stations. James Street station was built by the corporation and operated from 1899 until 1927. Willow Holme power station, north west of the city, was built and operated by the corporation from 1923 until nationalisation of the industry in 1948. It was closed down in 1980 and demolished in 1988.
Famous firms that were founded or had factories in Carlisle included
The hauliers
Until 2004, Carlisle's biggest employer was Cavaghan & Gray, which became part of Northern Foods and was subsequently acquired by 2 Sisters Food Group which operated from two sites in the Harraby area of Carlisle producing chilled foods for major supermarket chains. The London Road site closed in 2005 with the loss of almost 700 jobs as production was transferred to the nearby Eastern Way site or other factories around the UK.
There are various light industrial estates and business parks located on the fringes of Carlisle and on former industrial sites close to the city centre. The largest being the Kingstown Industrial Estate, which is located just off the
On 28 March 2005, Carlisle was granted
Education
The
Carlisle College is the further education establishment based in the city.
The
Richard Rose Central Academy replaced St Aidan's County High School and Specialist Sports and Science College, and North Cumbria Technology College (NCTC, formerly Harraby School). It is sponsored by Eddie Stobart owner Andrew Tinkler, and local businessman Brian Scowcroft. It opened in September 2008. In January 2009, there were protests by parents and pupils regarding poor quality education and school facilities. The school was found to be failing and was placed in Special Measures,[61] with the headmaster and chief executive being immediately replaced.[62][needs update]
Culture
Art and history
The Tullie House Museum and Art Gallery was opened in 1893 by the Carlisle Corporation. The museum features resident exhibits detailing the history of Roman occupancy of the region, Hadrian's Wall and the Border Reivers. Tullie House, named after the Jacobean mansion in which it is located, hosts travelling exhibitions. The museum has received many awards and was expanded in 1990 and 2000.[63]
The city's Guildhall Museum is based in a 14th-century house and the Border Regiment Military Museum is in the castle.
Music and theatre
Past
Her Majesty's Theatre, in Lowther Street, was constructed in 1874 as the Victoria Hall, and started screening films in 1897. An early music director at the turn of the century was Howard Ellis Carr. After the interior was damaged by fire in 1904, it was rebuilt to designs by architects Beadle & Hope, and reopened in 1905 as Her Majesty's Theatre. Films and variety shows were staged, until around 1919, when it staged only live productions and plays.[64] Robert David MacDonald was artistic director at the theatre.[65] After being briefly renamed Municipal Theatre in the 1960s, the theatre closed in early 1963 and reopened as the Regal Bingo Club in late 1963. This closed in the 1970s and the building was demolished in 1980, replaced by a car park.[64]
Present
Sands Centre Sports Hall is Carlisle's main entertainment venue which sometimes hosts touring musicians, theatre and comedians. The West Walls Theatre is situated in the city centre, an amateur theatre. The Old Fire Station opened in 2015 after being converted into a performing arts venue, it hosts touring bands, live stand-up comedy, dramas and art exhibitions. Brunton Park stadium has hosted live music including an Elton John concert in 2007.[66]
Carlisle Music Festival takes place in
Food
Every August the Carlisle Food Fair is held in the pedestrianised area of the city centre. It plays host to produce from across the continent and features local produce including Cumberland sausage, Cumberland sauce, Farmhouse Cheese and Cumberland Mustard.[citation needed]
In 2012, Fair Food Carlisle was awarded the runner-up prize in the government's Buy Better Together Challenge competition. The Buy Better Together Challenge was launched by the Department for Business, Innovation and Skills and Co-operatives UK in December 2011 to encourage groups of consumers to work together to negotiate discounted rates for buying goods and services in bulk. The challenge received 110 entries and to seven finalists were selected. The Fair Food Carlisle scheme uses buying groups to provide workplaces with a weekly supply of food from local businesses.[67]
Media
From 1961 to 2009, Carlisle was home to
Initially based at studios in the Harraby area of the city, the station was controversially merged with ITV Tyne Tees in 2009 as part of wide-ranging cutbacks to ITV's regional output.
As of 2009, ITV Border's news and sales operations are based at offices in the north of the city, although production of its nightly news programme, Lookaround, is based at Tyne Tees' Gateshead studios.
As of 2014, ITV Border is again producing a full regional news service, along with two hours a week of current affairs and features programming, aimed specifically at southern Scotland.
Television signals are received from the Caldbeck TV transmitter. [68]
Sport
Football
Association
The club's first
Though Carlisle United has rarely attracted the national football headlines, the club has fielded high-profile players. Some have achieved fame at bigger clubs after spending their early careers at the club. These include Peter Beardsley, Stan Bowles, Steve Harkness, Matt Jansen and Rory Delap. Many older players spent their later years at Carlisle United after playing for bigger clubs. These include Michael Bridges, Mervyn Day, Kevin Gray and David McCreery. Former managers include Bill Shankly, Alan Ashman, Bob Stokoe, Harry Gregg, Mick Wadsworth, Nigel Pearson and Paul Simpson. Since Workington was voted out of the Football League in 1977, Carlisle United were the only Cumbrian team to play senior football until Barrow A.F.C. rejoined the EFL in 2020.
Celtic Nation F.C. was a Carlisle-based semi-professional club who played in the Northern Football League Division One. They folded in April 2015 after a season of financial problems. Nation started out in 2004 as Gillford Park F.C. and played in the Northern Football Alliance league and won four promotions in 8 years. In 2012 Scottish millionaire Frank Lynch who is based in America, started putting money into the club and changed its name to Celtic Nation. After two years, Lynch withdrew his financial support and the club struggled before folding.
