Timeline of İzmir

Add links
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

Below is a sequence of some of the events that affected the history of the city of İzmir (historically also Smyrna).

Timeline

Date Occurrence
c. 6000–4000 BC İzmir region's first Neolithic and mid-Chalcolithic settlements in Yeşilova Höyük and the adjacent Yassıtepe Höyük, within the boundaries of the present-day Bornova metropolitan district located in the middle of the plain that extends starting from the tip of the Gulf of İzmir, last for at least two millennia.
starting c. 3000 BC First traces of settlement attested in the mound (
höyük) called either as Tepekule or under the same name as its neighborhood (Bayraklı) along a small peninsula in the northeastern corner of Gulf of İzmir's end which will later become the location of Old Smyrna
.
  • A port city unravels since millennia in the outlying waters of the Gulf of İzmir as narrow as a strait in its end as seen here from Mount Yamanlar. Mount Yamanlar is also where a crater lake named Karagöl (meaning Black Lake in Turkish) and also called as "Lake Tantalus" is found.
    A port city unravels since millennia in the outlying waters of the
    Mount Yamanlar. Mount Yamanlar is also where a crater lake named Karagöl (meaning Black Lake in Turkish) and also called as "Lake Tantalus
    " is found.
  • Mount Sipylus is famous for its "Weeping Rock", associated with Niobe, daughter of the semi-legendary local ruler Tantalus, the first recorded sovereign to have controlled the area of the Gulf of İzmir.
    Mount Sipylus is famous for its "Weeping Rock", associated with Niobe, daughter of the semi-legendary local ruler Tantalus, the first recorded sovereign to have controlled the area of the Gulf of İzmir.
  • The "Throne", conjecturally associated with Pelops" in Yarikkaya locality in Mount Sipylus, is an isolated stone bench or altar possibly carved to accommodate a stone or wooden statue.
    The "Throne", conjecturally associated with Pelops" in Yarikkaya locality in Mount Sipylus, is an isolated stone bench or altar possibly carved to accommodate a stone or wooden statue.
  • Karabel Luvian warrior monument carved in rock dated to the 13th century BC and at a distance of 30 km from İzmir, near Kemalpaşa, deciphered as having been dedicated to Tarkasnawa, a King of Mira within Arzawa complex, attests to the westernmost reaches of the late Hittites and their dependent principalities.
    Karabel
    Hittites
    and their dependent principalities.
Date Occurrence
est. mid to end of third millennium BC
Luvians arrive and settle in, initially western, and gradually across southern Anatolia
.
est. c. 1440 BC The first recorded urban settlement which controlled the Gulf of İzmir, associated with the semi-legendary local ruler Tantalus, called the Phrygian and also associable with the Luvians and the Lydians, and deriving its wealth from the region's mineral reserves, is founded on or near Mount Yamanlar. A "Tomb of Tantalus" near this mountain, as well as an alternative tomb some sources associate with the same Tantalus on Mount Sipylus reached our day, scholars differing on associations that could be based on the one or the other.
est. c. 1370 BC Part of the
Etruscan
civilization.
est. c. 1360 BC Pelops, the son of Tantalus, abandons the city founded by his father and founds a kingdom in the Peloponnese, named after him. His sister Niobe remains associated with the "Weeping Rock" on Mount Sipylus.
c. 1200 BC Late
Tudhaliya IV and the male figure is identified as Tarkasnawa, King of Mira, matched with a name mentioned in Hattusa Hittite annals[1]
est. c. 1200 BC First
colonists
begin to appear along the western coasts of Anatolia.
est. c. 1194 BC – 1184 BC
Greeks under Agamemnon having been advised the baths by an oracle. The still highly popular "Agamemnon Baths" is also the place where, reportedly, Asclepius first began to prophesy.[2]
850 BC Caravan Bridge, sometimes said to be the oldest extant bridge, a 13 m stone slab over the River Meles is built.[3]
716 BC (or 680 BC)
Mermnad dynasty, seizes the throne of Lydia which will be held by his descendants until 546 BC and the dynasty will acquire a large part of Anatolia
including Smyrna.
  • Homer was also called Melesigenes (son of Meles) by the name of the River Meles which flows through İzmir and still carries the same name.
