Minorities in Turkey

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Ethnic groups in Turkey (The World Factbook, 2016 estimations)[1]
Ethnic groups Percent
Turks
 
 70–75%
Kurds
 
 19%
Others (
Turkish Jews
, etc.)
 
 6–11%

Minorities in Turkey form a substantial part of the country's population, representing an estimated 25 to 28 percent of the population.[2] Historically, in the Ottoman Empire, Islam was the official and dominant religion, with Muslims having more rights than non-Muslims, whose rights were restricted.[3] Non-Muslim (dhimmi) ethno-religious[4] groups were legally identified by different millet ("nations").[3]

Following the end of

Islamized under Ottoman rule, especially Muslim Albanians and Slavic Muslims.[3]

The 1923

Turkey-Bulgaria Friendship Treaty (Türkiye ve Bulgaristan Arasındaki Dostluk Antlaşması) of 18 October 1925 but there are no more Bulgarians in Turkey.[8][10][11] On 18 June 2013, the Ankara 13th Circuit Administrative Court unanimously ruled that the Assyrians were included as beneficiaries of the Lausanne Treaty,[12][a] so that Assyrians were allowed to open the first school teaching in their mother tongue.[13][14]

The amount of ethnic minorities is considered to be underestimated by the Turkish government. Therefore, the exact number of members of ethnic groups who are Muslim is unknown; these include Arabs, Albanians, Bosniaks, Circassians, Chechens, Abkhazians, Crimean Tatars, Laz, Hemshin Armenians, Kurds, Pomaks, Turkish Roma, and Pontic Greeks, among other smaller groups like Dom, Lom, Vallahades, Greek Muslims, Cretan Muslims, Nantinets, Imerkhevians. Many of the Non turkish Muslims minorities are descendants of Muslims (muhajirs) who were expelled from the lands lost by the shrinking Ottoman Empire, like the Balkans and Caucasus Mountains.[15][16][17] The majority have assimilated into and intermarried with the majority Turkish population and have adopted the Turkish language and way of life, though do not necessarily identify as Turks, especially the

Turkish nationalist policies strengthen these trends.[citation needed
]

Tables

Distribution of nationalities in Anatolia[18]
Ottoman official statistics, 1910
Sanjak Turks Greeks Armenians Jews Others Total
Istanbul (Asiatic shore) 135,681 70,906 30,465 5,120 16,812 258,984
İzmit 184,960 78,564 50,935 2,180 1,435 318,074
Aydin (İzmir) 974,225 629,002 17,247 24,361 58,076 1,702,911
Bursa 1,346,387 274,530 87,932 2,788 6,125 1,717,762
Konya 1,143,335 85,320 9,426 720 15,356 1,254,157
Ankara 991,666 54,280 101,388 901 12,329 1,160,564
Trabzon 1,047,889 351,104 45,094 - - 1,444,087
Sivas 933,572 98,270 165,741 - - 1,197,583
Kastamonu 1,086,420 18,160 3,061 - 1,980 1,109,621
Adana 212,454 88,010 81,250 – 107,240 488,954
Canakkale 136,000 29,000 2,000 3,300 98 170,398
Total 8,192,589 1,777,146 594,539 39,370 219,451 10,823,095
Percentage 75.7% 16.42% 5.50% 0.36% 2.03%  
Ecumenical Patriarchate statistics, 1912
Total 7,048,662 1,788,582 608,707 37,523 218,102 9,695,506
Percentage 72.7% 18.45% 6.28% 0.39% 2.25%  
Distribution of nationalities in East Thrace
Ottoman official statistics, 1910[19]
Sanjak Turks Greeks Bulgarians Others Total
Edirne 128,000 113,500 31,500 14,700 287,700
Kirk Kilisse 53,000 77,000 28,500 1,150 159,650
Tekirdağ 63,500 56,000 3,000 21,800 144,300
Gallipoli 31,500 70,500 2,000 3,200 107,200
Çatalca 18,000 48,500 – 2,340 68,840
Istanbul 450,000 260,000 6,000 130,000 846,000
Total 744,000 625,500 71,000 173,190 1,613,690
Percentage 46.11% 38.76% 4.40% 10.74%  
Ecumenical Patriarchate statistics, 1912
Total 604,500 655,600 71,800 337,600 1,669,500
Percentage 36.20% 39.27% 4.30% 20.22%  
Muslim and non-Muslim population in Turkey, 1914–2005 (in thousands)[20]
Year 1914 1927 1945 1965 1990 2005
Muslims 12,941 13,290 18,511 31,139 56,860 71,997
Greeks 1,549 110 104 76 8 3
Armenians 1,204 77 60 64 67 50
Jews 128 82 77 38 29 27
Others 176 71 38 74 50 45
Total 15,997 13,630 18,790 31,391 57,005 72,120
Percentage non-Muslim 19.1 2.5 1.5 0.8 0.3 0.2
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Ethnic minorities

