Timeline of the Palestine region

Extended-protected article
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Satellite image of the Palestine region from 2003

The timeline of the Palestine region is a timeline of major events in the history of Palestine. For more details on the history of Palestine see History of Palestine. In cases where the year or month is uncertain, it is marked with a slash, for example 636/7 and January/February.

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

Mesozoic/Cenozoic geological eras

Palaeolithic

prehistoric humans
at approximately 420,000–220,000 BCE .
  • 420–220
    Qesem Cave.[3]

Epipalaeolithic

See also: Epipalaeolithic Near East
  • c. 9000 BCE –
    Natufian hunter-gatherer groups form a permanent settlement that would come to be known as Jericho
    .

Neolithic

Neolithic (8,500–4,500 BCE).[4]

Chalcolithic (Copper Age)

Chalcolithic (4,500–3,500 BCE).[4]

Bronze Age

Early Bronze Age

Early Bronze Age (3,500–2,350 BCE).[4]

Intermediate Bronze Age

Intermediate Bronze Age
(2,350–2000 BCE).

Middle Bronze Age

Middle Bronze Age (2000–1550 BCE).[4]

Late Bronze Age

Late Bronze Age (1550–1200 BCE).[4]

Iron Age

Main articles: History of ancient Israel and Judah and Philistines

Iron Age I

Iron Age I (1200–1000 BCE).[4]

IAI can be split into Iron Age IA (1200–1150 BCE) and Iron Age IB (1150–1000 BCE).[4]

Iron Age II

Iron Age II (1000–586 BCE).[4]

IAII can be split into Iron Age IIA (1000–900 BCE), Iron Age IIB (900–700 BCE), and Iron Age IIC (700–586 BCE).[4]

Babylonian and Persian periods

Main articles:
Yehud (Persian province)

Babylonian and Persian periods (586–332 BCE).[4]

The Babylonian period began with the destruction of Jerusalem by

Cyrus II of Persia ("the Great") conquered the Neo-Babylonian Empire
, to the conquest of the region by Alexander the Great.

Hellenistic period

The Hellenistic period began with

client king, Herod the Great, over the last Hasmonean king of Judea in 37 BCE.[4]

  • c. 260 BCE – Beit She'an is refounded as the poleis Scythopolis by Ptolemy II Philadelphus.[8]
  • 200 BCE – The
    Seleucid emperor Antiochus III the Great conquers Palestine.[9]
    Model of the Second Temple
    at the Israel Museum
  • 175 BCE:
  • 174 BCE – Antiochus appoints Jason as high priest of the Jerusalem Temple.[12]
  • 172 BCE – Antiochus replaces Jason with Menelaus as high priest of the Jerusalem Temple as the latter offers to pay a much bigger tribute.[13]
  • Late 170 BCE/early 169 BCE – Antiochus invades Egypt but decides to return. Perhaps because of disturbances in Palestine. His return is triumphant and he brings many spoils.[14]
  • 169 BCE, autumn – On his way back from Egypt, Antiochus raids the Jerusalem Temple and confiscates its treasures.[15]
  • 168 BCE, spring – Antiochus invades Egypt but the Romans force him to withdraw.[16] Meanwhile, rumors spread in Judea that the king has died and Jason launches a surprise attack on Jerusalem, captures the city, and kills supporters of his rival Menelaus.[17] Antiochus interprets Jason's attack as a rebellion and sends an army that retakes Jerusalem and drives Jason's followers away.[18]
  • 167 BCE, autumn – Antiochus IV Epiphanes outlaws Judaism in Judea and allows pagan worship at the Jerusalem temple.[19]
  • 165 BCE, spring – Antiochus campaigns against the Parthians.[20]
  • 164 BCE:
    • spring – Antiochus issues a letter repealing the ban on Judaism and promising amnesty for the insurgents who return before March 164. The provincial land-tax from 167 BCE is abolished. The Maccabees does not take up the Seleucids offer and the insurgency continues.[21]
    • summer – The Maccabees carries out a number of punitive expeditions, likely led by Judas, against people who had participated in the persecution against Jews.[22]
    • autumn/winter – Judas enters Jerusalem and the altar to Zeus and other pagan artifacts are removed from the Temple.[23] Meanwhile, Antiochus dies in Persis,[24] igniting a century-long war of succession in Antioch, the capital of the Seleucid empire.[25]
  • 161 BCE – Judas Maccabeus is killed in battle and his army is routed.[26]
  • 152 BCE – Jonathan Apphus is appointed high priest of the Jerusalem temple by the Seleucids.[27]
  • c. 145 BCE – The Seleucid ruler
    Ramathaim.[27]
  • 135/4 BCE – John Hyrcanus becomes Hasmonean king.[28]
  • 129 BCE – The Seleucid emperor Antiochus VII Sidetes dies.[29]
  • c. 112–107 BCE – The Hasmoneans destroy the Samaritan temple at Mount Gerizim and devastates Shechem.[30]
  • c. 108/7 BCE – The Hasmoneans destroy Scythopolis.[8]
  • 104 BCE – Aristobulus I succeeds Hyrcanus as king of Judea.[31]
  • 103 BCE – Alexander Jannaeus succeeds Aristobulus. He greatly extends the Hasmonean kingdom, concentrating on Greek cities along the Palestinian coast.[32]
  • 76 BCE – Hyrcanus II succeeds Alexander Jannaeus.[33]
Birth of Jesus (painting by Gerard van Honthorst
from 1622)

