Anti-Indian sentiment
Part of a series on |
Discrimination |
---|
Anti-Indian sentiment, a form of
Country polled | Pos. | Neg. | Neutral | Pos – Neg |
---|---|---|---|---|
Pakistan | 11% |
62% |
27% |
-51 |
Brazil | 23% |
57% |
20% |
-34 |
Germany | 1% |
33% |
66% |
-32 |
China | 35% |
56% |
9% |
-21 |
France | 39% |
53% |
8% |
-14 |
Spain | 23% |
35% |
42% |
-12 |
Turkey | 32% |
44% |
24% |
-12 |
Greece | 19% |
27% |
54% |
-8 |
Canada | 41% |
44% |
15% |
-3 |
Nigeria | 47% |
39% |
14% |
+8 |
Mexico | 42% |
33% |
25% |
+9 |
United States | 49% |
37% |
14% |
+12 |
Australia | 49% |
34% |
17% |
+15 |
United Kingdom | 56% |
38% |
6% |
+18 |
Kenya | 48% |
26% |
26% |
+22 |
Russia | 41% |
10% |
49% |
+31 |
Indonesia | 50% |
18% |
32% |
+32 |
History
The relationship between
In Grant's highly controversial 1796 work Observations on the ... Asiatic subjects of Great Britain,[6] he criticized the Orientalists for being too respectful to Indian culture and religion. His work tried to determine the Hindus' "true place in the moral scale" and he alleged that the Hindus are "a people exceedingly depraved". Grant believed that Great Britain's duty was to civilise and Christianize the natives.
One of the most influential historians of India during the British Empire,
Dadabhai Naoroji spoke against such anti-India sentiment.[12]
At the time, British newspapers had printed various apparent eyewitness accounts of British women and girls being raped by Indian rebels, but cited little physical evidence. It was later found that some were fictions created to paint the native people as savages who needed to be civilized, a mission sometimes known as "The White Man's Burden". One such account published by The Times, regarding an incident where 48 British girls as young as 10–14 had been raped by Indian rebels in Delhi, was criticized by Karl Marx, who pointed out that the story was propaganda written by a clergyman in Bangalore, far from the events.[14] A wave of anti-Indian vandalism accompanied the rebellion. When Delhi fell to the British, the city was ransacked, the palaces looted and the mosques desecrated in what has been called "a deliberate act of unnecessary vandalism".[15]
Despite the questionable authenticity of colonial accounts regarding the rebellion, the stereotype of the Indian "dark-skinned rapist" occurred frequently in English literature of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The idea of protecting British "female chastity" from the "lustful Indian male" had a significant influence on the British Raj's policies outlawing miscegenation between Europeans and Indians. While some restrictive policies were imposed on white women in India to "protect" them from miscegenation, most were directed against Indians.[16][17] For example, the 1883 Ilbert Bill, which would have granted Indian judges the right to judge offenders regardless of ethnicity, was opposed by many Anglo-Indian people on the grounds that Indian judges could not be trusted in cases alleging the rape of white women.[18]
South Asia
Pakistan
According to
Historic
Some
Violence at the time of the
The
According to Husain Haqqani, Pakistan faced multiple challenges to its survival after the partition. At the time Pakistan's secular leaders decided to use Islam as a rallying cry against perceived threats from predominantly Hindu India. Unsure of Pakistan's future, they deliberately promoted anti-Indian sentiment with "Islamic Pakistan" resisting a "Hindu India".[34]
According to Nasr, anti-Indian sentiments, coupled with
Commenting on Indophobia in Pakistan in 2009, former United States Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice termed the Pakistan-India relationship as shadowed by Indophobia.[36]
In his article "The future of Pakistan" published by Brookings Institution American South Asia expert Stephen P. Cohen describes the Pakistan-India relationship as a neverending spiral of sentiments against each other.[37]
In Pakistani textbooks
According to Sustainable Development Policy Institute since the 1970s Pakistani school textbooks have systematically inculcated hatred towards India and Hindus.[38][39] According to this report, "Associated with the insistence on the Ideology of Pakistan has been an essential component of hate against India and the Hindus. For the upholders of the Ideology of Pakistan, the existence of Pakistan is defined only in relation to Hindus hence the Hindus have to be painted as negatively as possible".[38]