    Homer was also called Melesigenes (son of Meles) by the name of the River Meles which flows through İzmir and still carries the same name.
est. early 7th century BC Refugees from the
city state
of the Ionian union.
slightly before 668 BC The first failed Lydian attempt to capture Smyrna, despite their seizure of the town and their advance within the walls of the fortress.
c. 600 BC
Alyattes captures Smyrna along with several other Ionian cities and the city is sacked and destroyed, its inhabitants forced to move to the countryside to live for a time in "village-like fashion" according to contemporary sources. More recent research and restoration works in Old Smyrna by Ekrem Akurgal indicate that the city-temple dedicated to Athena
, built a few decades before, saw only slight damage in the Lydian capture, was repaired swiftly and continued to be used.
c. 540 BC The Median general Harpagus, serving the Persian Emperor Cyrus the Great captures Symrna along with other regions under Lydian rule in Anatolia, and destroys the city.
333 BC Alexander the Great conquers Smyrna, moves the city from its rather isolated location at the end of the gulf to the southern shore from where the future city will expand. Legends attribute the move for relocation to a dream of Alexander.
323 – 280 BC In the division of the provinces after
Asia Minor between 301 and 281 BC, who displays a genuine interest to the city, initiating widescale public works in the intention of transforming it into an international portuary and cultural center on a par with Alexandria and Ephesus
. Lysimachus even names the city, for a time, under his daughter's name, "Euredikeia".
280 BC In the climate of uncertainty reigning between Lysimachus's death and the Seleucid Emperor Antiochus I Soter's takeover, Smyrniots declare their independence for a brief period.
278 BC Galatians, arriving from Thrace, capture Smyrna and ransack the city.
275 BC
Antiochus II
defeats the Galatians and the city returns to Seleucid control.
241 BC Smyrna adheres to Attalus I, King of Pergamon.
190 BC Smyrna is transferred under
Roma
.
130 BC With the death of last King of the
Attalid dynasty of Pergamon, Smyrna is taken under direct Roman
administration.
78 BC
propraetor Quintus Tullius Cicero
between 61 and 59 BC.
43 BC The first settling of scores after the Assassination of Julius Caesar takes place in Smyrna when Publius Cornelius Dolabella, Julius Caesar's former favourite assigned to Syria by the Roman Senate, forces his way into the city where Trebonius, an accomplice of the assassins, held the office of proconsul and kills him. Before Dolabella's own death the year after, his assault, and particularly some damage he had inflicted on the city, was condemned at the time in Rome, including by Dolabella's father-in-law Cicero, who referred to the people of Smyrna as among Rome's "most trusted and oldest allies".
Common Era
124 Emperor Hadrian visits Smyrna as part of his journeys across the Empire[4]
155 or 156 AD
amphitheater of the city after attempts to burn him at the stake fails, and the account, "The Martyrdom of Polycarp or the Letter to the Smyrneans" becomes one of the fundamental sources among early Christian writings
.
178 A violent earthquake shakes Smyrna to its cores, causing immense damage and casualties. The city was rebuilt in a single year with the help of the emperor Marcus Aurelius, according to the orator Aelius Aristides.
214 BC Emperor Caracalla visits Smyrna, along with other cities in Anatolia and later Egypt, and a cult of Caracalla starts in the city.
250
gibbet
.
395 Following the death of
Eastern Roman Empire
.
1079 First
Suleyman I of Rûm, son of a former contender to his throne, Kutalmış
.
1081 Turkish forces loyal to
Süleyman Bey and under the command of Tzachas Smyrna and immediately build a navy, the first ever recorded naval force in Turkish history, to harry the Aegean Sea
and its coasts.
1097 The
Samos, Ephesus, Philadelphia, and Sardis
.
1231–1235
Nymphaion (later Nif and present-day Kemalpaşa
) and dies there in 1254.
1261 In the same year as his expulsion of the
papacy, signs the Treaty of Nymphaion with the Genoese and accords them considerable privileges within the empire's realm, commercial or otherwise, including that of setting up their own districts in the capital and in Smyrna. Galata quarter across the Golden Horn, to extend later on to the whole of Pera, present-day Beyoğlu, and Smyrna
's core area along the inner bay with its castle become virtually independent Genoese possessions.
1308 Turkish ascendancy in Western Anatolia re-surges after two centuries and the Beylik of Aydin is founded with its capital in Birgi.
