Muhammad in Islam: Difference between revisions
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[[Muhammad]] (also spelled '''Muhammed''' or '''Mohammed'''), is considered the last [[prophet]] by the [[Islam]]ic holy book, the [[Qur'an]] as interpreted by most Muslims.<ref>{{Cite quran|33|40|s=ns}}</ref> |
[[Muhammad]] (also spelled '''Muhammed''' or '''Mohammed'''), is considered the last [[prophet]] by the [[Islam]]ic holy book, the [[Qur'an]] as interpreted by most Muslims.<ref>{{Cite quran|33|40|s=ns}}</ref> |
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<!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:Aziz efendi-muhammad alayhi s-salam.jpg|thumb|The name "Muhammad" in traditional [[Thuluth]] calligraphy by the hand of [[Hattat Aziz Efendi]].]] --> |
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:Aziz efendi-muhammad alayhi s-salam.jpg|thumb|The name "Muhammad" in traditional [[Thuluth]] calligraphy by the hand of [[Hattat Aziz Efendi]].]] --> |
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{{Six Islamic Prophets}} |
{{Six Islamic Prophets}} |
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{{Islam}} |
{{Islam}} |
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{{Muhammad}} |
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==Prophethood== |
==Prophethood== |
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[[Muslim]]s believe |
[[Muslim]]s believe that Muhammad is a [[Messengers of Islam|messenger]] (''rasul'' in Arabic) and prophet of [[God]]. He is also acknowledged as the [[Seal of the Prophets|last]] of [[Prophets of Islam|Islam's prophets]], including [[Islamic view of Adam|Adam]] ([[Adam]]), [[Islamic view of Noah|Nuh]] ([[Noah]]), [[Islamic view of Abraham|Ibrāhīm]] ([[Abraham]]), [[Islamic view of David|Dawood]] ([[David]]), [[Islamic view of Moses|Musa]] ([[Moses]]), [[Jesus in Islam|'Isa]] ([[Jesus]]), and others.The family tree of all these prophets are shown right. Some Islamic scholars argue that Muhammad was foretold in the [[Bible]].<ref>[http://www.renaissance.com.pk/SeptBiblicalSt2y6.html Muhammad foretold in the Bible: An Introduction], by Abdus Sattar Ghauri, retrieved July 03, 2010</ref> |
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Although some Western references like Catholic Encyclopedia regard Muhammad as the founder of Islam,<ref>[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10424a.htm Catholic Encyclopedia, Mohammed and Mohammedanism], retrieved July 03, 2010</ref> Muslims believe that [[Monotheism|monotheistic]] faith was not created by a human but it was finally revealed by [[God in Islam|God]] to Muhammad. |
Although some Western references like Catholic Encyclopedia regard Muhammad as the founder of Islam,<ref>[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10424a.htm Catholic Encyclopedia, Mohammed and Mohammedanism], retrieved July 03, 2010</ref> Muslims believe that [[Monotheism|monotheistic]] faith was not created by a human but it was finally revealed by [[God in Islam|God]] to Muhammad. |
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==Divine revelation== |
==Divine revelation== |
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According to Islamic tradition, when the angel [[Gabriel]] appeared to him at the [[Hira|Cave of Hira]], the Qur'an, began to be revealed to him. His wife, [[Khadijah bint Khuwaylid]], encouraged him to describe the events that happened in the cave, and convinced him that he was chosen as a prophet.<ref>[http://www.religionfacts.com/islam/history/prophet.htm Early Life of the Prophet], retrieved July 03, 2010</ref> The revelation of the Qur'an from God to Muhammad orally, through Gabriel, was finished after approximately twenty-three years. |
According to Islamic tradition, when the angel [[Gabriel]] appeared to him at the [[Hira|Cave of Hira]], the Qur'an, began to be revealed to him. His wife, [[Khadijah bint Khuwaylid]], encouraged him to describe the events that happened in the cave, and convinced him that he was chosen as a prophet.<ref>[http://www.religionfacts.com/islam/history/prophet.htm Early Life of the Prophet], retrieved July 03, 2010</ref> The revelation of the Qur'an from God to Muhammad orally, through Gabriel, was finished after approximately twenty-three years. |
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==Miracles== |
==Miracles== |
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{{main|Miracles of Muhammad}} |