A 2005 report by the National Commission for Justice and Peace, a nonprofit organization in Pakistan, found that Pakistan studies textbooks in Pakistan have been used to articulate the hatred that Pakistani policy-makers have attempted to inculcate towards the Hindus. "Vituperative animosities legitimize military and autocratic rule, nurturing a siege mentality. Pakistan Studies textbooks are an active site to represent India as a hostile neighbor", the report stated. "The story of Pakistan's past is intentionally written to be distinct from often in direct contrast with, interpretations of history found in India. From the government-issued textbooks, students are taught that Hindus are backward and superstitious." Further, the report stated "Textbooks reflect intentional obfuscation. Today's students, citizens of Pakistan and its future leaders are the victims of these blatant lies."[40]
Military conflicts
India and Pakistan have had numerous military conflicts which have caused anti-Indian sentiment, with the Kashmir conflict being the most prominent and important one.[41][42][43]
In 1971 rising political discontent in
Writing for Middle East Research and Information Project the Pakistani nuclear scientist Pervez Hoodbhoy stated that anti-Indian sentiment is instilled in Pakistani soldiers early in their training at Cadet College Hasan Abdal and Cadet College Petaro. He also claimed that in order to prosper, Pakistan needed to overcome its hatred of India.[45]
Bangladesh
The
Bhutan
Anti-India sentiments rose when the Indian government withdrew its subsidy for kerosene and cooking gas to Bhutan in the 2013 election process.[50] Furthermore, anti-India sentiments have also been attributed to the insensitive comments by Indian diplomats and senior political figures. In August 2017 at the height of the India-China standoff in Doklam, Bhutan (disputed territory claimed by China), former foreign secretary Shyam Saran's response was received negatively by the Bhutanese regarding Indian intervention in the expansion of Bhutan's foreign relations. He stated that "…it is really for Bhutan to decide what its comfort level is, in terms of expanding its own engagement with the rest of the world. The only thing which the Indian side would like to be assured of is that there should be no surprises in terms of the move that Bhutan makes. That is the only requirement."[51] Bhutan was considered to have laid the foundation of democracy based on anti-India sentiments.[52]
Misbehavior from some Indian tourists in Bhutan has led to complaints in local media,[53][54] with the Bhutanese government responding by implementing a 'sustainable development' fee for regional visitors.[55]
Maldives
Anti-India sentiments in the Maldives rose when the "India Out" hashtag started to trend on Twitter in the Maldives on 26 July 2021, the Maldives' Independence Day. Anti-India sentiments dates back when
Nepal
Despite the centuries-long relationship between the two nations, Nepal has clashed with India over different issues such as
Sri Lanka
Anti-Indian prejudice may be caused by the island nation's bad experience with Invasions by Tamil Dynasties (such as the
Historical
During the defence against the invading
20th century
Despite India's alliance with the Sri Lankan government during the
During the 1950s, discriminatory measures taken by the Sri Lankan government targeted Indian traders (typically from the Indian states of Tamil Nadu and Kerala), forcing the traders out of Sri Lanka. Following this, trade with India was deliberately scuttled, as was the sale of Indian magazines.[59]
The Indophobia of that era led the Sri Lankan government to go after the so-called Tamils of 'recent' Indian origin. These immigrant plantation workers were imported by the British more than a hundred years earlier and had already been stripped of citizenship by earlier legislation—the first Legislative Act of the newly independent country in 1948. Since then, these Tamils lived as 'stateless' persons and many returned to India.[59][63] The IPKF's involvement in Sri Lanka led to the rise of the anti-Indian
During the Black July, rioters targeted Indian Tamils. During one instance, the Sri Lankan Bus Employees brutally killed seven Tamils including six members of the Ramanathan family (father, young daughter, three sons, and their uncle) and their driver, some of whom were bludgeoned to death.[65]
East Asia
Myanmar/Burma
Burmese's racial hatred of the Indians caused Burmese rioters with axes to smash Indian children's heads to death during massive anti-Indian riots at Burma. A British official witnessed a Burmese rioter smashing an Indian child's head to death.[66]