Abdal

Main article:
Abdal of Turkey

Groups of nomadic and semi-nomadic itinerants found mainly in central and western

Alevis.[21]

Afghans

Main article: Afghans in Turkey
See also: Anti-Afghan sentiment

Afghans are one of the largest irregular migrant groups in Turkey. From the period 2003–2007, the number of Afghans apprehended were significant, with statistics almost doubling during the last year. Most had fled the

War in Afghanistan. In 2005, refugees from Afghanistan numbered 300 and made a sizeable proportion of Turkey's registered migrants.[22] Most of them were spread out over satellite cities with Van and Ağrı being the most specific locations.[23] In the following years, the number of Afghans entering Turkey greatly increased, second only to migrants from Iraq; in 2009, there were 16,000 people designated under the Iraq-Afghanistan category. Despite a dramatic 50 percent reduction by 2010, reports confirmed hundreds living and working in Turkey.[24] As of January 2010, Afghans consisted one-sixth of the 26,000 remaining refugees and asylum seekers.[25]
By the end 2011, their numbers are expected to surge up to 10,000, making them the largest population and surpass other groups.

Africans

Main article:
Afro Turks

Beginning several centuries ago, a number of Africans, usually via

Austro-Turkish War of 1716–18.[30]

Albanians

Main article: Albanians in Turkey

A 2008 report from the

Turkish National Security Council (MGK) estimated that approximately 1.3 million people of Albanian ancestry live in Turkey, and more than 500,000 recognizing their ancestry, language and culture. There are other estimates, however, that place the number of people in Turkey with Albanian ancestry and or background upward to 5 million.[31]

However, these assumptions of the Turkish government are contested by many scholars who claim they are without any basis.[32][need quotation to verify]

Arabs

Main article: Arabs in Turkey
Further information: Iraqis in Turkey and Syrians in Turkey

Arabs in Turkey number around 2 million, and they mostly live in provinces near the Syrian border, particularly the Hatay region, where they made up two fifths of the population in 1936.[33]

However, including recent Syrian refugees, they make up to 5.3%[

Antiochian Orthodox Church.[citation needed
]

Turkey experienced a large influx of Iraqis between the years of 1988 and 1991 due to both the Iran–Iraq War and the first Gulf War,[34] with around 50,000 to 460,000 Iraqis entering the country.[35]

Syrians in Turkey include migrants from

refugees of the Syrian Civil War
.

Armenians

Main article: Armenians in Turkey
Further information:
Hamshenis.[46][47]

During the Turkish Republican era, Armenians were subjected to many policies which were designed to abolish Armenian cultural heritage such as the

confiscation of properties, change of animal names,[48] changes of the names of Armenian historical figures (i.e. the name of the prominent Balyan family were concealed under an identity of a superficial Italian family called Baliani),[49][50] and the change and distortion of Armenian historical events.[51]

Today, the Armenians are mostly concentrated around

Armenian Apostolic faith, with much smaller numbers of Armenian Catholics and Armenian Evangelicals. The community currently functions 34,[clarification needed] 18 schools, and 2 hospitals.[44]

Assyrians

Main article: Assyrians in Turkey

Assyrian genocide, many were murdered, deported, or ended up emigrating. Those that remain live in small numbers in their indigenous South Eastern Turkey (although in larger numbers than other groups murdered in Armenian or Greek genocides) and Istanbul. They number around 30,000 and are part of the Syriac Orthodox Church, Chaldean Catholic Church and Church of the East
.

Australians

Main article: Australians in Turkey

There are as many as 12,000 Australians in Turkey.

Turkish Australians
.