Roman period

The Roman period lasted from Pompey's conquest of Palestine in 66 BCE, until the legal establishment of Christianity in the realm. Suggestions for the end date vary between the Edict of Milan in 313 CE by which Constantine the Great declares Christianity a permitted religion, and the declaration of Nicene Christianity as the sole state religion by three co-emperors including Theodosius, emperor of the East, through the Edict of Thessalonica of 380.

The destruction of Jewish Temple (painting by David Roberts
from 1850)

Byzantine period

Church of the Holy Sepulchre (photo from 1900)

Allowing for varying starting dates (see above under

Roman period
), this timeline chooses for convenience's sake to set the starting year of the Byzantine period as 313, when Constantine declared Christianity a permitted religion. The period ends with the Muslim conquest of Palestine in 637–641.

The Madaba Map depiction of 6th-century Jerusalem

Early Muslim period

See also: Early Muslim conquests and Muslim conquest of the Levant

Rashidun period

  • 637 (or 638) –
    caliph Umar Ibn el-Khatab.[89] Jews are permitted to return to the city after 568 years of Roman and Byzantine rule.[90]
  • 640 – The Rashiduns capture Caesarea.[72]
  • 641 – The Rashiduns capture Ashkelon, completing their conquest of the Holy Land.
  • 659 – Earthquake.[91]

Umayyad period

The Dome of the Rock (photograph from 1856)

Abbasid period

Fatimid period

Crusader/Ayyubid period

Main article: Timeline of the Kingdom of Jerusalem
Conquest of Jerusalem in 1099 during the First Crusade (painting from the 19th century)

The Crusader period, sometimes referred to as the medieval period, as it was the only time when the Western-type societal organisation was transplanted to the region, lasted from 1099 when the Crusaders captured Jerusalem, to 1291 when the

Mamluks
. In part of that period, almost every part of the territory changed hands repeatedly between the Crusaders and the Ayyubids.

Mamluk period

The Mamluk period lasted from 1291 when the Mamluks capture Acre, to 1517 when the Ottomans conquered Palestine.

Ottoman period

16th century

Walls of Jerusalem (photo taken in 2005)

17th century

  • 1660 – The towns of Safed and nearby Tiberias, with substantial Jewish communities, were destroyed in the turmoil following the 1658 death of Mulhim Ma'n,[182] with only Safed being repopulated shortly after the destruction.[183][184] Some sources place the destruction of Safed in 1662.[185]
  • 1604 – First
    Ahmad I agreed that the subjects of Henry IV of France were free to visit the Holy Places of Jerusalem. French missionaries begin to travel to Jerusalem and other major Ottoman
    cities.
  • 1663–1665 – Sabbatai Zevi, founder of the Sabbateans, preaches in Jerusalem before travelling back to his native Smyrna where he proclaimed himself the Messiah.