Anti-Indian sentiment against the Indians during the British Raj began to rise in Burma after the First World War ended[67] for a number of reasons. The country's ethnic Indian population was rapidly growing in Myanmar (almost half of Yangon's population was Indian by the Second World War[68]). The Indians played a prominent role in both the provincial government of Burma and the central government of India and as a result, they began to be targeted for persecution by Burmese nationalists. Racial animosity towards Indians because of their skin-color and appearance also played a role.[69] Meanwhile, the price of rice plummeted during the economic depression of the 1930s and the Chettiar from Tamil Nadu, who were prominent moneylenders in the rice belt, began to foreclose on land held by native Burmese.[69][70]
After Burma achieved Independence, Burmese law treated a large percentage of the Indian community as "resident aliens". Though many had long ties to Burma or were born there, they were not considered citizens under the 1982 Burma citizenship law which restricted citizenship for groups immigrating before 1823.[71]
After seizing power through a military coup in 1962, General Ne Win ordered a large-scale expulsion of Indians. Although many Indians had been living in Burma for generations and had integrated into Burmese society, they became a target for discrimination and oppression by the junta. This, along with a wholesale nationalization of private ventures in 1964, led to the emigration of over 300,000 ethnic Indians from Burma.[70] Indian-owned businesses were nationalized and their owners were given 175 kyat for their trip to India. This caused a significant deterioration in Indian-Burmese relations and the Indian government arranged ferries and aircraft to lift Burmese of Indian ethnicities out of Burma.[72]
Malaysia
On 28 June 1969, anti-Indian riots broke out in Sentul where Malays attacked and killed 15 Indians.[73]
In March 2001, a 9-day period of communal violence known as the 2001 Kampung Medan riots occurred between Indians and Malays cost the deaths of 6 people and injuring many more people. The severity of injuries ranges from head injuries to severed limbs. The riots no doubt caused anti-Indian feelings among Malays residing in Selangor and Klang Valley.
The novel
On 26 November 2018, a riot was launched by several groups of people due to demolish purpose of 147-years-old Seafield Sri Mariamman Temple in Subang Jaya with the death of Malaysian firefighter, 24-years-old, Mohammad Adib Mohd Kassim erupted anti-Indian sentiment including several politicians.[75][76]
Singapore
In 2020, there were lots of discrimination towards migrant workers of Indian origin.[77] There are also a number of locals who passed racist comments about them on Facebook.[78] The rental property market in Singapore presents a vivid display of how many landlords discriminate against Indian-origin tenants and reject their applications upfront. Many listing websites also have listings with 'no Indians' requirements.[79]
China
Indian police officers dispatched to Hong Kong and Shanghai during the British colonial era were often discriminated against by local Chinese and were called "red-headed A'san" (红头阿三) because of the Sikh turban.[80] Since the dispute between the two countries over the Tibet border erupted in the 1950s, the two sides have been fraught with mistrust.[81] Chinese social media users are aggressive towards Indians,[82] and Chinese officials also use "Wolf warrior diplomacy" to mock the COVID-19 pandemic in India on Weibo.[83] A video that a Chinese ministry has posted on its official Weibo account showing Chinese dancers featuring blackface to depict Indians which draws sharp reaction from netizens in India.[84][85]
Middle East
Qatar
Calls to boycott Indian products began trending on Qatari Twitter after clips of Indian authorities attacking and evicting thousands of Muslims in
Africa
Kenya
Following the
South Africa
The first anti-Indian commotion that took place in South Africa was the Durban riots in 1949 which took place in South Africa's largest city Durban, where angry Black South Africans attacked and killed 142 Indians, destroyed and looted Indian property.[91]
Another anti-Indian riot took place again in Durban in 1985.[92]
The influential leader Mahatma Gandhi experienced anti-Indian racism when he was in South Africa, he was beaten up by a driver for travelling in first class coach.[93] The Indians were not allowed to walk on public footpaths in South Africa and Gandhi was kicked by a police officer out of the footpath onto the street without warning.[94]
