This article is about American scientist. For the German chess grandmaster, see Robert Hübner.
Robert Huebner (right) and others examine eggs
Robert Joseph Huebner (February 23, 1914 – August 26, 1998), was an American physician and
virologist whose research into viruses, their causes and treatment that led to his breakthrough insights into the connections between viruses and cancer, leading to new treatments, as well as his hypothesized oncogene
, which was discovered to be a trigger for normal cells turning cancerous.
Early life and education
Huebner was born in
bouncer at a brothel — but stayed in school and graduated in 1942.[1] He graduated in June 1942, ranked in the top five of his class of 100.[2]
In June and July 1945, Huebner was asked to investigate an outbreak of cases of a
New York City Department of Health was informed after a "minor epidemic" broke out at the Queens housing complex and individuals had been sent to hospitals with violent fevers and skin lesions.[3] The seven known rickettsial diseases were all ruled out based on tests.[3]
Huebner document his findings of the new disease in a 1947 paper published in the
American Society of Tropical Medicine for his efforts with the Bailey K. Ashford Award in 1949, which included a $1,000 prize from Eli Lilly and Company that he later used as a down payment for a farm in Frederick, Maryland.[2]
Q Fever
Huebner's first work on
Q Fever was a report he had done on an outbreak of 18 cases that occurred in early 1946 in an NIH laboratory, where he showed a correlation between a spike in cases and the preparation of antigens in yolk sacs, and he prepared another report on a group of 47 patients being treated for the condition at the Public Health Service Hospital in Baltimore. He was sent in spring 1947 to investigate an outbreak at milk farms in the Los Angeles area, in which there was a dense population of farms in which the animals had little space, creating what Huebner called "unpasturized cows".[2] Huebner found the cause to be a member of the rickettsia family that was found in containers of unpasteurized milk.[1] The cause was found to be Coxiella burnetii, with their findings published in 1948 in the American Journal of Public Health.[2] Dairy farmers were upset by the insinuation that they were responsible for the outbreak and put pressure on local health officials to ask Huebner to leave the area.[1]
Huebner found that the C. burnetii bacteria could survive temperatures of up to 60 °C (140 °F) in sealed containers for as long as 30 minutes, just below the levels used for vat pasteurization. This could mean that there was no way to verify that every particle within a vat was raised to the peak temperature and that pasteurization might not eliminate all of the bacteria in the milk being treated.[5]
Adenovirus and oncogenes
While trying to grow
adenoviruses. Dr. Robert M. Chanock said the discovery "put him up there with Sabin" (creator of the oral polio vaccine) as one of the "great moments in virology". Based on their observations, Huebner and Rowe hypothesized that these viruses could trigger an unknown gene that would cause cells to grow out of control.[1]
In a paper published in the
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences in 1969, Huebner advanced his theory that oncogenes, then only a hypothetical construct, could cause normal cells to mutate and become cancerous. A specific gene matching the theorized description was discovered and led to the development of treatments for cancer and other diseases.[1]
In contrast to medical wisdom in the 1960s and 1970s, Huebner was confident that viruses were a cause of cancer in humans and convinced the
War on Cancer.[1] This led to the discovery of the role that cytomegalovirus plays in opportunistic infections in patients with immunodeficiency.[1] Research on retroviruses led to the development of a vaccine for hepatitis B, which has led to major decreases in rates of liver cancer, rates of some viral cancers, like that of the liver, have been sharply reduced.[1]
He took a position in 1968 as chief of the National Cancer Institute's Laboratory of Viral Carcinogenesis, staying there until his retirement in 1982.[1]
He bought a 300-acre (1.2 km2) farm for $4,000 in Frederick, Maryland where he raised his family, using the money he had received as part of an award for his rickettsial research to make the necessary downpayment. His children were each given the task of raising an American Angus bull to help pay for their college education. By the time of Huebner's death in 1998, the farm was operated by three of his children.[1]
Huebner died at age 84 due to
Veterans Administration Medical Center in Coatesville, Pennsylvania, where he had been a resident since 1991.[1] He had been diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease in the early 1980s.[1] He was survived by his second wife, Harriet, as well as by six daughters, two sons and 11 grandchildren.[1] His first marriage had ended in divorce.[1]