18th century

Battle of Nazareth (painting by Antoine-Jean Gros from 1801)

19th century

Galilee earthquake of 1837
Ottoman machine gunners during the Second Battle of Gaza, 1917
Emir Feisal and Chaim Weizmann during their meeting in 1918

20th century

OETA and Mandatory Palestine

1927 Jericho earthquake: Destruction in the Jewish Quarter of Jerusalem
  • 1927 July 11 – 1927 Jericho earthquake – A powerful earthquake occurs in the Jordan Rift Valley region.
  • 1929 – Outbreak of the 1929 Palestine riots.
  • 1936–1939 – The Great Arab Revolt.
  • 1947 November 29 – UN General Assembly
    adopts a resolution containing proposal to divide Mandatory Palestine into independent Arab and Jewish States, with a Special International Regime for the city of Jerusalem and its environs.[190]
1948: declaration of the establishment of the State of Israel
Palestinian Arab refugees in 1948

Israel, Jordan-occupied West Bank, Egypt-occupied Gaza

Israel and the occupied Palestinian territories

  • 1973 October 6–24 – The Yom Kippur War was fought. The war began with a surprise joint attack on two fronts by the armies of Syria (in the Golan Heights) and Egypt (in the Suez Canal), deliberately initiated during the Jewish holiday of Yom Kippur. The Egyptian Army got back Sinai that was occupied by the Israeli armies for almost 7 years.
  • 1974 – The
    UN
    as their sole political representative organisation.
  • 1978 September 18 – Israel and Egypt sign a comprehensive peace agreement at Camp David which included a condition of Israel's withdrawal from the Rest of Sinai.
  • 1979 March 26 – The peace treaty with Egypt was signed by the Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin, the Egyptian President Anwar Sadat and U.S. President Jimmy Carter.
  • 1982 June–December – The First Lebanon War took place during which Israel invaded southern Lebanon due to the constant terror attacks on northern Israel by the Palestinian guerrilla organizations resident there. The war resulted in the expulsion of the PLO from Lebanon, and created an Israeli Security Zone in southern Lebanon.
  • 1984 November 21–1985 January 5 – Operation Moses: IDF forces conduct a secret operation in which approximately 8,000 Ethiopian Jews were brought to Israel from Sudan.
  • 1987–1991 – The
    Israeli occupation of the Palestinian territories
    .
  • 1988 November 15 – Palestinian Declaration of Independence (1988) – The Palestinian National Council, the legislative body of the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO), in Algiers on 15 November 1988 unilaterally proclaimed the establishment of a new independent state called the "State of Palestine".
  • 1991 May 24–25 – Operation Solomon: IDF forces conduct a secret operation in which approximately 14,400 Ethiopian Jews were brought to Israel within 34 hours in 30 IAF and El Al aircraft.
1993: Bill Clinton , Yitzhak Rabin and Yasser Arafat after signing the Oslo Accords
  • 1993 September 13 – The first Oslo Accords are signed at an official ceremony in Washington in the presence of Yitzhak Rabin for Israel, Yasser Arafat for PLO and Bill Clinton for the United States.
  • 1994 October 26 – The Peace agreement between Israel and Jordan is signed.
  • 1995 November 4 – Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin was assassinated by right-wing Israeli radical Yigal Amir.
  • 2000–2005 (unclear) – The
    Israeli occupation of the Palestinian Territories
    . The uprising which began as massive protests carried out by Palestinians in the Palestinian Territories, soon turned into a violent Palestinian guerrilla campaign which included numerous suicide attacks carried out against Israeli civilians within the state of Israel.
Second Lebanon War
(photograph taken on August 15, 2006)