1317 Aydınoğlu Mehmed Bey captures İzmir's upper castle of Kadifekale from Byzantine forces.
1329 The Genoese merchants hand over the keys of the port castle (Okkale, Saint Peter) to
Umur Beg
.
1333 Ibn Battuta visits İzmir. He reports that most of the city is in ruins.[5]
1334–1345 Umur Bey transforms the Beylik of Aydin into a serious naval power with base in İzmir and poses a threat particularly for Venetian possessions in the Aegean Sea. Venetians organize an alliance uniting several European parties (Sancta Unio), composed notably of the Knights Templar, which organizes five consecutive attacks on İzmir and the Western Anatolian coastline controlled by Turkish states. In between, it is the Turks who organize maritime raids directed at Aegean islands.[6]
1348 Umur Bey dies and his brother and successor Hızır Bey concludes on 18 August an agreement with the Sancta Unio which, following its approval by the Pope, gives the Knights Templar the right to control and use the port castle (Saint Peter, Okkale).
1390 Ottoman sultan Bayezid I (the Thunderbolt) comes to İzmir shortly after he ascends the throne and smoothly captures the upper castle of Kadifekale. İzmir becomes Ottoman partially, with the exception of the port castle, and for the time, temporarily, for a decade.
1402 Three months after his victory over the Ottomans in the
Tamerlane comes to İzmir, lays a six-week siege on the port castle (Okkale, Saint Peter) in the unique battle of his career against a Christian power, captures the castle and destroys it. He massacred most of the Christian population, which constituted the vast majority in Smyrna.[7][8]

He handed the city over to its former rulers, the Aydinids, as he had done for other Anatolian lands taken over by the Ottomans.

1416
Cüneyd Bey
re-builds Okkale in the intention of turning it into his power base, at the same time as he uses every occasion to hamper the resurgence of Ottoman power.
1413–1420 Popular revolts based in Manisa and Karaburun against the newly re-established Ottoman rule.
1425 Ottoman sultan
Petronium (Bodrum
) instead.
1437 In a practice started by
Süleyman I
.
1472 On 13 September, a
Pietro Mocenigo, one of the greatest Venetian admirals, captures and destroys İzmir in a surprise attack, along with Foça and Çeşme
. The Ottoman investment into İzmir will remain hesitant for more than a century, until the 17th-century building of Sancakkale castle at a key location commanding access to the city and assuring its security.
1566 Ottoman capture of the
siege of Malta, puts an end to three centuries of entente between the Republic and the Turkish powers based along the Anatolian coast. At the same time, the European merchants which used the island and Çeşme across its shores as bases are tempted to seek a new port of trade and they are increasingly attracted to the small town of İzmir, administered at the level of a qadi instead of the stricter and more centralized authority of a pasha
.
1592 Aydınoğlu Yakub Bey, a descendant of the formerly ruling dynasty, builds the oldest major Ottoman landmark in İzmir, the Hisar Mosque in Kemeraltı, adjacent to the decaying port castle of Okkale.
1595 The practice of assigning Ottoman dynasty members for administration of neighboring Manisa and its dependencies is abandoned, largely due to the growing insecurity in the countryside, precursor of Jelali Revolts, and a violent earthquake in the valley of Gediz deals a severe blow to the region's prosperity the same year.
1605 The first attested presence in community of
Sephardi Jews, descendants of those evicted from Spain
in 1492, in İzmir.
1605–1606 İzmir is menaced by the
Jelali Revolts
of Kalenderoğlu, Arap Said and Canbolat.
Audience by the Qadi of the French Consul of İzmir in a 17th-century engraving by Jean du Mont
Date Occurrence
1619 The
Sakız (Chios
).
1621 The
Sakız (Chios
).
1624–1626 İzmir is menaced by corsairs in three consecutive years, who leave each time after having levied a ransom, aggravating considerations for the city's safety.
1630s Local warlord Cennetoğlu, a brigand (sometimes cited as one of the first in line in western Anatolia's long tradition of
efes to come) who in the 1620s had assembled a vast company of disbanded Ottoman soldiers and renegades, establish control over much of the fertile land around Manisa and, often in pact with the influent western merchant Orlando, trigger a movement of more commercially sensitive Greek and Jewish populations towards İzmir[9]
1650–1665 The construction by the Ottoman Empire of Sancakkale castle at a key location commanding access to the furthermost waters of the Gulf of İzmir, thus assuring İzmir's security and greatly improving its fortunes.