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Muslims believe the Qur'an is the living miracle given to Muhammad by God, as the collection of the works which all are written in rhyme and meter, was revealed to an illiterate man. Some Muslims believe that there are other miracles of Muhammad. For example, some Muslim commentators and some Western scholars have interpreted the Sura [[Al-Qamar]]<ref>{{cite quran|54|1|end=2|s=ns}}</ref> as referring to Muhammad [[Splitting of the moon|splitting the Moon]] in view of the [[Quraysh (tribe)|Quraysh]] when they began persecuting his followers.<ref>Daniel Martin Varisco, ''Moon'', [[Encyclopedia of the Qur'an]]</ref> See [[miracles of Muhammad]] |
Muslims believe the Qur'an is the living miracle given to Muhammad by God, as the collection of the works which all are written in rhyme and meter, was revealed to an illiterate man. Some Muslims believe that there are other miracles of Muhammad. For example, some Muslim commentators and some Western scholars have interpreted the Sura [[Al-Qamar]]<ref>{{cite quran|54|1|end=2|s=ns}}</ref> as referring to Muhammad [[Splitting of the moon|splitting the Moon]] in view of the [[Quraysh (tribe)|Quraysh]] when they began persecuting his followers.<ref>Daniel Martin Varisco, ''Moon'', [[Encyclopedia of the Qur'an]]</ref> See [[miracles of Muhammad]] |
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==Death of Muhammad== |
==Death of Muhammad== |
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{{See also|The Farewell Sermon}} |
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After the Qur'an was completed, he died. He was buried in [[Medina]] in his housen now the [[Al-Masjid al-Nabawi]] (Prophet's [[Mosque]]).{{Citation needed|date=July 2010}} After his death, [[Abu Bakr]] said "Those who Believed in Muhammad Should know that Muhammad is Dead, and Allah is Alive and can never die." |
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After the Qur'an was completed, Muhammad died on 8 June 632. Just before the death, there was a group of companions of Muhammad near him when Muhammad asks that he wants to write a will and hence requires a pen and paper. [[Umar]] said that Muhammad is seriously ill and his brain is not working fully. [[Abu Bakr]] also agreed on that. When Muhammad heard that, he ordered both to leave the room. Umar was full of grief upon hearing the news of demise of Muhammad. Umar, the devoted disciple, could not accept the reality that the "Messenger of God" has died.<ref name="Suyuti 1995 p. 54 - 61">as-Suyuti, ''The History of Khalifahs Who Took The Right Way'' (London, 1995), p. 54 – 61.</ref> According to the Qur'an, "Muhammad is but a messenger; messengers have passed away before", i.e. died or killed. It is said that Umar promised to strike the head of any man who would say that Muhammad died. At this point Abu Bakr is reported to have come out to the Muslim community and gave his famous speech which included: |
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{{quote| "Whoever worshipped Muhammad, let them know that Muhammad is dead, and whoever worshipped Allah, let them know that Allah is alive and never dies." }} |
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Abū Bakr then recited these verses from the Qur'an: |
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{{quote| "Muhammad is but a messenger; messengers (the like of whom) have passed away before him. If, then, he dies or is killed, will you turn back on your heel?". }} |
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Hearing this from Abu Bakr, the most senior disciple of Muhammad, Umar then fell down on his knees in great sense of sorrow and acceptance of the reality. ''Sunni'' Muslims say that this denial of Muhammad's death was occasioned by his deep love for him.<ref name="Suyuti 1995 p. 54 - 61"/> |
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He was buried in [[Medina]] in his house now the [[Al-Masjid al-Nabawi]] (Prophet's [[Mosque]]).{{Citation needed|date=July 2010}} |
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==Names and titles of praise== |
==Names and titles of praise== |
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{{See also|Islamic honorifics}} |
{{See also|Islamic honorifics|Durood|Mawlid|Naat|Madih nabawi|Dala'il al-Khayrat}} |
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When speaking or writing, Muhammad's name is often followed by the phrase "[[peace be upon him (Islam)|peace be upon him]]," (in English often abbreviated to PBUH or simply "(p)"), since Muhammad is so esteemed by Muslims.<ref>[http://www.woodlands-junior.kent.sch.uk/Homework/religion/Islam.htm, Islam / Muslim], retrieved July 03, 2010</ref> |
When speaking or writing, Muhammad's name is often followed by the phrase "[[peace be upon him (Islam)|peace be upon him]]," (in English often abbreviated to PBUH or simply "(p)"), since Muhammad is so esteemed by Muslims.<ref>[http://www.woodlands-junior.kent.sch.uk/Homework/religion/Islam.htm, Islam / Muslim], retrieved July 03, 2010</ref> |