See also

Notes and references

Citations

  1. ^ Vertebrates – dinosaurs – University of Copenhagen geologi.snm.ku.dk[dead link]
  2. ^ Giant Marine Dino Surfaces Discovery Online, Discovery News Brief
  3. ISSN 1040-6182. The Qesem Cave...site...has yielded...teeth associated to the...(AYCC) and dated to about 420-220 ka.[dead link
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  4. ^
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  5. ^ Davis, Paul K. 100 Decisive Battles. Oxford University Press.
  6. ISBN 978-0-310-47961-1
  7. ISBN 978-0-7661-5612-8
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  8. ^ a b c d Wagemakers 2014, p. 219.
  9. ^ Schwartz 2009, p. 53; Bourgel 2019, p. 2
  10. ^ Gera 1998, p. 109.
  11. ^ Lendering, Antiochus IV Epiphanes; Britannica, Antiochus IV Epiphanes
  12. ^ Lendering, Antiochus IV Epiphanes.
  13. ^ Britannica, Antiochus IV Epiphanes: In 172, for an even bigger tribute, he appointed Menelaus in place of Jason.
  14. ^ Grabbe 2010, pp. 14–5; Britannica, Antiochus IV Epiphanes
  15. ^ Grabbe 2010, p. 15; Morkholm 2008, p. 283
  16. ^ Schäfer 2003, p. 40; Grabbe 2010, p. 15
  17. ^ Morkholm 2008, p. 283.
  18. ^ Morkholm 2008, p. 284; Grabbe 2010, p. 15
  19. ^ Schwartz 2009, pp. 54–5; Morkholm 2008, p. 286
  20. ^ Schäfer 2003, p. 47; Morkholm 2008, p. 287
  21. ^ Morkholm 2008, pp. 289–90; Schäfer 2003, p. 47
  22. ^ Morkholm 2008, p. 290
  23. ^ Schwartz 2009, p. 33; Morkholm 2008, p. 290; Britannica, Antiochus IV Epiphanes: in December 164 was able to tear down the altar of Zeus and reconsecrate the Temple
  24. ^ Morkholm 2008, p. 290.
  25. ^ Schwartz 2009, p. 33.
  26. ^ Schwartz 2009, p. 33; Bourgel 2019, p. 8
  27. ^ a b Bourgel 2019, p. 8.
  28. ^ Bourgel 2019, p. 10.
  29. ^ Schwartz 2009, p. 37.
  30. ^ Bourgel 2019, p. 9; Hjelm 2010, p. 28
  31. ^ Schwartz 2009, p. 38; Hjelm 2010, p. 35
  32. ^ Schwartz 2009, p. 38.
  33. ^ a b Schwartz 2009, p. 42.
  34. ^ Schwartz 2009, p. 45.
  35. ^ Meyers & Chancey 2012, p. 50.
  36. ^ Greetham, The Rev. Phil. "King Herod the Great." "The Nativity Pages". Archived from the original on 2012-07-23., 2001.
  37. ^ Richardson 1996, p. 344.
  38. ^ Chancey 2005, p. 74.
  39. ^ Magness 2012, p. 133.
  40. ^ Richardson 1996, p. 303; Magness 2012, p. 133
  41. ^ Menahem MANṠŪR (1964). The Dead Sea Scrolls: A College Textbook and a Study Guide. Brill Archive. p. 14. GGKEY:EP1DFQRSATU.
  42. ^ Sebaste, Holy Land Atlas Travel and Tourism Agency.
  43. ^ "Entry for Herod." The Jewish Virtual Library, American-Jewish Cooperative Enterprise, 2007. Retrieved June 18, 2007.
  44. ^ Meyers & Chancey 2012, p. 62.
  45. ^ Richardson 1996, p. 282.
  46. ^ Millar 1993, p. 354.
  47. Jewish Encyclopedia
  48. ^ Richardson 1996, p. 265.
  49. ^ Richardson 1996, p. 363.
  50. ^ Rahner (page 731) states that the consensus among historians is c. 4 BCE. Sanders supports c. 4 BCE. Vermes supports c. 6/5 BCE. Finegan supports c. 3/2 BCE. Sanders refers to the general consensus, Vermes a common 'early' date, Finegan defends comprehensively the date according to early Christian traditions.
  51. ^ Schwartz 2009, p. 48.
