2022 COVID-19 protests in China
2022 COVID-19 protests in China | |||
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Part of protests over responses to the COVID-19 pandemic and democracy movements in China | |||
Date | 5 November 2022 (minor protests) 26 November 2022 – ongoing (main protests) | ||
Location | |||
Caused by |
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Methods | Protests, civil unrest, student activism, internet activism | ||
Status | Ongoing | ||
Concessions | Large-scale changes to the zero-COVID policy[2] | ||
Parties | |||
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Lead figures | |||
No centralized leadership | |||
Cities in China where protests against COVID-19 lockdowns occurred |
A series of
The demonstrations had been preceded by the
The subjects in protest evolved throughout the course of the unrest, ranging from discontent with the leadership of the
Background
COVID-19 lockdowns in China
Since the beginning of the
The spread of more infectious subvariants of the Omicron variant intensified these grievances. As these subvariants spread, public trust was eroded in the Chinese government's zero-COVID policy, indicating that lockdown strategies had become ineffective and unsustainable for the Chinese economy.[20] Concessions and vacillation generated a further lack of confidence and support for the policy; on 11 November, the Chinese government announced new and detailed guidelines on COVID measures in an attempt to ease the zero-COVID policy.[21][22] Enforcement by local governments varied widely: Shijiazhuang temporarily lifted most restrictions following the announcement,[18] while other cities continued with strict restrictions, fearing consequences of easing lockdowns.[22] Following the rollout of the new guidelines, an outbreak of COVID-19 occurred in multiple regions of China.[23]
Democracy movements of China
Various political movements for democracy have sprung up in opposition to the Chinese Communist Party (CCP)'s one-party rule. The growing discontent with the Chinese government's response to COVID-19 has precipitated discussions of freedom and democracy in China and some calls for the resignation of Xi Jinping, who was endorsed for an unprecedented third term as CCP general secretary (top position in China) weeks before the beginning of the widespread protests.[24][25]
Sitong Bridge protest
On 13 October 2022, on the eve of the 20th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party, a man hung two anti-lockdown and pro-democracy banners on the parapet of the Sitong Bridge in Beijing. The banners were swiftly removed by the local police, and mentions of it were censored from the Chinese internet. Despite this, the news became widespread among the Chinese public.[11] It later inspired the principal goals of the upcoming protests. By 26 November, the banners' slogans had been re-echoed by nationwide protesters.[26][27]
Early protests
Lanzhou
On 2 November, the death of a 3-year-old boy to a gas leak in Lanzhou, reportedly after delay in receiving treatment due to movement restriction has triggered a wave of public anger. Videos on social media show residents taking to the streets demanding answer from authorities and buses containing SWAT teams arriving at the scene.[28] Local authorities issued apologies the next day.[29]
Guangzhou
As lockdowns returned to
Zhengzhou Foxconn clashes
Since late October, the Foxconn (a Taiwanese company) mega-factory in Zhengzhou, Central China, which produced the iPhone for Apple, has prevented workers from leaving the factory as part of a national policy that demands zero-COVID, while also trying to keep factories open and the economy running.[1] Nevertheless, workers have managed to scale through barriers and flee home, threatening the continued operation of the plant.[32] In early November, videos spread of workers leaving the city by foot to return home in defiance of lockdown measures.[1] In response, in mid-November, local governments around the country urged veterans and retired civil servants to sign up as replacement labor, promising bonuses.[33][34] State media claims that more than 100,000 people signed up by 18 November.[35]
On the night of 22–23 November,
Chongqing
In Chongqing, a man was filmed giving a speech in his residential compound on 24 November, loudly proclaiming in Chinese, "Give me liberty, or give me death!"[a] to the cheers and applause of the crowd. When law enforcement attempted to arrest him, the crowd fought off the police and pulled him away, although he was ultimately still detained.[36][37] The man was dubbed the "Chongqing superman-brother" (重庆超人哥) online. Quotes by him from the video were widely circulated despite censorship, such as, "there is only one disease in the world and that is being both poor and not having freedom [...] we have now got both", referring to both the lockdown and high food prices.[36]
Escalation: Ürümqi fire and reaction
On 24 November, a fire in a building in
On 25 November, a protest started in the
26 November
By 26 November, protests and memorials in solidarity with the victims of the Ürümqi fire had spread to large Chinese cities such as Nanjing, Xi'an, and Shanghai.[4][5][6][45]
Nanjing
On 26 November, in Nanjing, satirical posters against the zero-COVID policy were removed, and in protest, a student stood on the steps of the
Lanzhou
On 26 November, videos filmed protesters in Lanzhou destroying tents and booths for COVID-19 testing.[50][51] Protesters alleged that they were put under lockdown despite there being zero positive cases in the area.[52] Earlier in November, a case in Lanzhou had circulated on social media where a 3-year-old boy died before he could be taken to the hospital in time due to lockdown measures, sparking backlash and anger online.[6]
Shanghai
The largest protest on 26 November appeared in Shanghai, as young people gathered on Ürümqi Road (乌鲁木齐中路, officially "Wulumuqi Rd (M)"), in reference to the city where the fire took place.