1657 Jean-Baptiste Tavernier visits İzmir for the second time and for a longer period. According to the detailed account he gave, İzmir then had a population of 90,000 of which 60,000 were Turks, and 15,000 Greeks[10]
1671 Evliya Çelebi visits İzmir.
1676–1677 A great plague epidemic, the first known pandemic on record for Ottoman İzmir claims 30,000 lives in İzmir and Manisa.
1678 Antoine Galland visits İzmir during a second Oriental tour, following an equally fruitful first visit across the eastern Mediterranean in 1673–1674 in the company of France's ambassador at the Sublime Porte, Marquis de Nointel. This time he writes the very detailed manuscript "Voyage á Smyrne" which will remain unedited until the year 2000.
1678 Exception made of probable presence in the region during
Jew and one Armenian, with other nationalities, many of whom played a pivotal role in shaping the city's fortunes, totalling barely a thousand.[11]
1688 Two successive earthquakes of great magnitude on 10 July and 31 July and a tsunami that ensued after the second causes great damage and shakes İzmir to its cores. The casualties number in the tens of thousands, the commercial activity in the city stops for years, and Sancakkale will have to be rebuilt. The earthquake will also trigger a movement among foreign merchants to move their residences to the İzmir suburb of Buca, and later on, also to Bornova.
İzmir 1714 in an engraving by Henri Abraham Chatelain
Date Occurrence
1707 Established in the city only since decades, foreign merchants organize a riot centered in Buca. The riot leads in 1716 to the assignment in İzmir of Köprülü Abdullah Pasha, the first Ottoman administrator of the city who bore the title of pasha.
1712 and 1717 Two successive plague epidemics. The one in 1712 is particularly deadly and claims 10,000 lives.
1739 English traveller and anthropologist Richard Pococke visits İzmir.
1744 The completion of the building of the still-standing caravanserai of Kızlarağası Han in Kemeraltı.
1763 A fire destroys 2,600 houses, with a loss of $1,000,000.
1766 English traveller Richard Chandler visits İzmir and its surrounding region in search of antiquities on behalf of London Society of Dilettanti.
1772 A fire carries off 3,000 dwellings and 3,000 to 4,000 shops, entailing a loss of $20,000,000.
1778 A violent earthquake on 3 July and an ensuing fire that lasts until 8 July destroys the city.
İzmir in 19th century European art
1803–1816 Katipzade family, controlling İzmir since the 1750s, reach the summit of their power with Katipzade Mehmed Pasha who rule the city and its vicinity under the official title of ayan accorded by the Sultan. They are the builders of the first governor's mansion in the city and the adjacent Yalı Mosque of very small dimensions in Konak Square, a symbol of İzmir to this day. Katipzade Mehmed Pasha is executed by the Sultan in 1816.
1804 The completion of the building of the still-standing caravanserai of Çakaloğlu Han in Kemeraltı.
1806–1808
Chateaubriand (1806) and Lord Byron
(1808) briefly visit İzmir.
1812–1816 A four-year plague epidemic claims 45,000 lives in İzmir region.
1823–1827 İzmir's first newspaper, named "Smyrnéen" at first and "Spectateur orientale" later is published in French for four years.
1831 A
St. Roch Hospital and Monastery, the present-day premises of İzmir Ethnography Museum, affectionately called Piçhane for having served as an orphanage for a period.[12]
1836 Charles Texier visits İzmir and conducts surface research on the remains of classical Smyrna and on those found on or near Mount Yamanlar.
1837 İzmir's last great plague epidemic claims 5,000 lives, especially among the Turkish population. A quarantine administration for incoming ships will be put in place as a consequence of the epidemic, in a quarter of the city that will be named Karantina.
1840 Exports from the port of Trabzon exceed those from İzmir for the first time and İzmir thus loses its virtual monopoly on exports among Ottoman ports for the first time as far back as the records are kept.
3 July 1845 A great fire ravages the central quarters of İzmir. Personal interventions from the sultan
Abdülmecid I
will play a fundamental during the reconstruction effort.
1850 İzmir becomes the vilayet center for the first time and for a brief period. The vilayet is still called under the name of its former center, Aydın.