In 2015, Phumlani Mfeka, a KwaZulu-Natal businessman and the spokesman for the radical Mazibuye African Forum tweeted "A good Indian is a dead Indian".[95][96][97] He published a letter in the city press claiming that South Africans of Indian origin have no right to citizenship and property in South Africa. Mfeka also claimed there is a "ticking time bomb of a deadly confrontation" between Africans and Indians in KwaZulu-Natal. The South African court barred him from making anti-Indian remarks in Nov 2015.[98]
In 2017, EFF leader Julius Malema stated during a rally in KwaZulu-Natal "They are ill-treating our people. They are worse than Afrikaners were. This is not an anti-Indian statement, it's the truth. Indians who own shops don't pay our people, but they give them food parcels", and accused local politicians of being in the pockets of Indian businesspeople.[99] Malema also said that the success of Indian businesses in the province was due to their strategies of exploitation and monopolisation of the economy.[100] Malema also referred to Indians in 2011 as 'coolies' (which is considered a strongly offensive pejorative term in contemporary South Africa).[101]
In 2021, South African Indians were largely targeted during the 2021 South African unrest. Many Indians in Phoenix, KwaZulu-Natal have armed themselves to fight rioters in absences of police forces. Police Minister Bheki Cele stated that the main motive behind the Phoenix riots was criminal and that racial issues were secondary. He confirmed that 20 people had died in the town in the unrest. He also warned people against falling for fake news designed to increase racial tensions.[102] The aftermath of the events saw influx of emigration of Indian communities from South Africa. The Beaver Canadian Immigration Consultants noted that immigration application for Indians has quadruple to 40 percent mainly from South Africa.[103]
Uganda
The most infamous case of Indophobia is the
)According to H.H. Patel, many
Indophobia in Uganda also existed under Milton Obote, before Amin's rise. The 1968 Committee on "Africanisation in Commerce and Industry" in Uganda made far-reaching Indophobic proposals.[vague]
A system of work permits and trade licenses was introduced in 1969 to Indians'
Indians were stereotyped as "only traders" and thereby "
Amin used this to justify a campaign of "de-Indianisation", eventually resulting in the
Zimbabwe
In the months before the Zimbabwean election, amongst widespread economic mismanagement by the Zimbabwean government, Zimbabwean president Emmerson Mnangagwa accused Zimbabwean Indians of hoarding basic goods, and threatened to seize their property.[106]
Pacific islands
Fiji
In 2000, Anti-Indian riots broke out throughout Fiji amidst an attempted coup. Protesters attacked Indian shops.[107]
Western world
Contemporary Indophobia has risen in the western world, particularly in the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, and others, on account of the rise of the
Australia
In May and June 2009,
Some
Canada
Anti-Indian sentiment among the white and other populations increased as the numbers of South Asian Canadians increased. It continues to increase even in the present day. In 2023, India's external affairs ministry called Canada "safe haven" – for terrorists, extremists and "anti-India activities".[113]
Germany
India suffers from a severe image deficit in Germany.[114][115]
In August 2007, a mob of over 50 persons attacked 8 Indians in Mügeln.[116][117][118][119]
A 2014 BBC World Service Poll showed that 68% of Germans view India's influence negatively.[120]
Poland
In 2022, an Indian man was racially abused by an American tourist in Poland by calling him a parasite and genocide for European civilization.[121][122]
United Kingdom
During the mid-20th century, after India became independent from British rule, large waves of Indian migration to the UK occurred. Starting in the late 1960s, anti-Indian racism began to affect British Indians as they became victims of racist violence and other forms of racial discrimination at the hands supporters of far-right, anti-immigration and racist political parties such as the National Front (NF) and the British National Party (BNP).[123][124] This anti-Indian racism peaked during the 1970s and 1980s.[125][123][124] The Indian Workers' Association was one of many political organisations in the UK which helped to oppose racist attacks against Indians. In 1976 the Rock Against Racism political and cultural movement was formed as a reaction to racist attacks that were happening on the streets of the United Kingdom, many of them targeting British Indians.[126]