  52. ^ Haensch 2010, p. 2; Ben-Sasson 1976, p. 246: When Archelaus was deposed from the ethnarchy in 6 CE, Judea proper, Samaria and Idumea were converted into a Roman province under the name Iudaea.; Schwartz 2009, p. 48
  53. ^ Millar 1993, p. 346.
  54. ^ Chancey 2005, p. 86.
  55. ^ a b Magness 2012, p. 138.
  56. ^ Haensch 2010, p. 2; Millar 1993, p. 356
  57. ^ Haensch 2010, p. 2; Magness 2012, p. 139
  58. ^ a b Magness 2012, p. 139.
  59. ^ Chancey 2005, p. 78; McLaren & Goodman 2016, p. 215; Schwartz 2009, p. 47
  60. ^ Haensch 2010, p. 2; Chancey 2005, p. 71
  61. ^ a b Schwartz 2009, p. 52.
  62. ^ Magness 2012, p. 140.
  63. ^ Millar 1993, p. 366.
  64. ^ Schwartz 2016, p. 234.
  65. ^ Chancey 2005, p. 62; Millar 1993, p. 371
  66. ^ Bonne 2014, p. 1.
  67. ^ Chancey 2005, p. 103.
  68. ^ Weksler-Bdolah 2019, p. 53.
  69. ^ Weksler-Bdolah 2019, p. 58.
  70. ^ Chancey 2005, p. 62; Schwartz 2016, p. 238; Weksler-Bdolah 2019, p. 53
  71. ^ Donaldson 2000, p. 127; Viviano 2007, p. 17
  72. ^ a b Viviano 2007, p. 17.
  73. ^ a b c Slavik 2001, p. 60.
  74. ^ a b Lewin 2005, p. 39.
  75. ^ Lewin 2005, p. 36; Bijovsky 2007, p. 182
  76. ^ Moser 2018, p. 225.
  77. ^ Lewin 2005, p. 38.
  78. ^ Lewin 2005, p. 38; Bijovsky 2007, p. 182
  79. ^ Lewis 2011, p. 155.
  80. ^ Sivan 2008, p. 213.
  81. ^ Donaldson 2000, p. 128; Viviano 2007, p. 17
  82. ^ Lewin 2005, pp. 40–1.
  83. ^ Lewin 2005, p. 41; Stewart Evans 2005, p. 26
  84. ^ Stewart Evans 2005, p. 26.
  85. ^ Lewin 2005, p. 41; Stewart Evans 2005, p. 26; Sivan 2008, pp. 141–2
  86. ^ a b c Dignas & Winter 2007, p. 117.
  87. ^ Schäfer 2003, p. 198.
  88. ^ Kaegi 1992, p. 93.
  89. ^ a b c d Kaegi 1992, p. 146.
  90. ^ Schäfer 2003, p. 198: the capture of Jerusalem in 638; Dignas & Winter 2007, p. 49: The conquerors had already taken Damascus in 635, and in 637 Jerusalem fell.
  91. ^ Avni 2014, p. 325.
  92. ^ Masalha 2018, p. 155.
  93. ^ Olszowy-Schlanger 1998, p. 55; Meri 2006, p. 590
  94. ^ a b c d e f Gil 1997, p. 841.
  95. ^ Barkat, Amiram (August 8, 2003). "The big one is coming". Haaretz. Retrieved May 11, 2011.
  96. ^ Avni 2014, p. 325; Gil 1997, p. 89
  97. ^ a b Meri 2006, p. 1.
  98. ^ Gil 1997, pp. 297–8, 842.
  99. ^ Gil 1997, p. 279.
  100. ^ Gil 1997, p. 283,842.
  101. ^ Gil 1997, p. 284.
  102. ^ Khadduri 2006, p. 248.
  103. ^ Goitein & Grabar 2007, p. 230.
  104. ^ Khadduri 2006, p. 248; Jotischky 2016, p. 53
  105. ^ Gil 1997, p. 283.
  106. ^ a b Pringle 1993, p. 10.
  107. ^ a b Gil 1997, p. 844.
  108. ^ Gil 1997, p. 843.
  109. ^ a b c d e f Burke & Peilstocker 2011, p. 114.
  110. ^ Burke & Peilstocker 2011, p. 114; Goitein & Grabar 2007, p. 231
  111. ^ Gil 1997, p. 845.
  112. ^ Jotischky 2016, p. 54.
  113. ^ a b Janin 2015, p. 76.
  114. ^ Gil 1997, p. 162.
  115. ^ Gil 1997, p. 848; Pringle 1993, p. 10
  116. ^ a b Gil 1997, p. 848.
  117. ^ Gil 1997, p. 849.
  118. ^ Pringle 1993, p. 10; Goitein & Grabar 2007, p. 232
  119. ^ a b Gil 1997, p. 339.
  120. ^ Kennedy 2004, p. 277; Harris 2014, p. 29
  121. ^ Gil 1997, p. 343.
  122. ^ a b Gil 1997, p. 344.
  123. ^ a b c d e Gil 1997, p. 851.
  124. ^ Kennedy 2004, p. 322; Gil 1997, p. 851
  125. ^ Gil 1997, p. 354.
  126. ^ a b Gil 1997, p. 355.
  127. ^ Gil 1997, pp. 358, 851.
