During this period, c. 639 CE, [[Xuanzang]] visited this region, he notes that [[Buddhism]] was widely practiced in this region. He mentions the existence of the monastery called [[Puphagiri]]. The sites were lost until recently. New excavations have found several Buddhist monuments dating to this period.<ref name="Wriggins2004">{{cite book|author=Sally Hovey Wriggins|title=The Silk Road Journey with Xuanzang|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fz2rB4lK1DMC&pg=PA141|accessdate=3 February 2015|year=2004|publisher=Westview Press|isbn=978-0-8133-6599-2|page=141}}</ref><ref name="Allen2012">{{cite book|author=Charles Allen|authorlink = Charles Allen (writer)|title=Ashoka: The Search for India's Lost Emperor|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K4vHjbUtf_4C&pg=PT158|accessdate=3 February 2015|date=21 February 2012|publisher=Little, Brown Book Group|isbn=978-1-4087-0388-5|page=158}}</ref><ref name="Fogelin2006">{{cite book|author=Lars Fogelin|title=Archaeology of Early Buddhism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3WAnAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA31|accessdate=3 February 2015|date=9 February 2006|publisher=AltaMira Press|isbn=978-0-7591-1444-9|page=31}}</ref> Odisha was conquered by [[Rajendra Chola I]] of the [[Chola dynasty]] in the early 11th century.<ref>A Brief History of India by Alain Daniélou p.177</ref><ref>The Dancing Girl: A History of Early India by Balaji Sadasivan p.133</ref><ref>Social and Cultural Life in Medieval Andhra by M. Krishna Kumari: p.18</ref><ref>Ancient India by [[R. C. Majumdar|Ramesh Chandra Majumdar]] p.390</ref><ref>Ancient Indian History and Civilization by Sailendra Nath Sen p.482</ref>
During this period, c. 639 CE, [[Xuanzang]] visited this region, he notes that [[Buddhism]] was widely practiced in this region. He mentions the existence of the monastery called [[Puphagiri]]. The sites were lost until recently. New excavations have found several Buddhist monuments dating to this period.<ref name="Wriggins2004">{{cite book|author=Sally Hovey Wriggins|title=The Silk Road Journey with Xuanzang|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fz2rB4lK1DMC&pg=PA141|accessdate=3 February 2015|year=2004|publisher=Westview Press|isbn=978-0-8133-6599-2|page=141}}</ref><ref name="Allen2012">{{cite book|author=Charles Allen|authorlink = Charles Allen (writer)|title=Ashoka: The Search for India's Lost Emperor|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K4vHjbUtf_4C&pg=PT158|accessdate=3 February 2015|date=21 February 2012|publisher=Little, Brown Book Group|isbn=978-1-4087-0388-5|page=158}}</ref><ref name="Fogelin2006">{{cite book|author=Lars Fogelin|title=Archaeology of Early Buddhism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3WAnAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA31|accessdate=3 February 2015|date=9 February 2006|publisher=AltaMira Press|isbn=978-0-7591-1444-9|page=31}}</ref> Odisha was conquered by [[Rajendra Chola I]] of the [[Chola dynasty]] in the early 11th century.<ref>A Brief History of India by Alain Daniélou p.177</ref><ref>The Dancing Girl: A History of Early India by Balaji Sadasivan p.133</ref><ref>Social and Cultural Life in Medieval Andhra by M. Krishna Kumari: p.18</ref><ref>Ancient India by [[R. C. Majumdar|Ramesh Chandra Majumdar]] p.390</ref><ref>Ancient Indian History and Civilization by Sailendra Nath Sen p.482</ref>
The capital was again shifted to [[Cuttack|Kataka]] by [[Anantavarman Chodaganga]] in 1135.<ref name="eastIndia">{{cite book|author=Rabindra Nath Chakraborty|title=National Integration in Historical Perspective: A Cultural Regeneration in Eastern India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PItbvfAvVggC&pg=PA17|accessdate=30 November 2012|year=1985|publisher=Mittal Publications|pages=17–|id=GGKEY:CNFHULBK119}}</ref> He is said to have started building the [[Jagannath Temple, Puri|Puri Jagannath]] temple.<ref name=PuriArch>{{cite web|title=Jagannath Temple Architecture|url=http://jagannath.nic.in/architecture.asp|publisher=Shree Jagannath Temple Administration, Puri|accessdate=29 November 2012}}</ref> The temple was later completed by his successor Anagabhimadeva III. [[Narasimhadeva I]] is known to have built the [[Konark temple]].