Azerbaijanis

Main article: Azerbaijanis in Turkey

It is hard to determine how many ethnic

Eastern Anatolia Region, Azeris are sometimes referred to as acem (see Ajam) or tat.[55] They currently are the largest ethnic group in the city of Iğdır[56] and second largest ethnic group in Kars.[57]

Bosniaks

Main article: Bosniaks in Turkey

Today, the existence of Bosniaks in the country is evident everywhere. In cities like Istanbul, Eskişehir, Ankara, İzmir, or Adana, one can easily find districts, streets, shops or restaurants with names such as Bosna, Yenibosna, Mostar, or Novi Pazar.[58] However, it is extremely difficult to estimate how many Bosniaks live in this country. Some Bosnian researchers believe that the number of Bosniaks in Turkey is about two million.[59]

Britons

Main article: Britons in Turkey

There are at least 34,000 Britons in Turkey.[60] They consist mainly of British citizens married to Turkish spouses, British Turks who have moved back into the country, students and families of long-term expatriates employed predominately in white-collar industry.[61]

Bulgarians

Main article: Bulgarians in Turkey
Further information: Pomaks in Turkey

People identifying as Bulgarian include a large number of the Pomak and a small number of Orthodox Bulgarians.[62][63][64][65][66] According to Ethnologue at present 300,000 Pomaks in European Turkey speak Bulgarian as their mother tongue.[67] It is very hard to estimate the number of Pomaks along with the

Turkish Daily News reports, the number of Pomaks along with the Turkified Pomaks in the country is about 600,000.[69][68] According to the Bulgarian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Bulgarian Orthodox Christian community in Turkey stands at 500 members.[70]

Central Asian peoples

Turkey received refugees from among the Pakistan-based Kazakhs, Turkmen, Kirghiz, and Uzbeks numbering 3,800 originally from Afghanistan during the Soviet–Afghan War.[71] Kayseri, Van, Amasra, Cicekdag, Gaziantep, Tokat, Urfa, and Serinvol received via Adana the Pakistan-based Kazakh, Turkmen, Kirghiz, and Uzbek refugees numbering 3,800 with UNHCR assistance.[72]

Chechens and Ingush

Main article: Chechens in Turkey

Chechens in Turkey are

Chechen descent and Chechen refugees living in Turkey. Chechens and Ingush live in the provinces of Istanbul, Kahramanmaraş, Mardin, Sivas, and Muş.[citation needed
]

Circassians

Main article: Circassians in Turkey

According to Milliyet, there are approximately 2.5 million

madh'hab.[77] The largest association of Circassians in Turkey,[78] KAFFED, is the founding member of the International Circassian Association (ICA).[79]

Crimean Tatars

Main article: Crimean Tatars in Turkey

Before the 20th century, Crimean Tatars had immigrated from Crimea to Turkey in three waves: First, after the Russian annexation of Crimea in 1783; second, after the

Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78.[80] The official number[citation needed] of Crimean Tatars is 150,000 (in the center of Eskişehir) but the real population (in the whole of Turkey) may be a few million. They mostly live in Eskişehir Province[81] and Kazan-Ankara
.

Dagestani peoples

Various ethnic groups from Dagestan are present in Turkey. Dagestani peoples live in villages in the provinces like

Avars are other significant ethnic groups. Kumyks are also present.[citation needed
]

Dom people

The Dom people, live mostly in Eastern Anatolia Region, also from Syria Dom Refugees came to Turkey.

Dutch

Approximately 15,000 Dutch live in Turkey.[82]

Filipinos

Main article: Filipinos in Turkey

There were 5,500 Filipinos in Turkey as of 2008, according to estimates by the

Philippine embassy in Ankara.[83] Out of those, most are recorded as maids and "overseas workers" employed in households of diplomatic communities and elite Turkish families.[84] Moreover, ten percent or approximately 500 Filipinos in Turkey are skilled workers and professionals working as engineers, architects, doctors and teachers.[84] Most of the Filipinos reside in Istanbul, Ankara, Izmir, Antalya and nearby surrounding areas.[83]

Gagauz people

Main article: Gagauz people

Georgians

Main article: Georgians in Turkey

There are approximately 1 million people of Georgian ancestry in Turkey according to the newspaper Milliyet.

Chveneburi. The smallest Georgian group are Catholics living in Istanbul
.

Germans

Main article: Germans in Turkey

There are over 50,000

Turkish Germans
have also returned and settled.