1850 Gustave Flaubert visits İzmir, noting, after having watched the sunset from Kadifekale, "qu'il n'en avait jamais vu de si belle".
Images of cosmopolitan 19th century İzmir
  • A Turkish quarter in 19th century İzmir: Kadifekale
    A Turkish quarter in 19th century İzmir: Kadifekale
  • A Greek quarter in 19th century İzmir: Göztepe (Enopi), with Susuzdede (Agios Agapis) hill in the background
    A Greek quarter in 19th century İzmir:
    Göztepe
    (Enopi), with Susuzdede (Agios Agapis) hill in the background
  • A Jewish quarter in 19th century İzmir: Karataş
    A Jewish quarter in 19th century İzmir:
    Karataş
  • A European quarter in 19th century İzmir: Bornova
    A European quarter in 19th century İzmir: Bornova
Date Occurrence
1850–1851
Tire that he manages for a time before returning to France where he writes important works related to Turkey
.
1851–1854 The first cadastral plan of İzmir is made by the engineer Luigi Storari, a Republican in exile from
Torino
in 1857.
1856
horse races in the modern sense start to be organized in Buca
.
1860 In response to a questionnaire by the
British Ambassador to the Ottoman Empire Sir Henry Bulwer
, the experienced consul Charles Blunt responds by stating that in 1830 the city contained 80,000 Turkish inhabitants and 20,000 Christians, whereas in 1860, the Turks numbered 41,000 and the Christians 75,000. According to Blunt, the general condition of the province of İzmir was constantly improving due to increasing cultivation and agricultural production. However, because of the Turkish lack of manpower, this improvement was "...more generally to the advantage of the Christian races.
1856–1867 The construction of the first railroad connection in the Ottoman Empire, between İzmir (in partance from the simultaneously built Alsancak train station) and Aydın (130 km), is contracted out to a British company who will finish it in eleven years.
1863–1866 The construction of the second railroad connection in the Ottoman Empire, between İzmir (in partance from the simultaneously built Basmane train station) and Turgutlu (93 km), contracted out at first to a British, then to a French company, who manages to finish it in three years, a few months before İzmir-Aydın line.
1865 The quarter of
Jewish quarter. İzmir-Menemen railroad enters into service the same year, leading to urban growth in Karşıyaka
(Kordelio) on the northern shore of the gulf.
1867 İzmir becomes the
the Ottoman Empire
. Instability will characterize the first decades of the governorship in İzmir, with, for example, five consecutive governors only for the year 1875.
1867–1876 Upon the destruction by a
landing stage, of a street served by a tram line and of an esplanade (Kordon) comes into existence, all built on land gained from the sea, and profoundly changing the city's look. The final remains of the old port castle (Okkale) and former yalı type residences along Kordon are demolished to provide space for the wharf and the street, along which new buildings of western tastes and styles will be rapidly built. The French customs house built within the project, reportedly designed by Gustave Eiffel, is today's Konak Pier upmarket shopping center
.
1868–1895 A municipal administration is constituted in İzmir, in line with the Ottoman reforms in the matter. İzmir municipality will only mature in time, becoming active as of 1874, being scinded in two in 1880 to administer the more westernized city core and the more traditional suburbs separately, being reunited in 1889, and possessing its own building only in 1891. A stable municipal administration in İzmir is generally admitted to start a generation after its founding under
Eşref Pasha (1895–1907).[14]
1874 Start of urban
Abdülhamid II
and named "Hamidiye" for this reason. A second shipping company puts two other ferries in service starting 1880, followed in 1884 by a third company. Very rapidly, it becomes fashionable for İzmir's European, Levantine, Ottoman minority and later Turkish rich to build or purchase houses in Karşıyaka.
1886 In a work of engineering of considerable scale for its time, the course of the
delta is diverted northwards, thus preventing it from joining the sea inside the Gulf of İzmir, where the shallows caused by the silt the river brought had seriously started to render navigation difficult and jeopardize İzmir's portuary future.[15]
1886–1897 A Belgian company builds İzmir's first running water system, today still based on the same location of Halkapınar quarter.
1890 The first recorded
football match in Turkey is played in Bornova, İzmir, between local youths and British sailors on shore leave
.