The capital was again shifted to [[Cuttack|Kataka]] by [[Anantavarman Chodaganga]] in 1135.<ref name="eastIndia">{{cite book|author=Rabindra Nath Chakraborty|title=National Integration in Historical Perspective: A Cultural Regeneration in Eastern India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PItbvfAvVggC&pg=PA17|accessdate=30 November 2012|year=1985|publisher=Mittal Publications|pages=17–|id=GGKEY:CNFHULBK119}}</ref> He is said to have started building the [[Jagannath Temple, Puri|Puri Jagannath]] temple.<ref name=PuriArch>{{cite web|title=Jagannath Temple Architecture|url=http://jagannath.nic.in/architecture.asp|publisher=Shree Jagannath Temple Administration, Puri|accessdate=29 November 2012|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121120171916/http://jagannath.nic.in/architecture.asp|archivedate=20 November 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The temple was later completed by his successor Anagabhimadeva III. [[Narasimhadeva I]] is known to have built the [[Konark temple]].
In 1187, [[Nissanka Malla]] who ascended to the throne in Sri Lanka claimed to have descended from Kalinga. He may have born in 1157 in the capital of Kalinga, [[Sinhapura]] (modern day [[Srikakulam]], now in [[Andhra Pradesh]]).<ref name="Codrington1994">{{cite book|author=H. W. Codrington|title=Short History of Ceylon|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tqpdlaPiOyEC&pg=PA65|accessdate=3 February 2015|date=1 January 1994|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-0946-4|page=65}}</ref> In 1215, an invader from Kalinga, called [[Kalinga Magha]] landed in Sri Lanka and had an oppressive reign of 21 years.<ref name="Mendis1996">{{cite book|author=G.C. Mendis|title=The Early History of Ceylon and Its Relations with India and Other Foreign Countries|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PVrUcdi4ZikC&pg=PA58|accessdate=3 February 2015|date=1 December 1996|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-0209-0|page=58}}</ref>
In 1187, [[Nissanka Malla]] who ascended to the throne in Sri Lanka claimed to have descended from Kalinga. He may have born in 1157 in the capital of Kalinga, [[Sinhapura]] (modern day [[Srikakulam]], now in [[Andhra Pradesh]]).<ref name="Codrington1994">{{cite book|author=H. W. Codrington|title=Short History of Ceylon|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tqpdlaPiOyEC&pg=PA65|accessdate=3 February 2015|date=1 January 1994|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-0946-4|page=65}}</ref> In 1215, an invader from Kalinga, called [[Kalinga Magha]] landed in Sri Lanka and had an oppressive reign of 21 years.<ref name="Mendis1996">{{cite book|author=G.C. Mendis|title=The Early History of Ceylon and Its Relations with India and Other Foreign Countries|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PVrUcdi4ZikC&pg=PA58|accessdate=3 February 2015|date=1 December 1996|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-0209-0|page=58}}</ref>
The name Odisha (formerly Orissa) refers to the current state in India. In different eras the region and parts of the region were known by different names. The boundaries of the region also have varied over the ages.
. He sent peace emissaries to various neighbouring nations. Thus as an indirect consequence, the event caused the spread of Buddhism in Asia.
The region was also known to other kingdoms in region of East Indies due to maritime trade relations.
The year 1568 CE is considered a pivotal point in the region's history. In 1568 CE, the region was conquered by the armies of the
British empire. The British divided the region into parts of other provinces. In 1936, the province of Odisha was formed on the basis of populations of Odia
-speaking people.
Historical names of Odisha
The region which comprises the modern-day Odisha was not known by the same name throughout history. It and parts of it were referred by different names in different era.
Kalinga: According to some scriptures (
Pliny the elder and Claudius Aelianus have also mentioned one Calinga in their texts.[6]
Utkala: Utkala was a part of Kalinga in some parts of Mahabharata. Karna is mentioned to have conquered kingdom of Utkala among others.[7] But, according to other texts like Raghuvasma and Brahma Purana, they were separate kingdoms.[8] There are several views regarding the etymology of the name. Utkala may have meant northern (uttara) part of Kalinga or ut-Kalinga.[8]Utkala desha (country or land) may have meant the land of "finest art" (utkarsha kala).[9] There are also other arguments regarding the origin of the name.