Greeks

Main articles: Greeks in Turkey and Pontic Greeks
Further information: Pontus (region)

The Greeks constitute a population of Greek and Greek-speaking Eastern Orthodox Christians who mostly live in Istanbul, including its district Princes' Islands, as well as on the two islands of the western entrance to the Dardanelles: Imbros and Tenedos (Turkish: Gökçeada and Bozcaada). Some Greek-speaking Byzantine Christians have been assimilated over the course of the last one thousand years.

They are the remnants of the estimated 200,000 Greeks who were permitted under the provisions of the

ethnic Greeks
from the Istanbul region greatly accelerated, reducing the 119,822 [87] -strong Greek minority before the attack to about 7,000 by 1978.[88] The 2008 figures released by the Turkish Foreign Ministry places the current number of Turkish citizens of Greek descent at the 3,000–4,000 mark.[89] According to Milliyet there are 15,000 Greeks in Turkey,[69] while according to Human Rights Watch the Greek population in Turkey was estimated at 2,500 in 2006.[90] According to the same source, the Greek population in Turkey was collapsing as the community was by then far too small to sustain itself demographically, due to emigration, much higher death rates than birth rates and continuing discrimination.[90] In recent years however, most notably since the economic crisis in Greece, the trend has reversed. A few hundred to over a thousand Greeks now migrate to Turkey yearly for employment or educational purposes.[91][92] Christian Greeks were forced to migrate as per the
Eastern Anatolia
from at least 700 BC until 1922.

Since 1924, the status of the Greek minority in Turkey has been ambiguous. Beginning in the 1930s, the government instituted repressive policies forcing many Greeks to emigrate. Examples are the

labour battalions
drafted among non-Muslims during World War II as well as the Fortune Tax levied mostly on non-Muslims during the same period. These resulted in financial ruination and death for many Greeks. The exodus was given greater impetus with the Istanbul Pogrom of September 1955 which led to thousands of Greeks fleeing the city, eventually reducing the Christian Greek population to about 7,000 by 1978 and to about 2,500 by 2006 before beginning to increase again after 2008.

Hindis

There are 3000 so called Hindis in Turkey, ca. 1,850 in and around Istanbul and 250 in Ankara. The rest are spread all over the country. They are the descendants of Indian, Afghan, Uzbek - Sufi-Dervish travelers who settled in the 14th to 19th centuries in Ottoman Empire and established there several Sufi Lodges.[93][94][95][96][97][98]

Iranians

Main article: Iranian diaspora

Shireen Hunter noted in a 2010 publication that there were 500,000 Iranians residing in Turkey.[99]

Jews

Main article: History of the Jews in Turkey
Further information: Antisemitism in Turkey

There have been Jewish communities in Asia Minor since at least the 5th century BC and many Spanish and Portuguese Jews expelled from Spain came to the Ottoman Empire (including regions part of modern Turkey) in the late 15th century. Despite emigration during the 20th century, modern-day Turkey continues to have a small Jewish population of about 20,000.[69]

Karachay

Karachay people live in villages concentrated in Konya and Eskişehir.

Kazakhs

There are about 30,000

Kazakh people living in Zeytinburnu-Istanbul. It is known that there are Kazakh people in other parts of Turkey, for instance Manisa, Konya. In 1969 and 1954 Kazakhs migrated into Anatolia's Salihli, Develi and Altay regions.[100] Turkey became home to refugee Kazakhs.[101] The Kazakh Turks Foundation (Kazak Türkleri Vakfı) is an organization of Kazakhs in Turkey.[102] Kazakhs in Turkey came via Pakistan and Afghanistan.[103] Kazak Kültür Derneği (Kazakh Culture Associration) is a Kazakh diaspora organization in Turkey.[104]

Kurds

Main articles: Kurds in Turkey and Turkish Kurdistan
Further information: Human rights of Kurdish people in Turkey
Percentage of Kurdish population in Turkey by region[105]
Kurdish mother and child, Van, Turkey. 1973

Ethnic

Iranian language
. There are Kurds living all over Turkey, but most live to the east and southeast of the country, from where they originate.