1892–1895 A railway connection for a
Sakız (Chios), was submitted by the Ottoman Bank to French (1892) and then to German (1895) entrepreneurs but, despite being potentially promising, was not concretized and its initial works ended up by tracing a phantom track. In the meantime, especially with the flow of immigrants from Thessaly and Crete
, the population trends in Karaburun Peninsula started to bend in favor of the Turks.
1901
Raymond Charles Père, with the clock itself a gift of German Emperor Wilhelm II is built to commemorate the 25th anniversary of Abdul Hamid II
's accession to the throne, and becomes a symbol for the city
1907
Karataş
, one of İzmir's landmarks, is erected as a public service by the wealthy Jewish banker Nesim Levi Bayraklıoğlu.
1915 In a naval campaign that involved İzmir directly during the
minesweepers and bombs defence positions between 5 – 9 March causing six casualties among Turkish soldiers. The fleet's tasks are to destroy the protecting forts and clear the approach minefields, neither of which are accomplished. Allied demands transmitted through the U.S. consul in İzmir George Horton for surrender of the city are rebuffed by the governor Evrenoszade Rahmi Bey and on 15th, the force withdraws.[16]
1919–1922
Greco-Turkish War (1919-1922)
.
1922 Re-capture of İzmir by the Turkish army on 9 September 1922.
Republican Turkey
on 20 September.
September–October 1922 A short stay in Istanbul that was to acquire importance for
Toronto Daily Star reporter, leads Ernest Hemingway to write his first short story to appear in his first collection of stories, In Our Time, published 1925. This story, titled "On the Quai at Smyrna", probably based on original material derived from a British officer who was present in İzmir early in the period, was written in a deliberately disorientating style with a sarcastic tone and observations directed at all sides to the conflict.[17]
1923 Signature between Greek and Turkish delegations of the agreement for a
Lausanne Conference
on 30 January.
Date Occurrence
1923
Republic of Turkey
, founded the same year.
1929
İzmir Alsancak Stadium is built over part of former Darağacı (Gallows) quarter.[18]
1932 After preliminary explorations made in 1927, the first organized excavations at the site of Classical Period Smyrna, centered around the Agora of the ancient city, are carried out jointly by the German archaeologist Rudolf Naumann [de] and Selâhattin Kantar, the director of İzmir and Ephesus museums. Between 1932 and 1941, they uncover a large part of the agora and publish the results of their works with contributions made also by the Austrian archaeologist Franz Miltner [de], first the first time in 1934, to be compiled more comprehensively in 1950.[19]
1936 The fifth İzmir International Fair is the first that is held at its present location of Kültürpark where it acquires the proportions of an ongoing important annual commercial and cultural event of international scale.
1948 The first organized excavations at the site of
Archaic Period Smyrna are started by an Anglo-Turkish team under Professors John M. Cook and Ekrem Akurgal, to be pursued by Akurgal on a continuous basis as of 1966 and to be managed after 1993 by Akurgal's wife Meral Akurgal
.
1954 Start of the construction of the Port of Alsancak, still used and extended, and privatized in 2007. Kuşadası district transferred to Aydın Province
1955 Ege University, İzmir's first university to start courses, is founded with present-day campus in Bornova.
1964 The multi-use
İzmir Atatürk Stadyumu, Turkey's largest at the time (today the second largest) is built in view of the Mediterranean Games
.
1971 İzmir hosts the Mediterranean Games.
1982 Dokuz Eylül University, İzmir's second largest, is founded with present-day campus in Buca.
1984
Basmane popular quarter, with a second museum in Kültürpark added in 1951, moves to its premises covering 5.000 sqm in Bahribaba Park
.
1987 İzmir's new airport,
Adnan Menderes Airport
, enters into service. A new international terminal was added in 2006.
1990
joint-venture in İzmir's Gaziemir district, to reach a total portfolio of 302 notable companies by 2006, generating more than $4 billion annually in international trade. It also houses the world's fifth Space Camp
.
1992 İzmir's third university and first institute of technology, İzmir Institute of Technology is founded, with present-day campus in Urla.
1995–2000 The first line of
Hatay
to Bornova along a length of 11.6 km (7.2 mi) is built and enters into service.
1998 İzotaş, the new bus terminal in İzmir's Altındağ suburb, a city within the city in practical terms, enters into service.