Mahakantara: This name has been found in some
Kalahandi and Jeypore region.[10] The Mahabharata also mentions a Kantara, which may have or may not have referred to the same region.[11]
Udra: Udra (also Urda-desha) may have originally referred to an ethnic group or tribe called Udra. But later may have referred to the kingdom of Udra, around the coastal region of Odisha.[12]
Orda: Odra (also Orda-desha) similar to Udra, may have meant a tribe of people called Odra, but later came to refer to the land of Odras.[12]
Oddiyana: Oddiyana, mentioned in some Buddhist texts, according to some scholars may have referred to Odisha.[citation needed]
Kamala Mandala: Literally "lotus region", a c. 13th-century inscription found in
South Kosala (also Dakshina Kosala) may refer to the modern-day Chhattisgarh and some part of Western Odisha.[citation needed] It should not be confused with Kosala, which is in current day Uttar Pradesh. According to Ramayana, one of Rama's sons Lava ruled Uttara Kosala and his other son Kusha ruled over this region.[11]
Kongoda: A copper plate found in Ganjam district refers to region as Kongoda (also spelled Kangoda).[14]
Trikalinga: This name has been found inscribed on some copper plates found in
Sonepur. Tri-Kalinga may have literally meant "three Kalingas" and may have referred to the three states of Kalinga, South Kosala and Kangoda.[15]
Tosali: Tosali (also spelled Toshali) referred to a city and the region around it was called Tosala, possibly a subdivision of Kalinga in Ashoka-era. The capital of Tosala has been placed in modern-day Dhauli.[12] In later era (c. 600 CE), North Tosali (Uttara Tosali) and South Tosali (Daskhina Tosali) have been mentioned, which were possibly kingdoms north and south of the Mahanadi river.[citation needed]
Uranshin: The name has been used by some 10th century Arab geographers.[16]
grinding stones and also pieces of pottery.[24] Prehistoric paintings and inscriptions have also been found in Garjan Dongar in Sundergarh district, and Ushakothi in Sambalpur district[25] and Vimkramkhol in Jharsuguda district.[26][27] There has been an uncertainty about the inscriptions at Ushakothi and Vimkramkhol regarding whether they are in a proto-Brahmi script.[28] Yogimath near Khariar has cave paintings from the Neolithic.[28][29]
Ancient Odisha
Ancient Texts
According to some scriptures (
Kalinga, in the current day region of coastal Odisha, including the North Sircars.[5]
The Mahabharata also mentions Kalinga several more times. Srutayudha, the king of Kalinga, son of Varuna and river Parnasa, had joined the Kaurava camp in the Kurukshetra War. He had been given a divine mace by his father on request of his mother, which protected him as long he wielded it. But, Varuna had warned his son, that using it on a non-combatant will cause the death of the wielder himself. In the frenzy of battle, harried by Arjuna's arrows, he made the mistake of launching it at Krishna, Arjuna's charioteer, who was unarmed. The mace bounced off Krishna and killed Srutayudha.[30] The archer who killed Krishna, Jara Savara, and Ekalavya are said to have belonged to the Sabar people of Odisha.[31][32]
In the
Buddhist text, Mahagovinda Suttanta, Kalinga and its ruler, Sattabhu, have been mentioned.[33]
In the 6th century sutrakara (chronicler), Baudhayana, mentions Kalinga as not yet being influenced by Vedic traditions.[citation needed] He also warns his people from visiting Kalinga (among other kingdoms), saying one who visits it must perform penance.[34]
Pre-Mauryan
Nandas in the Kalinga region.[35] The inscriptions also mention irrigation projects undertaken by the Nanda kings in the state during their reign.[36]
In Asurgarh, beads and punched coins belonging to an unknown king dating to the pre-Mauryan period have been discovered.[37]
edicts, the war about 1,000,000 people were killed, 1,500,000 were captured and several more were affected.[38] The resulting bloodshed and suffering of the war deeply affected Ashoka. He turned into a pacifist and converted to Buddhism.[citation needed
]
The Kalingans had used personnel from the Atavika region, which was in the west of Kalinga, during the war.[37] According to his edicts, Ashoka conquered the coastal region of Kalinga but didn't try to conquer the Atavika region.[citation needed] The Mauryans governed the Kalinga region as a province. They used Tosali as the regional capital and judiciary center. A kumara (viceroy) ruled from Tosali, modern-day Dhauli. Samapa, modern-day Jaugada, was another administrative centre.[38] Ashoka erected two edicts in the region, at Jaugada and Dhauli.