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==Visual representation== |
==Visual representation== |
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{{main|Depictions of Muhammad|Depictions of Muhammad in film|List of films about Muhammad}} |
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While most of Islam was predominantly [[Aniconism|aniconistic]] during most of [[Muslim history|its history]], there are rich traditions of [[Depictions of Muhammad|visual representation of Muhammad]], mainly in the form of paintings and illustrations in religious or [[hagiography|hagiographical]] texts. Religious figures rarely have their face shown. Such figures are often shown with their head veiled in sheets embroidered with Qur'anic text. |
While most of Islam was predominantly [[Aniconism|aniconistic]] during most of [[Muslim history|its history]], there are rich traditions of [[Depictions of Muhammad|visual representation of Muhammad]], mainly in the form of paintings and illustrations in religious or [[hagiography|hagiographical]] texts. Religious figures rarely have their face shown. Such figures are often shown with their head veiled in sheets embroidered with Qur'anic text. |
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*[[Miracles of Muhammad]] |
*[[Miracles of Muhammad]] |
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*[[Relics of Muhammad]] |
*[[Relics of Muhammad]] |
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*[[Durood]] |
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*[[Dala'il al-Khayrat]] |
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*[[Mawlid]] |
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==Notes== |
==Notes== |
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Revision as of 15:02, 18 July 2011
| Lineage of several prophets according to Islamic tradition |
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| Dotted lines indicate multiple generations. |
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Prophethood
Although some Western references like Catholic Encyclopedia regard Muhammad as the founder of Islam,[3] Muslims believe that monotheistic faith was not created by a human but it was finally revealed by God to Muhammad.
Muslims do not worship Muhammad, due to the belief in the Oneness of God as stated in the Shahada. In addition, Muslims see him as a human being and not as a God or angel.
Muslims must follow Islamic prophet Muhammad, according to this verse from the Qur'an
O ye who believe! Obey Allah, and obey the Messenger, and those charged with authority among you. If ye differ in anything among yourselves, refer it to Allah and His Messenger, if ye do believe in Allah and the Last Day: That is best, and most suitable for final determination. .
—ayat 59[4]
Divine revelation
According to Islamic tradition, when the angel
Other than Qur'an, Hadith, narrations originating from the words and deeds of the Islamic prophet Muhammad is an important part of Islam. Muslims do not believe in Hadith as Divine Revelation, however they follow the Hadiths as Mohammad's teachings, as there is no distinction between Muhammad's teachings and to surrender to one God in Islam.[citation needed].
Miracles
Muslims believe the Qur'an is the living miracle given to Muhammad by God, as the collection of the works which all are written in rhyme and meter, was revealed to an illiterate man. Some Muslims believe that there are other miracles of Muhammad. For example, some Muslim commentators and some Western scholars have interpreted the Sura
Marriages
![[icon]](/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg){kind=small} | This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (July 2010) |
He married Khadijah bint Khuwaylid,
Death of Muhammad
After the Qur'an was completed, Muhammad died on 8 June 632. Just before the death, there was a group of companions of Muhammad near him when Muhammad asks that he wants to write a will and hence requires a pen and paper. Umar said that Muhammad is seriously ill and his brain is not working fully. Abu Bakr also agreed on that. When Muhammad heard that, he ordered both to leave the room. Umar was full of grief upon hearing the news of demise of Muhammad. Umar, the devoted disciple, could not accept the reality that the "Messenger of God" has died.[8] According to the Qur'an, "Muhammad is but a messenger; messengers have passed away before", i.e. died or killed. It is said that Umar promised to strike the head of any man who would say that Muhammad died. At this point Abu Bakr is reported to have come out to the Muslim community and gave his famous speech which included:
"Whoever worshipped Muhammad, let them know that Muhammad is dead, and whoever worshipped Allah, let them know that Allah is alive and never dies."