In the 1930s, Turkish government policy aimed to forcibly assimilate and Turkify local Kurds. Since 1984, Kurdish resistance movements included both peaceful political activities for basic civil rights for Kurds within Turkey, and violent armed rebellion for a separate Kurdish state.[107]

Kyrgyz

Turkey's Lake Van area is the home of Kyrgyz refugees from Afghanistan.[108] Turkey became a destination for Kyrgyz refugees due to the Soviet–Afghan War from Afghanistan's Wakhan area[109] 500 remained and did not go to Turkey with the others.[110] Friendship and Culture Society of Kyrgyzstan (Кыргызстан Достук жана Маданият Коому) (Kırgızistan Kültür ve Dostluk Derneği Resmi Sitesi) is a Kyrgyz diaspora organization in Turkey.[111]

They were airlifted in 1982 from Pakistan where they had sought refugee after the

Pamirs
, bordering on China. It is not known how many Kyrgyz still live in Van and how many have moved on to other parts of Turkey.

Laz

Main article: Laz people in Turkey

Most Laz people today live in Turkey, but the Laz minority group has no official status in Turkey. The Laz are

Muslim population of Russia near the war zones was subjected to ethnic cleansing; many Lazes living in Batumi fled to the Ottoman Empire, settling along the southern Black Sea coast to the east of Samsun
.

Levantines

Main articles:
Levantines (Latin Christians) and Turkish Levantine

Levantines continue to live in Istanbul (mostly in the districts of Galata, Beyoğlu and Nişantaşı), İzmir (mostly in the districts of Karşıyaka, Bornova and Buca), and the lesser port city Mersin where they had been influential for creating and reviving a tradition of opera.[112] Famous people of the present-day Levantine community in Turkey include Maria Rita Epik, Franco-Levantine Caroline Giraud Koç and Italo-Levantine Giovanni Scognamillo.

Lom people

The

Lomavren
.

Megleno-Romanians

Around 5,000 Muslim Megleno-Romanians live in Turkey.[113]

Meskhetian Turks

There is a community of Meskhetian Turks (Ahiska Turks) in Turkey.[114]

Ossetians

Main article: Ossetians in Turkey

North Ossetia since the second half of the 19th century, end of Caucasian War. Today, the majority of them live in Ankara and Istanbul. There are 24 Ossetian villages in central and eastern Anatolia. The Ossetians in Turkey are divided into three major groups, depending on their history of immigration and ensuing events: those living in Kars (Sarıkamış) and Erzurum, those in Sivas, Tokat and Yozgat and those in Muş and Bitlis.[115]

Poles

There are only 4,000 ethnic Poles in Turkey who have been assimilated[citation needed] into the main Turkish culture. The immigration did start during the Partitions of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Józef Bem was one of the first immigrants and Prince Adam Jerzy Czartoryski founded Polonezköy in 1842. Most Poles in Turkey live in Polonezköy, Istanbul.

Roma

Main article:
Roma in Turkey

The

Xoraxane Roma and are of the Islamic faith.[119]

Russians

Main article: Russians in Turkey

culture
in Turkey as well as promote the interests of the community.

Serbs

Main article: Serbs in Turkey

In the 1965 Census 6,599 Turkish citizen spoke Serbian as a first language and another 58,802 spoke Serbian as a second language.[121]

Turkish Cypriots

Main article: Turkish Cypriots

Turkish Cypriots or Cypriot Turks are a group of Turks that arrived in Turkey in different waves from 1878 to the current. Currently the Turkish Cypriot population is estimated to be between the 300,000 to over 650,000.

Uyghurs

See also: Turkistan Islamic Party

Turkey is home to 50,000 Uyghurs.[122] A community of Uyghurs live in Turkey.[123][124] Kayseri received Uyghurs numbering close to 360 via the UNHCR in 1966–1967 from Pakistan.[125] The Turkey-based Uyghur diaspora had a number of family members among Saudi Arabia, Afghanistan, India, and Pakistan based Uyghurs who stayed behind while the UNHCR and government of Turkey had Kayseri receive 75 Uyghurs in 1967 and 230 Uyghurs in 1965 and a number in 1964 under Alptekin and Bughra.[126] We never call each other Uyghur, but only refer to ourselves as East Turkestanis, or Kashgarlik, Turpanli, or even Turks.- according to some Uyghurs born in Turkey.[127][128]

A community of Uyghurs live in Istanbul.[citation needed] Tuzla and Zeytinburnu mosques are used by the Uyghurs in Istanbul.[129][130] Piety is a characteristic of among Turkey dwelling Uyghurs.[131][132]