In the 1st century BCE, Mahameghavana established the Mahameghavahana dynasty in Kalinga. Kharavela was the third ruler of the dynasty. He reigned in the second half of the 1st century BCE. Most of the information about Kharavela comes from the Hathigumpha inscription in Udayagiri near Bhubaneswar. The inscription also calls the dynasty as Chedi (also spelled Cheti)[36] but it is not the same as the Chedi kingdom of western India. The inscription records his life from his boyhood to his 13th regnal year.
Reigning year 1–5 : Kharavela took up the administration after the premature death of his father as a
Krishna river) stormed the city of Musikas. In the 3rd year of his reign, he organized various performances of dance and music and delighted the people of the capital. In the fourth year, he again invaded the Satavahana kingdom and extended his political supremacy over the region. In the fifth year he is known to have renovated the aqueduct that was originally excavated three hundred years back by the Nandas.[36]
Reigning year 6–10 : In the sixth year, he remitted taxes and gave benevolences both in urban and rural areas of his kingdom. The account of his seventh year is not known. But that year his chief queen, Queen of Vajiraghara (“The Queen of the Diamond Palace”) gave birth to a child. In his eighth regnal year he led a military expedition against Rajagaha (
Mathura were advancing towards Pataliputra. But getting the news of the triumph of Kharavela at Rajagriha the Yavana king had to retreat to Mathura. Kharavela pursued the Yavana ruler, Dimita (possibly Demetrius I)[39] and purged them out of Mathura, which was an important seat of Jain religion and culture. In commemoration of this achievement, he built a victory palace in Kalinga at a cost of thirty-eight hundred thousand penas during the ninth year of his reign. In the tenth regnal year, he again invaded northern India the account of which is not clearly known.[36]
Reigning year 11–13 : In the eleventh year of his reign, Kharavela defeated the
Rishabhanatha, which had been taken away from Kalinga by Mahapadmananda three hundred years back and its restoration was considered to be a great achievement of Kharavela. In his thirteenth reigning year, Kharavela excavated a number of cave-dwellings in the Kumari hills for the Jain monks and bestowed endowments for them. Jainism greatly flourished in Kalinga under the patronage of Kharavela. He was also extending liberal patronage towards other religious communities and earned great reputation as the worshipper of all faiths and the repairers of all temples. He also built the caves at Udayagiri and Khandagiri for Jain monks.[36]
The record stops at his 13th regnal year. It is presumed that he was succeeded by his son,
Mahishaka as evident from the inscriptions and coins discovered at Guntupalli and Velpuru, Andhra Pradesh, which mention a series of rulers with the suffix Sada.[40]
Kushana empire may have reached Kalinga or parts of it during the first three centuries[citation needed] of the common era as evident from coins found at several places in notably in Jaugada, Sisupalgarh and Gurubai in Manikapatana (Puri) among others. It should be noted that more imitation coins are found than real ones. So, the local rulers possibly circulated them in the post-Kushana period. There is coin of one Maharaja Rajadhiraja Dharmadamadhara which has been found in Sisupalgarh. There is a Kushana motif on one side and a human head on the other.[41]
During the 3rd century, a tribe called Murundas, ruled from Pataliputra. They have been speculated to have arrived from Central Asia. They used to issue coins similar to Kushana coins.[42]
But other than these mostly
numismatic
evidences, this period of history is mostly in the dark.