Chengdu
In Chengdu, crowds gathered in the streets and chanted "We don't want lifelong rulers. We don't want emperors."[51][45]
Xi'an
A mobile-lit vigil was also held at the Xi'an Academy of Fine Arts , which attracted hundreds of demonstrators, according to posts circulated on social media.[45][56]
Korla
A video emerged of hundreds gathered in the prefecture's government office in
27 November
Shanghai
In Shanghai, the Associated Press saw some bystanders charged and tackled by police near an intersection where there had previously been protests, although the bystanders were not visibly expressing dissent.[57] A protestor said police had tried to arrest him, but the crowd around him had pulled him free so he could escape.[51]
On 27 November, BBC News journalist Edward Lawrence was assaulted by Shanghai police, and detained for several hours.[58][59] Footage circulated on social media showed Lawrence being dragged to the ground in handcuffs.[60] The responding authorities stated that they arrested him "for his own good" so that he would not catch COVID-19 from the crowd.[61] The BBC News press team rebuked those claims as not a credible explanation.[58]
A photograph appeared to show police removing the Ürümqi Road's street sign later that night.[49]
Beijing
At least 1,000 people gathered along Beijing's third ring road on 27 November to protest COVID restrictions.[62] The Beijing people chanted "We are all Shanghai people! We are all Xinjiang people!".[63] Potentially due to proximity to political power in the nation's capital city, demonstrators in Beijing debated the use of explicitly political slogans, such as calling for Xi to step down, versus more narrowly opposing severe COVID controls, as well as whether to call it a protest or a simply a vigil. Participants discussed demands that the movement could agree upon, such as an apology for the Ürümqi fire, while others worried about police infiltration of marches, since some demonstrators had already received calls from local police.[64]
On 27 November, students held a memorial at Tsinghua University in Beijing, contributing to student demonstrations taking place at over 50 university campuses throughout China.[52][44] The protest began at 11:30 when some students held up signs outside the canteen and some hundreds joined them.[65] They chanted "freedom will prevail" and sang "The Internationale".[66] A female student from Tsinghua University said over a loudspeaker: "If because we are afraid of being arrested, we don't speak, I believe our people would be disappointed in us. As a Tsinghua student, I would regret this my whole life!"[67][45]
At Peking University, graffiti and banners echoed those of the Sitong bridge protest, but demonstrators did not gather until midnight local time. By 02:00, there were between one and two hundred. They sang "The Internationale" and chanted hesitantly. "No to COVID tests, yes to freedom!" was one of the slogans.[65]
Later that evening, some Beijing protesters gathered on both banks of the Liangma River,
At around 01:00 local time on 28 November, an official came to talk to the riverside protesters. At around 02:00, police marched in, and the protesters were dispersed. Police presence continued through 28 November.[63]
Wuhan
Hundreds of people protested in Wuhan on 27 November, with many destroying metal barricades that surrounded locked-down communities, overturning COVID testing tents and demanding an end to lockdowns, while some demanded Xi to resign.[73][74][51]
Hong Kong
Small-scale demonstrations took place in Hong Kong in solidarity with the protests in mainland China. On 27 November, at the University of Hong Kong, two students from the mainland distributed leaflets relating to the Ürümqi fire, prompting campus security to call in the police for assistance, but ultimately no arrests were made. Also on the university's campus the same day, a group of students held up blank pieces of paper.[75]
28 November
At the start of the school week, university students in Beijing and Guangzhou were sent home, with classes and final exams being moved online. Universities said they were protecting students from COVID-19, yet on the same day, China had also reported its first day-over-day decline in cases since 19 November.[77][78]
Shanghai
After two days of protests in Shanghai, police erected
Protestors had planned to gather in the People's Square, but a large police presence prevented it. An attempt to change location was prevented when police also got there first.[81]
Hong Kong
Over two dozen people took part in a demonstration in central Hong Kong, also holding up blank placards.[82]
Hangzhou
On the evening of 28 November in Hangzhou, hundreds of citizens held a demonstration at the intersection of Hubin Yintai in77, demanding the authorities to release the detained protesters. Around the same time, a driver played the song "Do You Hear the People Sing?" in the background while waiting for the traffic lights at the intersection near the in 77 shopping district and was cheered on by passersby.[83]