2002 İzmir's fourth and fifth universities, İzmir University of Economics, with campus in Balçova, and Yaşar University, are founded. Both are private sector initiatives.
2004 In keeping with a move for decentralization of administrative services in the rapidly growing city, İzmir Hall of Justice moves from Konak Square to its new premises, the largest and the most modern in Turkey, in Bornova district.
İzmir hosts 2004 World University Sailing Championship.
2005 İzmir hosts the Summer
Universiade
).
2006 İzmir hosts
2006 European Seniors Fencing Championship
.
2008 An open air
delta of the Gediz River
.
2008 Ahmet Adnan Saygun Art Center, built by İzmir Metropolitan Municipality by involving world-famous companies in music and construction, is opened over an area of 21.000 m2 in Güzelyalı neighborhood to honor a famous native of the city.

See also

Sources

Footnotes

  1. ^ David Hawkins (1998). Tarkasnawa, King of Mira. Anatolian Studies, Vol. 48. See also; Bilgin, Tayfun. "Karabel". Hittite Monuments.
  2. ISBN 978-0-510-03200-5
    .
  3. ISBN 978-0-8135-2691-1
    .
  4. ^ Ronald Syme (1998). "Journeys of Hadrian" (PDF). Dr. Rudolf Hbelt GmbH, Bonn – University of Cologne.
  5. Gibb, H.A.R. trans. and ed. (1962). The Travels of Ibn Baṭṭūṭa, A.D. 1325–1354 (Volume 2). London: Hakluyt Society. pp. 445–447. {{cite book}}: |first= has generic name (help
    )
  6. The Netherlands, 1998. Archived from the original
    (PDF) on 29 April 2005. Retrieved 21 February 2007.
  7. ISBN 9781884964022
    . Timur... sacked Smyrna and massacred nearly all of its inhabitants
  8. ISBN 9780674089693
    . Tamerlane determined to conquer Smyrna... In December 1402, Smyrna was taken and destroyed, its Christian population massacred.
  9. ISBN 0-521-64304-X
    .
  10. ISBN 1-4212-4722-4
    .
  11. ISBN 0-19-820132-X
    .
  12. ^ Zeynep Mercangöz, eds. M. Kiel, N. Landmann, H. Theunissen (23 August 1999). "New approaches to Byzantine influence on some Ottoman architectural details: Byzantine elements in the decoration of a building in İzmir" (PDF). Utrecht University, Proceedings of the 11th International Congress of Turkish Art. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 July 2003.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  13. year=1856
    .
  14. ISBN 975-6981-06-7
    .
  15. ^ It is possible that the present channel is closer to the mouth of the river as it used to flow in ancient times, since Herodotus says that it was close to Phocaea, as it is now, although when it changed to the south is not known. With the rapid silting process, the depending town of Menemen, which was almost on the shore in the beginning of the 18th century, had its harbor structures hours from the town towards the end of the same century and is an entirely inland center today.
  16. ^ "War in the Mediterranean – 1915". Archived from the original on 28 November 2006. Retrieved 21 February 2007. "İzmir Bombardımanı" (in Turkish). Turkish Historical Society (TTK). Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 21 February 2007.
  17. ^ Himmet Umunç. "Hemingway in Turkey: Historical contexts and cultural intertexts" (PDF). Boğaziçi University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 June 2010.
  18. ^ "Üstü stad, altı mezar (Stadium on the surface, cemetery below)" (in Turkish). Radikal. Archived from the original on 4 January 2005. Retrieved 31 December 2004.
  19. ^ Rudolf Naumann – Selahattin Kantar (1950). "Literatur zu Smyrna: Die Agora von Smyrna. Bericht Äuber die in den Jahren 1932–1941 auf dem Friedhof Namazgah zu Izmir von der Museumsleitung in Verbindung mit der Tuerkischen Geschichtskommission durchgefuehrten Ausgrabungen" (PDF) (in German). Istanbuler Forschungen 17, s. 69 – 114, Berlin.

Further reading

Wikimedia Commons has media related to History of Izmir.
Published in the 19th century
  • William Hunter (1803), "Letter XI", Travels through France, Turkey, and Hungary, to Vienna, in 1792, London: Printed for J. White ... by T. Bensley ...,
    OL 14046026M
  • OCLC 8888382
Published in the 20th century
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_İzmir&oldid=1201409185"