  128. ^ Gil 1997, p. 366.
  129. ^ Gil 1997, p. 369-70.
  130. ^ Janin 2015, p. 77.
  131. ^ Lev 2006, p. 592; Jotischky 2016, p. 50; Janin 2015, p. 77
  132. ^ Gil 1997, p. 853; Burke & Peilstocker 2011, p. 116; Pringle 1993, p. 11
  133. ^ Gil 1997, p. 853.
  134. ^ Gil 1997, p. 854.
  135. ^ Gil 1997, p. 386.
  136. ^ Masalha 2018, p. 185; Lev 2006, p. 591; Burke & Peilstocker 2011, p. 174
  137. ^ Jotischky 2016, p. 55.
  138. ^ Harris 2014, p. 29; Preiser-Kapeller 2021, p. 165
  139. ^ Lev 2006, p. 591.
  140. ^ Gil 1997, p. 397.
  141. ^ Gil 1997, p. 398.
  142. ^ Avni 2014, p. 325; Lev 2006, p. 592; Burke & Peilstocker 2011, p. 116; Gil 1997, p. 399
  143. ^ Lev 2006, p. 591; Pringle 1993, p. 12
  144. ^ a b Goitein & Grabar 2007, p. 233.
  145. ^ Janin 2015, p. 83.
  146. ^ Avni 2014, p. 325; Lev 2006, p. 592; Gil 1997, p. 408
  147. ^ a b c Burke & Peilstocker 2011, p. 116.
  148. ^ Masalha 2018, p. 186.
  149. ^ Gil 1997, p. 415.
  150. ^ Gil 1997, p. 419.
  151. ^ Lev 2006, p. 592.
  152. ^ a b Burke & Peilstocker 2011, p. 117.
  153. ^ Gil 1997, p. 414.
  154. ^ Jotischky 2017, p. 56; Asbridge 2004, pp. 298, 309
  155. ^ Barber 2012, p. 358.
  156. ^ Asbridge 2004, p. 304.
  157. ^ Chareyron 2005, p. 79; Pringle 1993, p. 12
  158. ^ Asbridge 2004, p. 321.
  159. ^ Barber 2012, p. 19.
  160. ^ Hickman 2019.
  161. ^ a b c d Britannica, Palestine - The Crusades.
  162. ^ a b c Boas 2001, p. 44.
  163. ^ Lock 2006, p. 53.
  164. ^ Baldwin 1969, p. 538.
  165. ^ Meri 2006, p. 591.
  166. ^ Chareyron 2005, p. 79; Avni 2014, p. 336; Jotischky 2016, p. 49
  167. ^ a b c Asbridge 2010, p. 564.
  168. ^ Britannica, Crusades; Asbridge 2010, p. 564
  169. ^ Britannica, Crusades; Asbridge 2010, p. 564
  170. ^ Britannica, Crusades; Asbridge 2010, p. 564
  171. ^ Britannica, Crusades.
  172. ^ Britannica, Crusades; Asbridge 2010, p. 564; Tyerman 2006, p. 472; Maalouf 1984, pp. 216–218
  173. ^ a b c Boas 2001, p. 45.
  174. ^ Boas 2001, p. 45; Madden 2014, p. 141
  175. ^ Britannica, Palestine - The Crusades; Asbridge 2010, p. 469
  176. ^ Asbridge 2010, p. 470.
  177. ^ Asbridge 2010, p. 474.
  178. ^ Asbridge 2010, p. 475.
  179. ^ Chareyron 2005, p. 82.
  180. ^ Roth 2014, p. 622.
  181. ^ Farsoun 2004, p. 8.
  182. ISBN 978-1-86064-856-4
    .
  183. ISBN 978-0-8173-0572-7
    ; p. 14
  184. ^ Joel Rappel. History of Eretz Israel from Prehistory up to 1882 (1980), Vol.2, p.531. "In 1662 Sabbathai Sevi arrived to Jerusalem. It was the time when the Jewish settlements of Galilee were destroyed by the Druze: Tiberias was completely desolate and only a few of former Safed residents had returned..."
  185. ISBN 978-0-691-01809-6
    . In Safed, too, the [Sabbatai] movement gathered strength during the autumn of 1665. The reports about the utter destruction, in 1662 [sic], of the Jewish settlement there seem greatly exaggerated, and the conclusions based on them are false. ... Rosanes' account of the destruction of the Safed community is based on a misunderstanding of his sources; the community declined in numbers but continued to exist ... A very lively account of the Jewish community is given by French trader d'Arvieux who visited Safed in 1660.
