Cyzicus
Κύζικος (Greek) آیدینجق (Ottoman Turkish) | |
Location | Erdek, Balıkesir Province, Turkey |
---|---|
Region | Mysia |
Coordinates | 40°23′16″N 27°52′14″E / 40.387751°N 27.870445°E |
Type | Settlement |
History | |
Builder | Pelasgian settlers |
Abandoned | 11th century AD |
Periods | Archaic Greek to High Medieval |
Cultures | Greek, Ancient Roman, Byzantine |
Events | Siege of Cyzicus |
Cyzicus (
The site of Cyzicus, located on the
History
Ancient
The city was said to have been founded by
in Cyzicus was reckoned from 135 or 139.Owing to its advantageous position it speedily acquired commercial importance, and the gold staters of Cyzicus were a staple currency in the ancient world till they were superseded by those of Philip of Macedon.[3] Its unique and characteristic coin, the cyzicenus, was worth 28 drachmae.
During the Peloponnesian War (431–404 BC) Cyzicus was subject to the
The history of the town in
Under
There was a women's cult at Cyzicus worshiping the goddess Artemis, which was called Dolon (Δόλων).[4]
Medieval
Cyzicus was
In the
Ecclesiastical history
Cyzicus, as capital of the
Residential bishops
Cyzicus had a catalogue of bishops beginning with the 1st century;
- George Kleidas, Metropolitan of Cyzicus in ca. 1253–61[8]
- Theodore Skoutariotes, Metropolitan of Cyzicus in ca. 1277[9]
- Daniel Glykys, Metropolitan of Cyzicus in 1285–89[10]
- Methodius, Metropolitan of Cyzicus from 1289[11]
- Niphon I, Patriarch of Constantinople in 1310–14, was Metropolitan of Cyzicus in 1303–10[12]
- Athanasios, Metropolitan of Cyzicus in 1324–47[13]
- Theodoretos, proedros of Cyzicus in 1370–72[14]
- Sebasteianos, Metropolitan of Cyzicus in 1381–86[15]
- Matthew I, Patriarch of Constantinople in 1397–1410, was Metropolitan of Cyzicus in 1387–97[16]
- Theognostos, Metropolitan of Cyzicus in 1399–1405[17]
- Makarios, Metropolitan of Cyzicus in 1409[18]
- Metrophanes II, Patriarch of Constantinople in 1440–43, was Metropolitan of Cyzicus in 1436–40[19]
- Cyril IV, Patriarch of Constantinople in 1711–13, was Metropolitan of Cyzicus before that
Cyzicus remained a metropolitan see of the Greek Orthodox Church until the 1923 Convention Concerning the Exchange of Greek and Turkish Populations emptied it of Greek Orthodox faithful, whether they spoke Greek or Turkish. The last bishop of the see died in 1932.[20][21][22] Today it is a titular metropolis of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople.
Catholic titular see
Since 1885, the Catholic Church lists Cyzicus as a titular see.[23] of the highest (Metropolitan) rank, but vacant since 1974. Titular metropolitans were:
- John Baptist Lamy (1885.08.18 – 1888.02.13)
- William Benedict Scarisbrick, O.S.B. (1888.09.08 – 1908.05.07)
- José María Cázares y Martínez (1908.04.29 – 1909.03.31)
- Johannes Fidelis Battaglia (1909.07.03 – 1913.09.10)
- Simeón Pereira y Castellón (1913.12.02 – 1921.01.29)
- Giacomo Sereggi (1921.10.14 – 1922.04.11)
- Giuseppe Moràbito (1922.07.04 – 1923.12.03)
- Antal Papp (1924.07.14 – 1945.12.24)
- Manuel Marilla Ferreira da Silva (1949.05.29 – 1974.11.23)
Monuments
The site amid the marshes of Balkiz Serai is known as Bal-Kiz and entirely uninhabited, though under cultivation. The principal extant ruins are the walls, dating from the fourth century, which are traceable for nearly their whole extent, and the substructures of the temple of Hadrian,[3] the ruins of a Roman aqueduct and a theatre.