Guptas, Matharas and Sharabhapuriyas
In c. 313 BCE, a princess of Kalinga, Hemamala, is recorded to have fled the kingdom with a
Dantapura. After several generations, during the reign the Guhasiva, the prince of Ujjain came to Dantapura to worhship the relic. He married the daughter of Guhasiva, Hemamala, and was later called Dantakumara (Prince Tooth). When a king attacked Kalinga, Dantakumara and Hemamala fled with the relic to protect it.[44][45]
Allahabad inscription, it has been mentioned that, he had conquered Mahêndra of Kôsala, Vyâghraraja of Mahâkantâra, Mantarâja of Kêrala, Mahêndra of Pishtapura, Svâmidatta of Kottûra on the hill, Damana of Êrandapalla, Vishnugôpa of Kâñchi, Nîlarâija of Avamukta, Hastivarman of Vengî, Ugrasêna of Palakka, Kubêra of Dêvarâshtra, Dhanamjaya of Kusthalapura, and others. Pishtapura (modern-day Pithapuram) is presumed to be the then capital of Kalinga. Mahakantara is presumed to be parts of western Odisha and Central India. Kottura is traced to modern day Ganjam district.[10]
In post-Samudragupta period, a new dynasty called
Simhapura.[46] Their kingdom was probably spread from Mahanadi to Godavari.[47]
Another dynasty of rulers arose in western Odisha during post-Gupta period, they are called
Nissanka Malla who ascended to the throne in Sri Lanka claimed to have descended from Kalinga. He may have born in 1157 in the capital of Kalinga, Sinhapura (modern day Srikakulam, now in Andhra Pradesh).[62] In 1215, an invader from Kalinga, called Kalinga Magha landed in Sri Lanka and had an oppressive reign of 21 years.[63]
By the early 12th century, Kalinga had been conquered by
Tabaqat-i-Nasiri, the ruler of Jajnagar (Kalinga) began to harass the Lukhnauti (Bengal) ruler in 1243. Tughral Tughan Khan the governor of Bengal advanced against Jajnagar in March 1244. They armies encountered after a month at the frontier fort of Katashin and the Kalingan army retreated after taking losses. Later, when the army of Khan was having lunch, the Kalingan army flanked them and attacked. The defeated army of Khan then retreated.[18]
Suryavamsi dynasty. In about 1450, Kapilendra Deva installed his eldest son, Hamira, as the governor of Rajamundry and Kondavidu.[65][66] Kapilendra Deva managed spread his kingdom from Ganga in the north to as far as Bidar in the south by 1457.[67]
During Kapilendra Deva's reign, Sarala Dasa, the Odia poet, wrote the Odia Mahabharata and his other works.[68]
When Kapilendra Deva died in 1467, a civil war occurred to capture the throne, among his sons. In the end, Purushottama Deva succeeded in securing the throne in 1484 by defeating Hamvira.[66] But, during this period significant southern parts of the empire were lost to Saluva Narasimha, the ruler of Vijayanagara. By the time of his death, he had managed to recover some these territories.
He was succeeded by his son, Prataparudra Deva, in 1497. Immediately, he had to face the armies of
Krishna Deva Raya of the Vijayanagara Empire invaded Kalinga and defeated the forces of the Gajapati Kingdom.[69] In 1522, Quli Qutb Shah of Golconda ousted the Odia army from Krishna-Godavari tract.[67]
Govinda Vidyadhara was a minister under, Gajapati king, Prataparudra Deva.[66] But, he rebelled against him and succeeded in ascending the throne in 1541, after murdering the two sons of Prataparudra Deva.[67]
Bhoi Dynasty
The Bhoi Dynasty[70] was founded by Govinda Vidyadhara who came to throne in a bloody coup, in 1541.[67] The dynasty was short-lived and during this period the kingdom came under conflict with neighbouring kingdoms and reeled with civil wars. First, Raghubhanja Chhotray who was the nephew of Govinda Vidyadhara, became a rebel. Govinda was succeeded by his son, Chakrapratap, who was an unpopular ruler. After he died in 1557, a minister called Mukunda Deva rebelled. He killed the last two Bhoi kings and squashed the rebellion of Raghubhanja Chhotray. After that, he declared himself the ruler of Odisha.[67]
Mukunda Deva
Mukunda Deva (also known as Mukunda Harichandana)
Kalapahad
, to conquer Odisha, in 1567.
Mukunda met the forces in the north but had to withdraw to stop a rebellion after signing a treaty with the Sultan's son.
Chittor, so he was unable to respond. Kalapahad ran across the kingdom in a plundering spree and destroyed several temples.[70]
By end of 1568, Odisha was under the control of Sulaiman Khan Karrani.