Abū Bakr then recited these verses from the Qur'an:
"Muhammad is but a messenger; messengers (the like of whom) have passed away before him. If, then, he dies or is killed, will you turn back on your heel?".
Hearing this from Abu Bakr, the most senior disciple of Muhammad, Umar then fell down on his knees in great sense of sorrow and acceptance of the reality. Sunni Muslims say that this denial of Muhammad's death was occasioned by his deep love for him.[8]
He was buried in
Names and titles of praise
When speaking or writing, Muhammad's name is often followed by the phrase "
Muhammad is often referenced with these titles of praise:
- al-Mustafa, "the chosen one"
- ar-Rasûl, "the Messenger"
- an-Nabi, "the Prophet"
- al-Khatim, "the last [prophet]"
- al-Ummi, "the unlettered one"
- al-Amîn, "the trustworthy"
- as-Sadîq, "the truthful"
- al-Mutawkkil, "the one who puts his trust [in God]"
- al-Kuthâm, "the generous one"
- al-Fatih, "the opener"
- al-Mahi, "the eraser [of disbelief]"[10]
- al-Hashir, "the gatherer (the first to be resurrected)"[10]
- al-Aqib, "the last [prophet]"[10]
- ad-Dahuk, "the one who smiles, the cheerful one"
He also has these names:
- Abu'l-Qasim, "father of Qasim"
- Ahmad, "the chosen one"[10]
In Turkey, he is often called "Peygamber Efendimiz". [11]
Different views of Mazhabs
Ahmadiyya views
In
Sufi views
Sufis believe that Muhammad is alive with the power of invisibility; his spirit pervades the world and can be reached by true seekers.[12][13]
Sunni beliefs
| This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (July 2010) |
Shia beliefs
In Shia'ism, Muhammad is free from sins as the doctrine of sinlessness called [Ismah] (Arabic: عِصْمَة, Persian: ِعصمت) states. This doctrine literally means 'protection' and is generally translated as "sinlessness". Protection is believed to be of three types of "Protection from mistake in receiving the revelation from Allah", "Protection from mistake in conveying the revelation of Allah" and "Protection from sins." It is believed that all the prophets in Islam, Fatima, and the twelve descendants of Muhammad(Twelvers. Ismailis believe the line is still going on, and are on the 49th imam, Aga Khan IV ) through Fatima are sinless.[14]
The
(
Punishment of criticism
Criticism of Muhammad is often equated with blasphemy, which is punishable by death in some Islamic states.
In 2005 a Danish newspaper, Jyllands-Posten, printed some controversial cartoons, a few of which were interpreted as insulting Muhammad and Islam. Some countries -- Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Iraq among them—protested the Danish government for not taking action against the newspaper. The Danish government responded by asserting that it does not control the media.
Visual representation
While most of Islam was predominantly
See also
Notes
- ^ Quran 33:40
- ^ Muhammad foretold in the Bible: An Introduction, by Abdus Sattar Ghauri, retrieved July 03, 2010
- ^ Catholic Encyclopedia, Mohammed and Mohammedanism, retrieved July 03, 2010
- ^ Quran 4:59–59
- ^ Early Life of the Prophet, retrieved July 03, 2010
- ^ Quran 54:1–2
- Encyclopedia of the Qur'an
- ^ a b as-Suyuti, The History of Khalifahs Who Took The Right Way (London, 1995), p. 54 – 61.
- ^ Islam / Muslim, retrieved July 03, 2010
- ^ a b c d Sahih al-Bukhari, 4:56:732
- )
- ^ ShaikhSiddiqui Barelvi
- ^ Major sects in Islam - YaNabi.com
- ^ Are Prophets of Allah not Sinless?, by Ali A. Khalfan, May 07, 2005, retrieved March 27, 2006
- ^ Quran 15:39–40
- ^ Man ‘declared infidel’ killed by mob -DAWN - Top Stories; 21 April 2005
References
- Schimmel, Annemarie. 1985. And Muhammad is His Messenger: The Veneration of the Prophet in Islamic Piety. Chapel Hill, NC: The University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0-8078-4128-0.
- Ibn Ishaq, 1980. "Sirat Rasul Allah, (The Life of Muhammad)", tr: A. Guillaume, New York: Oxford University Press.