Beijing
As universities began to shutter across Beijing, nine Tsinghua University dorms were closed, with positive COVID-19 cases as the reason given. Meanwhile, as the Beijing Forestry University closed, the administration noted that no students or faculty had tested positive.[84] Heavy police presence in the capital prevented demonstrators from gathering.[80]
The Guardian reports that six protesters were called by police that night asking for information about their actions, including one who was home visited after refusing to answer the phone.[85]
29 November
As on the previous day, there were crowds of police at the sites of past protests. In Shanghai, the sidewalks of Ürümqi Road were barricaded along the full length with two-meter-tall solid blue barricades. The People's Square in central Shanghai, where a protest had been planned for the night, was also heavily patrolled, with police stopping people, checking mobile phones, and asking if they had installed virtual private networks; all but one exit of the subway station there was closed off. Surveillance techniques previously used in Xinjiang were implemented in several cities.[81] University administrations responded to the rallies held the previous days by telling students that they could leave early for winter break, offering free rail and air travel to take them home.[86]
By midday, there had been at least 43 small-scale protests in 22 cities.[87]
Videos showed small-scale protests inside locked-down developments, with residents demanding to be freed.[86]
On social networks outside of the Chinese government's control, protesters planned how to track the police, use multiple mobile phones, and form small clusters in order to continue protesting.[86]
In a press conference live-streamed to a state media account on Sina Weibo, Chinese health authorities pledged a rectification of anti-COVID-19 measures. Live audience comments included “We’ve cooperated with you for three years, now it’s time to give our freedom back" and "Can you stop filtering our comments? Listen to the people, the sky won’t fall".[88]
Jinan
Video footage obtained by
Guangzhou
Fresh protests arose in the Haizhu District of Guangzhou late in the evening of 29 November. Witnesses said that roughly 100 police officers converged on the district's Houjiao village and arrested at least three of the protestors. Police were wearing hazmat suits and held riot shields to protect themselves from debris as they attempted to contain the demonstration.[89] Barriers were torn down, the crowd threw objects, possibly glass bottles, and tear gas was used. Local authorities later stated that businesses would be allowed to re-open and the lockdown would be lightened. Other city districts of Guangzhou also cancelled mass testing and lightened lockdowns.[87][90]
30 November
Hundreds of government vans,
Upon the death of former CCP general secretary Jiang Zemin on the same day at 12:13 local time, censors moved to restrict Weibo comments related to his death, as some Weibo users had begun to compare his presidency to the current administration, in thinly veiled criticisms of current CCP general secretary Xi Jinping.[91] Some protesters on Telegram groups mentioned his death as an opportunity to gather in his honour and vent anger against the government's policies.[92]
4 December
Wuhan
On 4 December, renewed protests broke out at Wuhan University, with students asking to be allowed to freely return home due to lockdown hardships which included frequent virus testing, reduced access to food, and insufficient hot water supply in some dormitory buildings. Students felt that these problems made remaining at the university untenable and protestors further demanded openness and transparency regarding the school's processes going forward. Protest organizers asked students not to hold up white papers or chant anti-government slogans in order to increase the odds of success and the university relented, allowing students to take classes in person or return home to attend classes remotely.[93][94][95]
5 December
Nanjing
Students at Nanjing Tech University protested against a COVID-19 lockdown after just one positive case was found at the university. The students were displeased with poor communication from the university and worried about not being able to travel home for the winter holidays. Videos of the protest were posted on Twitter, showing students shouting "We want to go home!" and "Leaders, step down!" as a police car arrived on the scene.[96]
Abroad
A vigil attended by around 80 to 100 people was held on 27 November at Liberty Square in Taipei, Taiwan, in solidarity with the protests in China. Speakers included Wang Dan and Zhou Fengsuo, activists who participated in the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests.[97][98]
