Discrimination based on nationality
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Discrimination based on nationality is discriminating against a person based on their
Treaties
Article 1(1) of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (CERD) defines racial discrimination as a "distinction, exclusion, restriction or preference based on race, colour, descent, or national or ethnic origin which has the purpose or effect of nullifying or impairing the recognition, enjoyment or exercise, on an equal footing, of human rights and fundamental freedoms in the political, economic, social, cultural or any other field of public life".[3] The treaty allows distinguishing between citizens and non-citizens, but not "against any particular nationality", which could encompass a grouping of particular nationalities.[3]
Prohibition of discrimination based on nationality for nationals of European single market member states is a key aspect of the European single market.[4] Article 18 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) bans discrimination based on nationality within the scope of the treaties. According to the European Court of Justice, this prohibition is not applicable to non-nationals of member states of the European Union or European single market.[5] Investment treaties also prohibit discrimination based on the nationality of the investor.[6][7]
Article 7(1) of the
Labor market
One study found that foreign
A 2021 study recommended narrowly interpreting exceptions for nationality in non-discrimination laws to ensure that forms of racial discrimination are not being enabled.[1]
Migration law
Many states have travel and immigration laws based on nationality, for example offering
A well-known example of discrimination on the basis of nationality is the Executive Order 13769 ("Muslim ban") in which nationals of several Muslim-majority states were prohibited from traveling to the United States.[10]
According to Professor of Migration Law Thomas Spijkerboer , "at face value, migration law is also a form of racial discrimination" under the CERD.[3]
According to Gareth Davies, eliminating discrimination based on nationality would create polities based on residence rather than citizenship.[12]
See also
- Executive Order 11246 — banning discrimination based on national origin
References
- ^ S2CID 243839359.
- S2CID 239512847.
- ^ S2CID 150019997.
- ISBN 978-3-030-43511-0.
- ISBN 9789039363072.
- ISBN 9789004260207.
- ISBN 978-90-8722-378-6.
- )
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- ^ S2CID 159178544.
- ISBN 9780203085981.
- .
Further reading
- Foster, Michelle; Baker, Timnah Rachel (2021). "Racial Discrimination in Nationality Laws: A Doctrinal Blind Spot of International Law?". Columbia Journal of Race and Law. 11: 83. .