  186. ^ Sbeinati, M.R., Darawcheh, R. & Mouty, M. 2005. The historical earthquakes of Syria: an analysis of large and moderate earthquakes from 1365 B.C. to 1900 A.D. Annals of Geophysics, 48, 347–435.
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  189. ^ Friedman, Isaiah (1971). German Intervention on Behalf of the "Yishuv", 1917 , Jewish Social Studies, Vol. 33, pp. 23–43.
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  192. ISBN 0-7391-0064-5
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  193. ^ General Progress Report and Supplementary Report of the United Nations Conciliation Commission for Palestine, Covering the Period from 11 December 1949 to 23 October 1950 Archived 20 May 2014 at the
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  194. ^ a b c d e Lewis 2011, p. 164.
  195. McClatchy Newspapers. Archived from the original
    on November 20, 2008. Retrieved April 16, 2007. Fewer Israeli civilians died in Palestinian attacks in 2006 than in any year since the Palestinian uprising began in 2000. Palestinian militants killed 23 Israelis and foreign visitors in 2006, down from a high of 289 in 2002 during the height of the uprising. Most significant, successful suicide bombings in Israel nearly came to a halt. Last year, only two Palestinian suicide bombers managed to sneak into Israel for attacks that killed 11 people and wounded 30 others. Israel has gone nearly nine months without a suicide bombing inside its borders, the longest period without such an attack since 2000[...] An Israeli military spokeswoman said one major factor in that success had been Israel's controversial separation barrier, a still-growing 250-mile (400 km) network of concrete walls, high-tech fencing and other obstacles that cuts through parts of the West Bank. 'The security fence was put up to stop terror, and that's what it's doing,' said Capt. Noa Meir, a spokeswoman for the Israel Defense Forces. [...] Opponents of the wall grudgingly acknowledge that it's been effective in stopping bombers, though they complain that its route should have followed the border between Israel and the Palestinian territories known as the Green Line. [...] IDF spokeswoman Meir said Israeli military operations that disrupted militants planning attacks from the West Bank also deserved credit for the drop in Israeli fatalities.
  196. ^ "IAF strike kills Hamas military chief Jabari - Defense - Jerusalem Post".
  197. Independent.co.uk. 2012-11-15. Archived
    from the original on 2022-06-21.
  198. ^ Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 29 November 2012: without reference to a Main Committee (A/67/L.28 and Add.1): 67/19. Status of Palestine in the United Nations
  199. ^ "Resolution 2334". unscr.com. Retrieved 2019-01-24.
  200. ^ Proclamation 9683 of December 6, 2017, 82 FR 58331
  201. ^ Israel-Gaza Conflict Air-Raid Sirens in Israel Warn of Continued Strikes on Sunday www.nytimes.com, accessed 2024-02-27

Sources

Ancient history

Hellenistic period

Roman period

Byzantine period

Early Muslim period

Crusader period

Ottoman period

Further reading

External links
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_the_Palestine_region&oldid=1220359128"