The picturesque amphitheatre, intersected by a stream, was one of the largest in the world. Construction for the amphitheatre began in the middle of the first century until the end of the third. Its diameter was nearly 500 feet (150 m) and it is located specifically at these coordinates 40°23′54″N 27°53′04″E / 40.398213°N 27.884552°E within the region of Cyzicus. Of this magnificent building, sometimes ranked among the seven wonders of the ancient world, thirty-one immense columns still stood erect in 1444. These have since been carried away piecemeal for building purposes.[3]
The colossal foundations of the temple dedicated to the Emperor Hadrian are still visible: the columns were 21.35 metres high (about 70 feet), while the highest known elsewhere, those at Baalbek in Lebanon are only 19.35 metres (about 63 feet). The structure was the largest Greco-Roman temple ever built.[24]
The monuments of Cyzicus were used by the Byzantine emperor Justinian as a quarry for the building of his Saint Sophia cathedral, and were still exploited by the Ottomans.
Notable people
- Androsthenes of Cyzicus, 200 BC, accompanied King Antiochus III the Great to India.
- Eudoxus of Cyzicus, 130 BC, navigator and explorer.
- Proclus of Constantinople, appointed metropolitan of Cyzicus in 5th century but never functioned as such; patriarch of Constantinople and important figure in the development of Christology
- iconophiletheologian
- Gelasius of Cyzicus, 5th century ecclesiastical writer.
- Adrastus of Cyzicus, a mathematician cited by Augustine of Hippo
- Theophanes the Confessor, who began his formal religious life at the Polychronius Monastery, located near Cyzicus.
- Iaia, a female painter, sculptor, and ivory engraver, known as Iaia of Cyzicus.
- Neanthes of Cyzicus, rhetor
See also
References
- ^ Leo Mildenberg, "The Cyzicenes, a Reappraisal", American Journal of Numismatics, Vol. 5/6 (1993–94), pp. 1–12.
- ^ Florian Cajori, A History of Mathematics (1893)
- ^ a b c d e f Hasluck 1911.
- ^ Suda, delta, 1345
- ^ Vryonis, The Decline of Medieval Hellenism in Asia Minor and the Process of Islamization from the Eleventh through the Fifteenth Century (Berkeley: University of California, 1971), pp. 299f
- ^ OCLC 955922585.
- ^ v. Cyzique, in Dictionnaire d'Histoire et de Géographie ecclésiastiques, vol. XIII, Paris 1956, coll. 1191–1196
- ^ PLP, 11779. Κλειδᾶς Γεώργιος.
- ^ PLP, 26204. Σκουταριώτης Θεόδωρος.
- ^ PLP, 4263. Γλυκύς Δανιήλ.
- ^ PLP, 17597. Μεθόδιος.
- ^ PLP, 20679. Νίφων Ι..
- ^ PLP, 388. Ἀθανάσιος.
- ^ PLP, 7332. Θεοδώρητος.
- ^ PLP, 25063. Σεβαστειανός.
- ^ PLP, 17387. Ματθαῖος Ι..
- ^ PLP, 37071. Θεόγνωστος.
- ^ PLP, 16261. Μακάριος.
- ^ PLP, 18069. Μητροφάνης ΙΙ..
- ^ Μητρόπολη Κυζικού
- ^ Siméon Vailhé, "Cyzicus" in Catholic Encyclopedia (New York 1908)
- ^ Heinrich Gelzer, Ungedruckte und ungenügend veröffentlichte Texte der Notitiae episcopatuum, pp. 535, 537, in: Abhandlungen der philosophisch-historische classe der bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1901, pp. 529–641
- ISBN 978-88-209-9070-1), p. 871
- JSTOR 986138.
Sources
- public domain: Hasluck, Frederick William (1911). "Cyzicus". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 720. This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
- This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Cyzicus". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- Trapp, Erich; Beyer, Hans-Veit (2001). )