Asian diaspora
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Map_of_Asia.svg/230px-Map_of_Asia.svg.png)
The Asian diaspora is the diasporic group of people whose ancestral origins lie in Asia, but who live outside of the continent. There are several prominent groups within the Asian diaspora.[1]
Asian diasporas have been noted for having an increasingly transnational relationship with their ancestral homelands,[2][3] especially culturally through the use of digital media.[4][5]
East Asian diaspora
Chinese diaspora
Overseas Chinese people are those of Chinese birth or ethnicity who reside outside mainland China, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macau.[6] As of 2011, there were over 40.3 million overseas Chinese.[7] Overall, China has a low percent of population living overseas.
History
The Chinese people have a long history of migrating overseas, as far back as the 10th century. One of the migrations dates back to the Ming dynasty when Zheng He (1371–1435) became the envoy of Ming. He sent people – many of them Cantonese and Hokkien – to explore and trade in the South China Sea and in the Indian Ocean.
Early emigration
In the mid-1800s, outbound migration from China increased as a result of the European colonial powers opening up treaty ports.[14]: 137 The British colonization of Hong Kong further created the opportunity for Chinese labor to be exported to plantations and mines.[14]: 137
During the era of European colonialism, many overseas Chinese were coolie laborers.[14]: 123 Chinese capitalists overseas often functioned as economic and political intermediaries between colonial rulers and colonial populations.[14]: 123
The area of
San Francisco and California was an early American destination in the mid-1800s because of the California Gold Rush. Many settled in San Francisco forming one of the earliest Chinatowns. For the countries in North America and Australia saw great numbers of Chinese gold diggers finding gold in the
From 1853 until the end of the 19th century, about 18,000 Chinese were brought as indentured workers to the British West Indies, mainly to British Guiana (now Guyana), Trinidad and Jamaica.[17] Their descendants today are found among the current populations of these countries, but also among the migrant communities with Anglo-Caribbean origins residing mainly in the United Kingdom, the United States and Canada.
Some overseas Chinese were sold to South America during the Punti–Hakka Clan Wars (1855–1867) in the Pearl River Delta in Guangdong.
Research conducted in 2008 by German researchers who wanted to show the correlation between economic development and height, used a small dataset of 159 male labourers from Guangdong who were sent to the Dutch colony of Suriname to illustrate their point. They stated that the Chinese labourers were between 161 to 164 cm in height for males.[18] Their study did not account for factors other than economic conditions and acknowledge the limitations of such a small sample.
The Lanfang Republic (Chinese: 蘭芳共和國; pinyin: Lánfāng Gònghéguó) in West Kalimantan was established by overseas Chinese.
In 1909, the Qing dynasty established the first Nationality Law of China.[14]: 138 It granted Chinese citizenship to anyone born to a Chinese parent.[14]: 138 It permitted dual citizenship.[14]: 138
Republic of China
In the first half of the 20th Century, war and revolution accelerated the pace of migration out of China.[14]: 127 The Kuomintang and the Communist Party competed for political support from overseas Chinese.[14]: 127–128
Under the Republicans economic growth froze and many migrated outside the Republic of China, mostly through the coastal regions via the ports of Fujian, Guangdong, Hainan and Shanghai. These migrations are considered to be among the largest in China's history. Many nationals of the Republic of China fled and settled down overseas mainly between the years 1911–1949 before the Nationalist government led by Kuomintang lost the mainland to Communist revolutionaries and relocated. Most of the nationalist and neutral refugees fled mainland China to North America while others fled to Southeast Asia (Singapore, Brunei, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia and Philippines) as well as Taiwan (Republic of China).[19]
After World War II
Those who fled during 1912–1949 and settled down in Singapore and Malaysia and automatically gained citizenship in 1957 and 1963 as these countries gained independence.[20][21] Kuomintang members who settled in Malaysia and Singapore played a major role in the establishment of the Malaysian Chinese Association and their meeting hall at Sun Yat Sen Villa. There was evidence that some intended to reclaim mainland China from the CCP by funding the Kuomintang.[22][23]
After their defeat in the Chinese Civil War, parts of the Nationalist army retreated south and crossed the border into Burma as the People's Liberation Army entered Yunnan.[14]: 65 The United States supported these Nationalist forces because the United States hoped they would harass the People's Republic of China from the southwest, thereby diverting Chinese resources from the Korean War.[14]: 65 The Burmese government protested and international pressure increased.[14]: 65 Beginning in 1953, several rounds of withdrawals of the Nationalist forces and their families were carried out.[14]: 65 In 1960, joint military action by China and Burma expelled the remaining Nationalist forces from Burma, although some went on to settle in the Burma-Thailand borderlands.[14]: 65–66
During the 1950s and 1960s, the ROC tended to seek the support of overseas Chinese communities through branches of the
From the mid-20th century onward, emigration has been directed primarily to Western countries such as the United States, Australia, Canada, Brazil, The United Kingdom, New Zealand, Argentina and the nations of Western Europe; as well as to Peru, Panama, and to a lesser extent to Mexico. Many of these emigrants who entered Western countries were themselves overseas Chinese, particularly from the 1950s to the 1980s, a period during which the PRC placed severe restrictions on the movement of its citizens.