During this period, Ramachandra Deva I, who was the son of a general and had been imprisoned by Mukunda, escaped from prison and fled to
1568 is considered an important date in the history of Odisha, as Mukunda Deva is considered the last independent ruler of Odisha. After 1568, the region saw a steady decline. Odisha was not to be an independent kingdom again.[70]
Later in 1920, Odia playwright, Ashwini Kumar Ghose wrote a play called Kala Pahada based on the exploits of Kalapahad and the tragic death of Mukunda Deva. The play is considered one of the greatest tragedies in Odia literature.[72]
Bengal (Karrani) rule
In 1568, Odisha came under the control of Sulaiman Khan Karrani of the
Sultanate of Bengal
.
In the Battle of Tukaroi, which took place in modern-day Balasore, Daud Khan Karrani was defeated and retreated deep into Odisha. The battle led to the Treaty of Katak in which Daud ceded the whole of Bengal and Bihar, retaining only Odisha. The treaty eventually failed after the death of Munim Khan (governor of Bengal and Bihar) who died at the age of 80. Daud took the opportunity and invaded Bengal. This led to the Battle of Rajmahal in 1576, where Daud was defeated and executed.[73][74]
Mughal rule
In 1590, Qutlu Khan Lohani, an officer of Daud,[75] declared himself independent and assumed the title of "Qutlu Shah". Raja Man Singh who was the Mughal governor of Bihar, started an expedition against him. Before facing Man Singh, Qutlu Shah died. Qutlu Khan's son Nasir Khan, after little resistance, accepted Mughal sovereignty and paid homage to Man Singh on 15 August 1590. Nasir Khan was then appointed Governor of Odisha and signed a treaty which ceded the region of Puri. Nasir Khan remained faithful to the Mughal empire for two years but after that he violated the conditions of his treaty by laying siege to the Jagannath Temple of Puri. Man Singh attacked Nasir Khan and decisively defeated him on 18 April 1592 in a battle near the present day Midnapore town.[76] By 1593, Odisha had passed completely to the Mughal empire and was a part of Bengal Subah.
Under Akbar
Raja Ramachandra Deva, the king of
Khurda, had accepted Akbar's suzerainty.[75] Akbar mostly followed a policy of non-interference in the local chieftains' matters. After Akbar, his son, Jahangir came to power, who followed a different policy. Under him, Odisha was made into a separate Subah and a governor, titled Subahdar
, ruled in the name of the Mughal emperor.
Under Jahangir
Quasim Khan was appointed the governor of Odisha in 1606. During this period, the king of Khurda, Purusottam Deva was attacked by Mughal armies led by Kesho Das. He was defeated, and had to offer his sister and daughter along with dowry to buy peace.[75]
In 1611, Kalyan Mal, son of Todar Mal came to be the governor of Odisha. Kalyan Mal also attacked and defeated Purusottam Deva, who had to send his daughter to the Mughal harem.[75] In 1617, Kalyan was recalled to the court.
In 1617, Mukarram Khan became the governor of Odisha. He also tried to attack Purusottam Deva. But, Purusottam Deva fled from Khurda. In 1621, Ahmad Beg was made the governor of Odisha. Purusottam Deva died in exile in 1622 and was succeed by his son Narasimha Deva. According to the Madala Panji (temple chronicles), prince Shah Jahan had visited Odisha in 1623, which was just after his rebellion.[77] Ahmad Beg remained governor until 1628.
Under Shah Jahan
In 1628,
Shah Shuja was appointed by Shah Jahan as the Subahdar of Bengal from 1639 until 1660. From 1645 onwards, a deputy of Shuja called Zaman Teharani was the governor of Odisha.[75] Orissa was the first subah (imperial top-level province) added to Akbar's fifteen by Shah Jahan. It had Cuttack as seat and bordered Bihar, Bengal and Golconda subahs, as well as the remaining independent and tributary chiefs. In 1647, Narasimha Deva was beheaded by a Mughal general called Fateh Khan.[77]
Under Aurangzeb
In 1658, Shah Jahan took ill and Dara Shikoh took on as the royal regent. This led to a war of succession in which Aurangzeb emerged victorious in 1659. He imprisoned his own father, who later died in 1666. During this period of instability in the Mughal empire, several chieftains in Odisha had declared independence. Khan-i-Duran was appointed the governor under Aurangzeb and his reign was from 1660 to 1667. During this period, he crushed several rebel chieftains and subdued Mukunda Deva I, the then king of Khurda.[75]
Under Murshid Quli Khan
In 1707, Aurangzeb died and the control of Mughals over Odisha began to weaken.
