Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests
Temperate broadleaf and mixed forest is a
These forests are richest and most distinctive in central China and eastern North America, with some other globally distinctive ecoregions in the Himalayas, Western and Central Europe, the southern coast of the Black Sea, Australasia, Southwestern South America and the Russian Far East.[1][2][3]
Ecology
The typical structure of these forests includes four layers. [1]
- The uppermost layer is the shade-tolerant understorythat is roughly 9 to 15 m (30 to 50 ft) shorter than the canopy.
- The top layer of the understory is the sub-canopy composed of smaller mature trees, saplings, and suppressed juvenile canopy layer trees awaiting an opening in the canopy.
- Below the sub-canopy is the shrub layer, composed of low growing woody plants.
- Typically the lowest growing (and most herbaceous layer.
Trees
In the Northern hemisphere, characteristic dominant
Climate
Temperate
The climates are typically humid for much of the year, usually appearing in the humid subtropical climate and in the humid continental climate zones to the south of tundra and the generally subarctic taiga. In the Köppen climate classification they are represented respectively by Cfa, Dfa/Dfb southern range and Cfb,[4][5] and more rarely, Csb, BSk and Csa.
Ecoregions
Australasia
Chatham Islands temperate forests | New Zealand |
Eastern Australian temperate forests | Australia |
Fiordland temperate forests
|
New Zealand |
Nelson Coast temperate forests | New Zealand |
North Island temperate forests | New Zealand |
Northland temperate kauri forests | New Zealand |
Stewart Island / Rakiura temperate forests
|
New Zealand |
Richmond temperate forests | New Zealand |
Southeast Australia temperate forests | Australia |
Southland temperate forests | New Zealand |
Tasmanian Central Highland forests | Australia |
Tasmanian temperate forests | Australia |
Tasmanian temperate rain forests
|
Australia |
Westland temperate forests | New Zealand |
Eurasia
Indomalayan temperate broadleaf and mixed forests | |
---|---|
Eastern Himalayan broadleaf forests | Bhutan, India, Nepal |
Northern Triangle temperate forests | Myanmar |
Western Himalayan broadleaf forests | India, Nepal, Pakistan |
Americas
Juan Fernandez Islands temperate forests
|
Chile |
Magellanic subpolar forests | Argentina, Chile |
San Félix–San Ambrosio Islands temperate forests | Chile |
Valdivian temperate forests | Argentina, Chile |
See also
- Mixed coniferous forest
- Kuchler plant association system
- Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub
- Temperate deciduous forest
- Trees of the world
References
- ^ a b c d This article incorporates text available under the CC BY-SA 3.0 license. World Wide Fund for Nature. "Temperate Broadleaf and Mixed Forest Ecoregions". Archived from the original on 1 April 2011. Retrieved 29 May 2019.
- ^ Zhao, Ji; Zheng, Guangmei; Wang, Huadong; Xu, Jialin, eds. (1990). The natural history of China. New York: McGraw-Hill Publishing Company.
- ^ Martin, WH; Boyce, SG; Echternacht, AC, eds. (1993). Biodiversity of the southeastern United States: Lowland terrestrial communities. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
- ^ F, Beck, H. E., Zimmermann, N. E., McVicar, T. R., Vergopolan, N., Berg, A., & Wood, E. (6 November 2018), English: Köppen–Geiger climate classification map.Français: Carte de classification climatique de Köppen–Geiger., retrieved 6 August 2019
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: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Terpsichores (28 October 2012), English: Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests, retrieved 6 August 2019