Due to the political dynamics of the Cold War, there was relatively little migration from the People's Republic of China to southeast Asia from the 1950s until the mid-1970s.[14]: 117
In 1984, Britain agreed to transfer the sovereignty of Hong Kong to the PRC; this triggered another wave of migration to the United Kingdom (mainly England), Australia, Canada, US, South America, Europe and other parts of the world. The 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre further accelerated the migration. The wave calmed after Hong Kong's transfer of sovereignty in 1997. In addition, many citizens of Hong Kong hold citizenships or have current visas in other countries so if the need arises, they can leave Hong Kong at short notice.[citation needed]
In recent years, the People's Republic of China has built increasingly stronger ties with African nations. In 2014, author Howard French estimated that over one million Chinese have moved in the past 20 years to Africa.[24]
More recent Chinese presences have developed in Europe, where they number well over 1 million, and in Russia, they number over 200,000, concentrated in the Russian Far East. Russia's main Pacific port and naval base of Vladivostok, once closed to foreigners and belonged to China until the late 19th century, as of 2010[update] bristles with Chinese markets, restaurants and trade houses. A growing Chinese community in Germany consists of around 76,000 people as of 2010[update].[25] An estimated 15,000 to 30,000 Chinese live in Austria.[26]Japanese diaspora
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Map_of_the_Japanese_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg/220px-Map_of_the_Japanese_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg.png)
Korean diaspora
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Map_of_the_Korean_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg/220px-Map_of_the_Korean_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg.png)
South Asian diaspora
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/South_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29_without_national_boundaries.svg/220px-South_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29_without_national_boundaries.svg.png)
History
Romani people
The
Southeast Asian diaspora
Malaysian diaspora
The Malaysian diaspora are Malaysian emigrants from Malaysia and their descendants that reside in a foreign country. Population estimates vary from seven hundred thousand to one million, both descendants of early emigrants from Malaysia, as well as more recent emigrants from Malaysia. The largest of these foreign communities are in Singapore, Australia, Brunei and the United Kingdom.
Emigration from Malaysia is a complex demographic phenomenon existing for decades and having a number of reasons, with institutional racism being one of the major factors. The process is the reverse of the immigration to Malaysia. Malaysia does not keep track of emigration, and counts of Malaysians abroad are thus only available courtesy of statistics kept by the destination countries. As of 2019, according to the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, the population of the Malaysian diaspora stands at 1,730,152.[40]Filipino diaspora
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Filipino_Diaspora.png/220px-Filipino_Diaspora.png)
Thai diaspora
Overseas Thai people (Thai: คนไทยพลัดถิ่น, คนไทยในต่างแดน) number approximately 1.1 million persons worldwide. They can be roughly divided into two groups:
A "non-residentVietnamese diaspora
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Global_Vietnamese_population.png/220px-Global_Vietnamese_population.png)
Overseas Vietnamese (Vietnamese: người Việt hải ngoại, Việt kiều or kiều bào) are Vietnamese people who live outside Vietnam. There are approximately 5 million overseas Vietnamese, the largest community of whom live in the United States.
Overseas Vietnamese make up the fifth largest Asian diaspora, after the .West Asian diaspora
Arab diaspora
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Map_of_the_Arab_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg/220px-Map_of_the_Arab_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg.png)
Iranian diaspora
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Map_of_the_Iranian_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg/220px-Map_of_the_Iranian_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg.png)
![]() | This article may be confusing or unclear to readers. (July 2021) |
The Iranian diaspora refers to Iranian citizens or people of Iranian descent living outside Iran.[43]
This includes the varying ethnicities of the Iranian people including the following groups: Persians, Azeris, Kurds, Lors, Baluchs, Arabs, Turkomens, Assyrians, and Armenians.
In 2021, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Iran published statistics, which showed that 4,037,258 Iranians are living abroad, an increase from previous years.[44][45] Many of them live in North America, Europe, the Arab states of the Persian Gulf, Turkey, Azerbaijan, Australia and the broader Middle East.[46][47] Other studies have estimated about 1.5 million or fewer Iranians living abroad.[48] Many of them migrated to other countries after the Iranian Revolution in 1979.[49][50]
Since the 2020s, the country has experienced mass waves of immigration out of the country . With 100% rise just in 2023. A ministry of immigration has been proposed after reports indicated critical statistics mainly because of political instability.[51][52][53]Jewish diaspora
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Map_of_the_Jewish_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg/240px-Map_of_the_Jewish_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg.png)
The Jewish diaspora (Hebrew: תְּפוּצָה, romanized: təfūṣā) or exile (Hebrew: גָּלוּת gālūṯ; Yiddish: golus)[a] is the dispersion of Israelites or Jews out of their ancient ancestral homeland (the Land of Israel) and their subsequent settlement in other parts of the globe.[56][57]
In terms of the
Turkish diaspora
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Map_of_the_Turkish_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg/220px-Map_of_the_Turkish_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg.png)
The
). In particular, most mainland Turkish migration has been toCentral Asian diaspora
See also
- Diaspora#Asian diasporas
- Asian Diasporas (documentary)
Notes
References
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