Istanbul's districts of Küçükçekmece, Sefaköy and Zeytinburnu are home to Uyghur communities.[133] Eastern Turkistan Education and Solidarity Association is located in Turkey.[134] Abdurahmon Abdulahad of the East Turkistan Education Association supported Uzbek Islamists who protested against Russia and Islam Karimov's Uzbekistan government.[135] Uyghurs are employed in Küçükçekmece and Zeytinburnu restaurants.[136][137] East Turkistan Immigration Association,[138] East Turkistan Culture and Solidarity Association,[139] and Eastern Turkistan Education and Solidarity Association are Uyghur diaspora organizations in Turkey.[140]

Uzbeks

Turkey is home to 45,000 Uzbeks.[141] In the 1800s Konya's north Bogrudelik was settled by Tatar Bukharlyks. In 1981 Afghan Turkestan refugees in Pakistan moved to Turkey to join the existing Kayseri, Izmir, Ankara, and Zeytinburnu based communities.[100] Turkish based Uzbeks have established links to Saudi-based Uzbeks.[142]

Vallahades

The Patriyotlar in

Ottoman empire, once lived in the Sanjak of Serfiğe. Because of their pro-Turkish attitude, at the Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922), this Group of Vallahades were called Patriyotlar (Vatanseverler), sometimes called as "Rumyöz". At the Population exchange between Greece and Turkey in 1923, they moved to Turkey and settled in Edirne, Lüleburgaz, Çorlu and Büyükçekmece in East Thrace and Samsun and Manisa in Anatolia.[144] The first Generation only speak Greek and not Turkish, yet their descendants speak Turkish.[145]

Zazas

Main article:
Zaza people

The Zazas are a people in eastern

Zazaki is a language spoken in eastern Anatolia between the rivers Euphrates and Tigris. It belongs to the northwest-Iranian group of the Iranian language branch of the Indo-European language family. The Zaza language is related to Kurdish, Persian and Balōchi. An exact indication of the number of Zaza speakers is unknown. Internal Zaza sources estimate the total number of Zaza speakers at 3 to 6 million.[149][150]

Religious minorities

Main article: Religion in Turkey
See also: Freedom of religion in Turkey

Atheists

In Turkey, atheism is the biggest group after Islam. The percentage of atheists according to polls apparently rose from about 2% in 2012[151] to approximately 3% in 2018 KONDA Survey.[152]

Bahá'í

Bahá'u'lláh
stayed in, Edirne
Main article:
Bahá'í Faith in Turkey

Turkish cities Edirne and Istanbul are in the holy places of this religion. Estimate Bahá'í population in Turkey is 10,000 (2008) [153]

Christians

Main articles: Christianity in the Ottoman Empire and Christianity in Turkey
Further information: Persecution of Christians § Turkey
Church of St. Anthony of Padua in Istanbul.

first seven Ecumenical Councils which are recognized by both the Western and Eastern churches were held in present-day Turkey. Of these, the Nicene Creed, declared with the First Council of Nicaea (İznik
) in 325, is of utmost importance and has provided the essential definitions of present-day Christianity.

In 2022, Christians were seen as being 0.2% of the population. Estimates included 90,000

Georgian Orthodox Christians.[154]

Orthodox Christians

Aya Triada Greek Orthodox church in Beyoğlu
, Istanbul
Main article:
Eastern Orthodox Christianity in Turkey

Greek Orthodox Church
.

Catholics

Main article: Catholic Church in Turkey
The Church of St. Paul in Tharsus

There are around 35,000 Catholics,

Levantines of mainly Italian or French background, although a few are ethnic Turks (who are usually converts via marriage to Levantines or other non-Turkish Catholics). Byzantine, Armenian, Syriac, and Chaldean Catholics are generally members of the Greek (and Syrian), Armenian, Syrian, and Assyrian minority groups respectively. Turkey's Catholics are concentrated in Istanbul.[citation needed
]

In February 2006, Catholic priest

Luigi Padovese
, on June 6, 2010, the Vicar Apostolic of Turkey, was killed.