Nawab of Bengal. He swore fealty to the Mughal emperor but he was an independent ruler for all purposes. He took several measures to increase revenues and create several new Jagirs. In 1727, on his death, his son-in-law, Shuja-ud-Din became the Nawab of Bengal. Before that he was a deputy of Murshid in Odisha. During his time, several tracts of land were lost to neighbouring kingdoms.[75]
Under Shuja-ud-Din
In 1727, Taqi Khan, the son of Shuja-ud-Din, was made the governor. He got engaged in a war with Ramachandra Deva II. Ramachandra Deva II was imprisoned and was converted to Islam.
car festival. Taqi Khan was displeased by this advanced on Khurda and Ramachandra Deva II fled. Bhagirathi Kumar, son of Ramachandra Deva II, was declared king by Taqi Khan. Taqi Khan died in 1734. During his reign, several Islamic monuments were built in Odisha.[75]
His successor, Murshid Quli Khan II (alias. Rustam Jung), a Naib Nazim (deputy governor) of Shuja-ud-Din and also his son-in-law, allowed worship in Puri and he is said to have given his daughter to Ramachandra Deva II in marriage. He installed Padmanava Deva as king of Khurda in 1736 but replaced him by Birakesari Deva, son of Ramachandra Deva II in 1739. Shuja-ud-Din died in 1739 and was replaced by his son, Sarfaraz Khan. Sarfaraz Khan was defeated and killed in the Battle of Giria by Alivardi Khan. Rustam Jung marched against Alivardi Khan but he was defeated. Alivardi Khan was not a popular ruler.[75]
The
Raghoji Bhonsle I
in 1751.
During this period, the idols of
Jaganatha and other deities were removed from the temple several times, and hidden to save them from iconoclasm.[75][77]
Maratha rule
The river Subarnarekha served as the border between Bengal and Maratha-controlled Odisha.[80] Marathas used to collect a pilgrimage tax at Puri, which was exempt for paupers.[77]
In 1803, the British conquered the region during the Second Anglo-Maratha War, when most of the Maratha forces were engaged elsewhere.[80]
Lord Clive acquired the diwani of Bengal, Bihar and Odisha from titular Mughal emperor, Shah Alam II. But, only the Midnapore district was meant by Odisha, as rest of it had passed on to the Marathas.[citation needed] Lord Clive had tried to negotiate the acquisition of Odisha from the Marathas. His successor, Warren Hastings
, had also tried negotiating with the Marathas.
1803-1900
A Colonel Harcourt of the British Army sailed from
Ganjam with 5000 men on 8 September, to flush the Marathas out of the region.[82] On 18 September, Harcourt took control of Puri.[77] On 21 September, a second force had landed at Balasore and after taking control of the region, it sent reinforcements to Cuttack to help with the siege of the fort. On 14 October, the fort of Barbati was stormed and captured.[82]
On 17 December 1803,
Raghoji II Bhonsle of Nagpur signed the Treaty of Deogaon (also Deogarh) in Odisha with the British after the Battle of Laswari and gave up the province of Cuttack (which included Mughalbandi, the coastal part of Odisha, Garhjat the princely states of Western Odisha, Balasore port, and parts of Midnapore district of West Bengal).[35]
Jaya Krushna Rajguru Mahapatra, known to the people as Jayee Rajguru, the royal preceptor to Mukunda Dev II (who was a minor) mobilised an army of Paika warriors and raised a revolt against the British in 1804. This is the first uprising against the British rule in Orissa. The Britishers, ultimately with the help of some treacherous natives ruthlessly suppressed the rebellion. Both Jayee Rajguru and the Raja were made prisoners. Later Jayee Rajguru was convicted and on 6 December 1806 hanged heinously by his legs tied to two different branches of Banyan tree and released to tear him to two parts at Midnapore. The Raja was released in 1807 since Jayee Rajguru had taken the entire responsibility of the uprising on him. Thus Jayee Rajguru is said to be the first martyr of the early freedom struggle against British rule. His sacrifice, however, did not go in vain. It laid the foundation of a major revolt 13 years after his Martyrdom.