Protests and vigils have also taken place in other cities, including Tokyo, London, Brisbane, Paris, and Amsterdam.[99] A member of esports organisation Alliance was placed under investigation after she staged a solo protest outside the Chinese embassy in Tanglin, Singapore.[100]
In the United States, the largest recipient of Chinese overseas students, vigils have taken place at a variety of universities, including Yale University, Stanford University, Harvard University, and Carnegie Mellon University. On 29 November, vigils also took place outside Chinese diplomatic missions in the US, with approximately 400 people attending a vigil outside the Chinese consulate in New York City and roughly 200 outside the Chinese consulate in Chicago.[101][102] One day earlier, during a 28 November vigil at Columbia University, a 21-year-old protestor was beaten unconscious and hospitalized, though some witnesses claimed that the assailant had mistakenly attacked the wrong person and had intended to attack a female counterprotestor who had just spoken to the crowd.[103][104]
Censorship and resistance
The broadcasts of the 2022 FIFA World Cup in China showed scenes of spectators in Qatar without COVID-19 restrictions, despite the Chinese state broadcaster CCTV cutting close-up shots of the maskless audience and replacing them with shots of the players, officials or venues.[105][106] On 22 November, a social media post, titled Ten Questions, went viral on WeChat, asking the rhetorical question of whether Qatar was "on a different planet" for having minimal COVID-19 control measures.[107] The post was shortly taken down, but not before archives could be made outside of the Chinese internet.[108]
Internet censors censored the images and videos circulating on social media, but then they began circulating on Twitter, which has long been blocked by the
On Twitter, where authorities lacked the ability to censor protest imagery for those who had circumvented the Great Firewall, Chinese-language hashtags for cities with active demonstrations became flooded with spam from both new and long-dormant accounts suspected to be Chinese government-run.[114][115][116]
Pro-government responses
Pro-government social media commentators portrayed protesters as unwitting pawns of "Western agents", and as followers of the Hong Kong pro-democracy movement. They characterized the protests as "stirring up trouble [in] the typical colour revolution way". Protesters were also condemned for "using their worst malice to agitate members of the public who don't understand their true nature — especially university students and intellectuals whose heads are stuffed with Western ideas — to join in".[86]
Blank paper symbolism
Blank A4-sized sheets of paper became a symbol of the protests, with protesters at Tsinghua University showing blank A4 sheets of paper to represent censorship in China.[117] Protesters have also carried white flowers, standing with paper or flowers at intersections.[76] One protester in Beijing said that she and her husband had been among the first to arrive at the riverside protest on 27 November, and hadn't been sure if any of the people in the area were protestors at first, but seeing she was carrying a blank sheet of paper, they came over and gathered with her.[63]
Chinese diaspora communities promoted the terms "white paper revolution" and "A4 revolution" on social media to describe the protests.[118] By 28 November, posts containing blank papers, harmless sentences, and Friedmann equations had been removed from Chinese social media platforms.[111][112]
Government policy changes
On 7 December 2022, in response to the protests, the Chinese government lifted some of the most stringent rules, reducing lockdowns and allowing people tested positive for COVID-19 to quarantine at home rather instead of being detained in a hospital or mass quarantine site. The central and several local governments dropped requirements for a negative test to enter public transport or parks, while retaining the testing and quarantine requirements for international arrivals. Pharmacies are also now allowed to sell anti-fever cold medications that were previously restricted in fear of circumventing temperature checks.[119][120]
Commentary
China
PRC Foreign Ministry spokesman Zhao Lijian said at a regular press conference on 28 November that "On social media there are forces with ulterior motives that relate this fire with the local response to COVID-19",[121] and "We believe that with the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party and support of the Chinese people, our fight against COVID-19 will be successful."[122] Regarding the case of BBC News journalist Edward Lawrence being assaulted and briefly detained in Shanghai, he stated that he was aware of the situation, but claimed it was caused by Lawrence's failure to identify himself properly.[59]