A notable example of anti-Indian sentiment in the UK is the 2007
United States
Immigration from India to the United States became more frequent between 1907 and 1920 because of Canada's Immigration Act[133] in 1910 which restricted the number of Indians coming into the country. California was where most Indians migrated to and Indian immigrants had a negative stigma around them.[134]
Hatred of the Indians amongst Americans led to the Bellingham riots in 1907. In the late-1980s in New Jersey, an anti-Indian hate group gang calling themselves the "Dotbusters" targeted, threatened and viciously beat Indians until they were in a coma and died or suffered brain damage.[135][136] The former President Richard Nixon was found voicing disparaging remarks on Indians in a newly declassified White House tapes citing Indians as the "most sexless", "nothing" and "pathetic". He further remarks about Indian women as the "Undoubtedly the most unattractive women in the world are the Indian women. Undoubtedly."[137][138]
Latin America and the Caribbean
Caribbean
There is occasional anti-Indian discrimination amongst the locals of the
Guyana
Anti-Indian sentiments of Guyana sometimes becomes violent. Anti-Indian riots of Guyana saw the black population burn businesses belonging to the Indians, hundreds of Africans and Indians lost their lives rioting.[141][142][143]
Media
BBC
In 2008, the
Writing for the 2008 edition of the
In the journal of the
English journalist Christopher Booker has also criticized the BBC for its coverage of India-related matters. He concludes that the BBC's efforts to reinforce stereotypes of South Asians have been directly responsible for damaging the image of India and encouraging racist incidents against Indians, such as the Leipzig University internship controversy.[149]
The New York Times
The newspaper's India coverage has been heavily criticized by scholars such as
In 2010, the
In September 2014, the
In June 2016, The New York Times published an editorial opposing India's entry into the Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG).[158] During this time, the US administration led by President Barack Obama was actively supporting India's membership.[159] The paper said the membership was "not merited" and that India had "fallen far short" in assuming responsibilities of a nuclear nation. This view was criticized by several western and Indian experts on nuclear issues. Ramesh Thakur, Director of the Centre for Nuclear Non-Proliferation and Disarmament at the Australian National University, said The New York Times is "frequently chauvinistic" and that the editorial "reflects a deliberate bias".[160] Alyssa Ayres, a senior fellow for South Asia at the Council on Foreign Relations, rebutted the editorial, saying "the small community of India-watchers in Washington read these words in disbelief" and the paper "should ground its arguments in an appraisal of the complete facts".[161]
In November 2017, The New York Times published an article by Asgar Qadri attacking the Indian
Pakistani media
Pakistani media commentators such as
Talking to reporters after inaugurating an exhibition in
Some of the anti-India propaganda is claimed to be driven by the Pakistani military.[170] In December 2010 many Pakistani newspapers published reports based on United States diplomatic cables leaks which portrayed India in a negative light.[171] The Guardian reported that none of the information reported by Pakistani media could be verified in its database of leaked cables.[172] Thereafter several newspapers apologized.[173] The fake cables were believed to have been planted by Inter-Services Intelligence.[171]
Slumdog Millionaire
The Indo-British film Slumdog Millionaire was the subject of many controversies[174][175][176] in terms of its title, its depiction of Indian slums and its language use. The film's title was consistently challenged for having the word "dog" in it.[177] The protest took place in Patna where it was written on a signboard "I Am Not a Dog".[174] Activists stated that slum dwellers would continue to protest until the film's director deleted the word "dog" from the title.[178]