Carlisle City are a semi professional side who play in the Northern Football League. After spending 40 years in the Northern Football Alliance league, they were promoted to the North West Counties Football League in 2016, before being switched to their current league (at the same level) in 2019. They play at Gillford Park after taking over the lease from Celtic Nation in the summer of 2015.
Northbank Carlisle was a club which played its football in the Northern Football Alliance Premier Division. After forty years, the club decided to fold its senior team. Northbank still operates as a youth academy.[citation needed]
Rugby codes
Carlisle has two rugby union clubs: Carlisle RFC and Creighton RUFC. Carlisle RFC play at Warwick Road, alongside Carlisle United Football Club. Creighton RUFC originally played near Cumberland Infirmary but sold its ground to housing development company Story Homes in 2004 in exchange for new facilities off Cumwhinton Road, near Junction 42 of the M6. Former England rugby union captain Steve Borthwick is a native of Carlisle.
The
Gridiron
Carlisle Border Reivers were an American football team that played in Division 2 North until they folded in 2013. They rebranded as the Carlisle Kestrels in 2019,[71] the team's original name. They play at Gillford Park.
Racing
In 1904, Carlisle Racecourse was established to the south of the city, it is now a first-class racecourse. Horse racing has been held in Carlisle for centuries before the racecourse was formally established.
Three greyhound racing venues existed in Carlisle during the late 1920s. All three were independent (not affiliated to the sport's governing body the National Greyhound Racing Club) and were known as a flapping tracks, which was the nickname given to independent tracks.[72] The first was located at Gillford Park (home of the Carlisle Centurions RL and more recently Celtic Nation F.C.). The second was on pasture land in the former village of Harraby and was conducted by the Carlisle and Cumberland Greyhound Racing Sports Ltd. The third was north west of Carlisle on the Sheepmount playing fields and more recently the athletics track.[73]
Other sport
Carlisle has several golf clubs, including Stoneyholme within the city, and Carlisle Golf Club which hosts regional qualifying to the Open Championship.
In 2012, Carlisle was one of the official stop-off points for the
Armed forces
As a frontier town for over a millennium and a half, Carlisle is a military city. It is the most besieged place in the British Isles, having been besieged at least ten times, and has garrisoned troops for most of its history.
RAF Carlisle
RAF Carlisle also known as 14 MU was located at Kingstown near the present-day Asda. The station closed in 1996 after nearly sixty years in a variety of roles. First established as RAF Kingstown in 1938, it was originally a bomber station, then one of the RAF's Elementary Flying Training Schools and latterly a post-war storage facility.
RAF Spadeadam
The largest RAF station by area in the country and one of only two
Royal Observer Corps, Carlisle Group
During the
The ROC constructed a smaller nuclear reporting post, Kingstown post (OS ref:NY 3837 5920), on the main RAF Carlisle site. The post was an underground protected bunker for a crew of three observers.[81] The headquarters bunker accommodated an operational crew of around 100 with dormitory and canteen facilities an operations room and life support plant.
The Royal Observer Corps was stood down and its parent organisation the UKWMO was disbanded in December 1995 after the end of the Cold War and as a result of recommendations in the governments Options for Change review of UK defence. The ROC buildings were demolished in 1996 and replaced by a cellphone communications mast. The foundations of the nuclear bunker can still be partially seen outlined in the concreted yard, which also contains the Air Training Corps hut during recent further development of the site.[82]
Legend and folklore
-
The Cursing Stone
Arthurian legend
There are many legends and folkloric stories about the city during the Dark Ages, such as the Sir Gawain and the Carle of Carlisle, about the nephew of King Arthur and the "free man" of the city.
In a 14th-century poem, legend has it that Sir Gawain, one of the Knights of the Round Table, stayed at the Castle of Carlisle while on a hunting expedition in the haunted Inglewood Forest. He then slept with the Carle's wife and killed him. This poem has strong parallels with another 14th century poem about Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. The story has since been re-adapted many times, most recently in films from 1973, 1984 and 2021.
By some accounts, Carlisle is also none other than Camelot, the mythical seat of King Arthur's court.[83]
Curse of Carlisle
In local folklore, the Curse of Carlisle is a 16th-century
International relations
Twin towns - sister cities
- Flensburg, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany
- Słupsk, Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland
See also
Notes
- ^ Weather station is located 3 mi (4.8 km) from the Carlisle city centre.
References
- ISBN 978-0-521-68086-8.
- ^ Snyder, Christopher A. (2003). The Britons. John Wiley and Sons. p. 204.
- ^ The Spirit of Hadrian's Wall. Cicerone Press Limited. 2008. p. 177.
- ^ "List of railway station names in English, Scots and Gaelic". Newsnetscotland.com. Archived from the original on 22 January 2013. Retrieved 14 November 2012.
- ^ "Cairl". Dictionary of the Scots Language. Archived from the original on 13 December 2018. Retrieved 3 May 2021.
- ^ Baynes, T. S., ed. (1878), Encyclopædia Britannica, vol. 5 (9th ed.), New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, pp. 108–110 ,
- S2CID 159780799
- ^ McCarthy, Mike (2017). Carlisle: A Frontier and Border City. Cities of the Ancient World. Routledge.
- ISBN 978-0-319-22822-7.
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External links
- Encyclopædia Britannica, vol. 5 (11th ed.), 1911, pp. 341–342 ,
- Carlisle and Hadrian's Wall Country