Palladium(II) chloride
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Other names
Palladium dichloride, Palladous chloride
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Identifiers | |
3D model (
JSmol ) |
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ChemSpider | |
ECHA InfoCard
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100.028.724 |
EC Number |
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PubChem CID
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RTECS number
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UNII | |
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
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Properties | |
PdCl2 | |
Molar mass | 177.326 g/mol (anhydrous) 213.357 g/mol (dihydrate) |
Appearance | dark red solid hygroscopic (anhydrous) dark brown crystals (dihydrate) |
Density | 4.0 g/cm3 |
Melting point | 679 °C (1,254 °F; 952 K) (decomposes) |
soluble in trace amounts, better solubility in cold water | |
Solubility | soluble in organic solvents
dissolves rapidly in HCl |
−38.0×10−6 cm3/mol | |
Structure | |
rhombohedral | |
square planar | |
Hazards | |
Flash point | Non-flammable |
Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC): | |
LD50 (median dose)
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2704 mg/kg (rat, oral) |
Related compounds | |
Other anions
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Palladium(II) fluoride Palladium(II) bromide Palladium(II) iodide |
Other cations
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Nickel(II) chloride Platinum(II) chloride Platinum(II,IV) chloride Platinum(IV) chloride |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Palladium(II) chloride, also known as palladium dichloride and palladous chloride, are the chemical compounds with the formula PdCl2. PdCl2 is a common starting material in palladium chemistry – palladium-based catalysts are of particular value in organic synthesis. It is prepared by the reaction of chlorine with palladium metal at high temperatures.
Structure
Two forms of PdCl2 are known, denoted α and β. In both forms, the palladium centres adopt a square-planar coordination geometry that is characteristic of Pd(II). Furthermore, in both forms, the Pd(II) centers are linked by μ2-chloride
ball-and-stick model of the crystal structure of α-PdCl2 |
thermal ellipsoid model of the Pd6Cl12 molecule found in the crystal structure of β-PdCl2 |
Two further
Preparation
Palladium(II) chloride is prepared by dissolving palladium metal in
Reactions
Palladium(II) chloride is a common starting point in the synthesis of other palladium compounds. It is not particularly soluble in water or non-coordinating solvents, so the first step in its utilization is often the preparation of labile but soluble Lewis base adducts, such as bis(benzonitrile)palladium dichloride and bis(acetonitrile)palladium dichloride.[7] These complexes are prepared by treating PdCl2 with hot solutions of the nitriles:
- PdCl2 + 2 RCN → PdCl2(RCN)2
Although occasionally recommended,
- PdCl2 + 2 PPh3 → PdCl2(PPh3)2
Further reduction in the presence of more triphenylphosphine gives tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0); the second reaction may be carried out without purifying the intermediate dichloride:[9]
- PdCl2(PPh3)2 + 2 PPh3 + 5/2 N
2H+
5Cl−
Alternatively, palladium(II) chloride may be solubilized in the form of the
- PdCl2 + 2 MCl → M2PdCl4
This compound may also further react with phosphines to give phosphine complexes of palladium.[10]
Palladium chloride may also be used to give heterogeneous palladium catalysts: palladium on barium sulfate, palladium on carbon, and palladium chloride on carbon.[11]
Uses
Even when dry, palladium(II) chloride is able to rapidly stain stainless steel. Thus, palladium(II) chloride solutions are sometimes used to test for the corrosion-resistance of stainless steel.[12]
Palladium(II) chloride is sometimes used in carbon monoxide detectors. Carbon monoxide reduces palladium(II) chloride to palladium:
- PdCl2 + CO + H2O → Pd + CO2 + 2HCl
Residual PdCl2 is converted to red
- PdCl2 + 2 KI → PdI2 + 2 KCl
Palladium(II) chloride is used in the Wacker process for production of aldehydes and ketones from alkenes.
Palladium(II) chloride can also be used for the cosmetic tattooing of leukomas in the cornea.
References
- ISBN 0-12-352651-5.
- PMID 20602377.)
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link - ISBN 978-0-07-049439-8.
- ISBN 978-0-07-049439-8.
- ISBN 978-0-12-805457-4.
- .
- )
- ; Collected Volumes, vol. 8, p. 532.
- )
- ^ ISBN 0-471-31506-0.
- ^ Ralph Mozingo (1955). "Palladium Catalysts". Organic Syntheses; Collected Volumes, vol. 3, p. 685.
- ^ For example, http://www.marinecare.nl/assets/Uploads/Downloads/Leaflet-Passivation-Test-Kit.pdf[permanent dead link]
- PMID 13252030.