Co-director Loveleen Tandan was too criticized by producer Christian Colson. Colson defined her partnership with Boyle as a mismatch. Colson noted that the title of "co-director (India)" given to Tandan was "strange but deserved" and was developed over "a Coca-Cola and a cup of tea" in order to identify her as "one of our key cultural bridges."[179] During the 2009 Oscar awards ceremony, Tandan was ignored and all credit for the film was taken by Boyle. Some filmmakers and actors from Bollywood were also critical of Slumdog Millionaire including Aamir Khan,[180][181] Priyadarshan[182] and Music Director Aadesh Shrivastava.[183]
See also
- Anti-Bengali sentiment in India
- 2008 bombing of Indian embassy in Kabul
- Anti-Hindu sentiment
- Anti-Pakistan sentiment
- Anti-Romani sentiment – racism against Romani people
- Romani Holocaust
- Barbara Crossette
- Criticism of Buddhism
- Criticism of Hinduism
- Criticism of Islam
- Criticism of Jainism
- Criticism of Sikhism
- Index of racism-related articles
- Interminority racism in the United States
- List of ethnic slurs
- List of religious slurs
- Lists of pejorative terms for people
- Persecution of Buddhists
- Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent
- Persecution of Hindus
- Islamophobia
- Persecution of Muslims
- Category:Persecution of Sikhs
- Racism against Asians
- Racism by country
- Racism in Asia
- Stereotypes of South Asians
- Xenophobia and racism related to the COVID-19 pandemic
- Saffron terror
- Separatist movements of India
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When it comes to its relations with its most important neighbor, India its most important international ally, the United States, its overarching narrative is that of victimhood. Pakistan's perception of itself as the victim of Hindu domination has led to the mother of all 'trust deficits,' a deficit that can never be eliminated because it stems from the deeply held belief that Indians are dominating, insincere, and untrustworthy. In this view, there is nothing that Pakistan can do to normalize the relationship because Indians/Hindus are essentially untrustworthy and have proven that to be true time and time again. My view is that if trust is a component of the problem, it is an eternal one.
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Sordid and gruesome as the militant record of violence against Kashmiri women and civilians is, it does not compare with the scale and depth of abuse by Indian State forces for which justice has yet to be done.
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:|work=
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- Sources
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Further reading
- JSTOR 1166488
- Trautmann, Thomas R. (1997). "British Indophobia". Aryans and British India. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-20546-8.
- K.K. Aziz. (2004) The Murder of History: A Critique of History Textbooks used in Pakistan. Vanguard. ISBN 969-402-126-X
- Nayyar, A. H. & Salim, Ahmad. (2003) The Subtle Subversion: The State of Curricula and Text-books in Pakistan – Urdu, English, Social Studies and Civics. Sustainable Development Policy Institute. The Subtle Subversion
- Rosser, Yvette Claire (2003). Islamization of Pakistani Social Studies Textbooks. New Delhi: Rupa & Co. ISBN 81-291-0221-8.
- Rosser, Yvette Claire (2004). Indoctrinating Minds: Politics of Education in Bangladesh. New Delhi: Rupa & Co. ISBN 8129104318.
External links
- "Islamic Resurgence in Bangladesh: Genesis, Dynamics and Implications". by Taj I. Hashmi, Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies.
- "Terror sans Frontiers: Islamic Militancy in North East India". by Jaideep Saikia, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, July 2003.
- "What does 'anti-Indian' mean?" Archived 15 August 2017 at the Wayback Machine. by Zafar Sobhan, The Sunday Guardian.
- "Australia and anti-Indian violence", The Economist, 18 June 2009.
- "America's New Anti-India Backlash". by David J. Karl, Bloomberg Businessweek, 13 May 2010.
- "Religion and Anti-Indianism in Pakistan" by Yoginder Sikand, New Age Islam, 31 December 2010.
- "Bangladesh's anti-Indian gun running and insurgent havens persist". by Dr. Subhash Kapila, South Asia Analysis Group, 29 April 2004.
- "Why are some Bangladeshis anti-Indian?" by Habibul Haque Khondker, The Daily Star, 24 July 2009.
- "Rethinking anti-Indianism in Nepal" by Trailokya Raj Aryal, MyRepublica, 25 April 2010.
- "Increasing Anti-Indianism in Nepal: Myth or Reality" Archived 24 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine. Telegraphnepal.com.
- "India can afford anti-Indianism". by S. Prasannarajan, India Today, 10 December 2010.