Protestants

Main article: Protestantism in Turkey

Protestants comprise far less than one tenth of one percent of the population of Turkey, or less than 10,000 people.[154] Even so, there is an Alliance of Protestant Churches in Turkey.[160][161]
The constitution of Turkey recognizes freedom of religion for individuals. The Armenian Protestants own three Istanbul Churches from the 19th century.[161] On 4 November 2006, a Protestant place of worship was attacked with six Molotov cocktails.[162] Turkish media have criticized Christian missionary activity intensely.[163]

There is an ethnic Turkish Protestant Christian community most of them came from recent Muslim Turkish backgrounds, rather than from ethnic minorities.[164][165][166][167]

Jews

Main articles: History of the Jews in the Ottoman Empire and History of the Jews in Turkey
Further information: Antisemitism in Turkey

Jewish communities have lived in Asia Minor since at least the 5th century BC and many Spanish and Portuguese Jews who were expelled from Spain were allowed to settle in the Ottoman Empire (including regions which were located in parts of modern Turkey) in the late 15th century. Despite emigration
during the 20th century, modern-day Turkey continues to have a small Jewish population. There is a small Karaite Jewish population which numbers around 100. Karaite Jews are not considered Jews by the Turkish Hakham Bashi.

Muslims

Main articles: Islam in the Ottoman Empire and Islam in Turkey

Alawites

Main article:
Alawites in Turkey

The exact number of

Arabic
. However, Arabic-speaking Sunni and Christian people are also included in this figure.

Alawites traditionally speak the same dialect of

Arab countries
.

Alevis

Proportion of Alevis in Turkey[image reference needed]
Main article:
Alevi

Alevis are the biggest religious minority in Turkey. Nearly 15%

Zaza populations who are Alevi[170]

Twelvers

Main articles:
Theology of Twelvers

Twelver Shia population of Turkey is nearly 3 million and most of them are Azeris. Half million of

Ja'faris
live in Istanbul. [171]

Yazidi

Main article: Yazidism in Turkey

Yazidi homeland, along with Syria and Iraq. The Yazidi population in Turkey was estimated at around 22.000 in 1984.[172] Earlier figures are difficult to obtain and verify, but some estimate there were about 100.000 Yazidi in Turkey in the early years of the 20th century.[173]

Most Yazidis left the country and went abroad in the 1980s and 1990s, mostly to Germany and other European countries where they got asylum due to the persecution as an ethnic and religious minority in Turkey. The area they resided was in the south eastern area of Turkey, an area that had/has heavy

PKK fighting
. Now a few hundred Yazidi are believed to be left in Turkey.

Tengrists

In intellectual circles in Turkey, more and more Turkish people are turning to Tengrism. As an example, a lawyer who possessed an ID card which states that Tengrism is a religion won a court case.[174][175][176]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Ankara 13th Circuit Administrative Court, 18 June 2013 (E. 2012/1746, K. 2013/952).

References

  1. ^ a b CIA World Factbook: Turkey
  2. ^ "Turkey", The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency, 22 September 2021, archived from the original on 10 January 2021, retrieved 30 September 2021
  3. ^
    ISBN 978-1-4438-6193-9
    .
  4. ^ a b c Cagaptay, Soner (2014). Islam, Secularism and Nationalism in Modern Turkey: Who is a Turk? (Routledge Studies in Middle Eastern History). p. 70.
  5. ^ a b Cagaptay 2014, p. 70.
  6. ISSN 2211-6117
    . Turkey is a nation–state built on remnants of the Ottoman Empire where non-Muslim minorities were guaranteed the right to set up educational institutions; however, since its establishment, it has officially recognised only Armenians, Greeks and Jews as minorities and guaranteed them the right to manage educational institutions as enshrined in the Treaty of Lausanne. [...] Private language teaching courses teach 'traditionally used languages', elective language courses have been introduced in public schools and universities are allowed to teach minority languages.
  7. ISSN 0012-8449
    . Turkey signed the Covenant on 15 August 2000 and ratified it on 23 September 2003. However, Turkey put a reservation on Article 27 of the Covenant which limited the scope of the right of ethnic, religious or linguistic minorities to enjoy their own culture, to profess and practice their own religion or to use their own language. This reservation provides that this right will be implemented and applied in accordance with the relevant provisions of the Turkish Constitution and the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne. This implies that Turkey grants educational right in minority languages only to the recognized minorities covered by the Lausanne who are the Armenians, Greeks and the Jews.
  8. ^
    ISBN 978-1-4094-7254-4
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Further reading

  • "Freedom of religion and non-Muslim minorities in Turkey" (PDF). Beylunioğlu, Anna Maria. Turkish Policy Quarterly 13.4 (2015): 139-147.
  • Bardakci, Mehmet, et al. Religious minorities in Turkey: Alevi, Armenians, and Syriacs and the struggle to desecuritize religious freedom. Springer, 2017.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minorities_in_Turkey&oldid=1284247401"