In 1817, the British had to suppress the Paika rebellion. The Paika were a landed militia who were exempted from taxes in lieu of their services. They were dissatisfied with the new British land laws and were led by Bakshi Jagabandhu,[42] a commander of the king of Khurda.[83]
Surendra Sai from Sambalpur region had started a rebellion against the British in 1827. During the Indian Rebellion of 1857
, the princes of Odisha did not join the wars.
In 1866, Odisha was struck with a
great famine, called Na Anka Durvikhya[84] (literally the nine number famine) locally.[85] The death toll has been estimated to be about one million spread across different regions.[86] During the famine, Babu Bichitrananda Das and Gouri Shankar Roy decided to publish a magazine in Odia. The first issue of Utakala Deepika appeared on 4 August 1866 from the newly Cuttack Printing Press. It dealt with issue of famine.[87] Though Christian missionaries had established a printing press in Cuttack in 1838, this was the first independent publication in Odia.[88]
In 1870,
Calcutta University and later went on to acquire a Master of Arts from the same university in 1873. He also acquired a law degree in 1878.[89]
He went on to become one of the foremost leaders from the state.
After Madhusudan Das returned from Calcutta to Cuttack in 1881, the Utkal Sabha was formed in 1882. It marked the beginning of political activities in Odisha.[89] In 1888, a durbar was held in Cuttack during the visit of Lieutenant-Governor of Bengal, where the Utkal Sabha led by Gouri Shankar Roy presented the issue of bringing Odia-speaking territories under one administration.[90]
1900-1947
In 1903, the Utkal Union Conference was founded.
Mayurbhanj. On 9 September 1915, Bagha Jatin and his companions were discovered by the British and it resulted in a 75 minutes gunfight. On 10 September 1915, Bagha Jatin died of bullet wounds at the Balasore hospital.[citation needed
]
In 1885, Indian National Congress was founded. In 1920, it adopted reorganization of provinces according to linguistic basis as one its agendas.[94] This inspired many leaders in Odisha to form an Odisha Congress Committee and demand a separate province for the Odia-speaking population.[95] In 1923, the Bhubanananda Odisha School Of Engineering was established in Cuttack. It was the first technical diploma institution in the region.[96] In 1927, the districts of Cuttack and Balasore were hit by abnormal floods for the third successive year. About 28,756 families were affected by the floods according to the government report.[97]
On 6 April 1930, a group of volunteers marched from Cuttack to Inchudi in Balasore. On 12 April, they defied the
British salt tax law by making salt.[98] On 1 April 1936, Odisha was granted the status of a separate province. Odisha Day (Utkala Dibasa) is celebrated locally every year on 1 April to mark the day. In 1936, Odisha has 6 districts: Cuttack, Puri, Balasore, Ganjam, Koraput, and Sambalpur.[99] On 11 October 1938, Baji Rout, a ferry boy of 12 years, was shot dead by policemen in Dhenkanal district, when he refused to ferry them across the river.[100] In 1943, the Utkal University was founded.[101]
West German consortium.[109] On 19 October 1956, Nabakrushna Choudhuri resigned and Mahatab became the Chief Minister.[citation needed] In 1956, the first technical degree institution in the region, University College of Engineering, was established in Burla (presently it is known as Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology).[96] In 1957, the Odisha Sahitya Academy was established to develop and promote Odia language and literature.[110] On 13 January 1957, Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru officially inaugurated the Hirakud Dam.[111] The 1957 Assembly polls were also won by the Congress party and on 6 April 1957 Harekrushna Mahatab took oath as the Chief Minister.[citation needed] On 22 May 1959, a coalition of Congress and Gantantra Parishad formed the government. On 21 February 1961, the coalition collapsed. On 25 February, President's rule was imposed on the state.[citation needed
^ abR. C. Majumdar, A. S. Altekar (1986). Vakataka – Gupta Age Circa 200-550 A.D. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 146. Cite error: The named reference "gupta" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
ISBN 978-81-7387-075-0. Retrieved 13 November 2012. Cite error: The named reference "econ" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page
^"Jagannath Temple Architecture". Shree Jagannath Temple Administration, Puri. Archived from the original on 20 November 2012. Retrieved 29 November 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
ISBN 978-81-7099-619-4. Retrieved 10 February 2013. Cite error: The named reference "Sharma1995" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page