The Chinese government has signaled plans to ease restrictions. On 30 November, vice premier Sun Chunlan announced that pandemic controls are entering a "new stage and mission", adding that the Omicron variant is less virulent and that rectification of control methods are underway. Sun said local governments should "respond to and resolve the reasonable demands of the masses".[123]
On 1 December, Xi commented to European Council president Charles Michel that he believes students frustrated by the prolonged strict COVID measures were behind the protests.[124]
Hong Kong
Hong Kong security minister Chris Tang claimed that demonstrators in solidarity with the mainland protests attempted to "incite [others] to target the central authorities", and that the activities held were "not random" and were "highly organised", while also claiming that some individuals who were "active in the black-clad violence in 2019" also took part in the events.[125]
International
Countries
- Canada: Prime Minister Justin Trudeau expressed his support for freedom of speech in China.[126][127]
- Germany: German President Frank-Walter Steinmeier asked Chinese authorities to "respect" the freedom of protesters and that he "understand[s] why people want to voice their impatience and grievance". He said that he hoped the Chinese authorities would respect the protesters' rights to freedom of expression and freedom of demonstration, and that the protests would remain peaceful.[128] German government spokesperson Steffen Hebestreit suggested that the Chinese government should address its strict COVID lockdown policies by administering Western-made mRNA vaccines, which Germany and Europe had a "very good experience with" and had allowed most countries to ease COVID restrictions.[129]
- Republic of China (Taiwan): The Mainland Affairs Council of the Republic of China (Taiwan) called on the PRC to treat protestors peacefully and rationally and to gradually loosen up COVID restrictions.[130] The Democratic Progressive Party called on the government to actively listen and respond to the demands of the people.[131]
- Business Secretary Grant Shapps said that there was "absolutely no excuse whatsoever" for journalists covering the protests to be attacked by police.[136]
- Ambassador Nick Burns had raised concerns directly with senior Chinese officials. The embassy encouraged American citizens to keep a 14-day supply of water, food and medication for their household.[140][141][142] On 1 December, Chief Medical Advisor to the President, Anthony Fauci, said that China's lockdowns were "draconian" and lacked a justifiable public health endgame. He added that China should instead focus on improving poor vaccination rates among its elderly population.[143]
International organizations
- European Union: A European Union foreign policy spokesperson said that the EU was following the protests closely without additional comment.[17]
- United Nations: Jeremy Laurence, spokesperson for the UN Human Rights Office, called on Chinese authorities to respect the right to peaceful protest and that protestors should not be arrested for exercising that right.[135]
Multinational corporations
- Apple Inc.: An update to Apple's mobile operating system on 9 November restricted the company's AirDrop feature in China. The update automatically turns off sharing for anyone outside of the user's contacts after 10 minutes, making it more difficult to widely share protest images in China. On 5 December, Chinese activists began a hunger strike outside Apple's headquarters in Cupertino, California, demanding that AirDrop restrictions be lifted.[144]
See also
- Rightful resistance, a technique used in these protests
- 2019–2020 Hong Kong protests
- Open Letter asking Xi Jinping to Resign
- 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre
Notes
- ^ Chinese: 不自由,毋宁死!. This is the formal translation of Patrick Henry's phrase used by scholars.
References
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一名北京清大女學生在校內的紫荊餐廳門口,高舉白紙大喊口號……有一名老師穿越人群,到學生面前稱「你們現在搞到失控了!」嘗試勸離人群。該女生還哭著說:「如果我們因為害怕被捕,所以就不敢發聲,我覺得我們的人民都會對我們失望。作為清華的學生,我會後悔一輩子!」
[A female student at Beijing's Tsinghua University holds up a white paper and shouts slogans at the entrance of the Bauhinia Restaurant on campus... A teacher went through the crowd and said, "You're out of control!" and tried to persuade the crowd to leave. The girl also cried, 'If we are afraid to speak out because we are afraid of being arrested, I think our people would be disappointed in us. As a student of Tsinghua, I would regret it for the rest of my life!'] - Barron's. Retrieved 27 November 2022.
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{{cite news}}
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{{cite news}}
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{{cite speech}}
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External links
- Media related to 2022 COVID-19 protests in China at Wikimedia Commons