Timeline of Istanbul

The following is a timeline of the history of the town of Istanbul, Turkey.

Prior to 4th century

Part of a series on the
History of Turkey
Prehistory Prehistory of Anatolia Palaeolithic Anatolia c. 500,000–  10,000 BC Mesolithic Anatolia c. 11,000–  9,000 BC Neolithic Anatolia c. 8,000–  5,500 BC
Bronze Age Troy 3000–700 BC Hattians 2500–2000 BC Akkadian Empire 2400–2150 BC Luwians 2300–1400 BC Assyria 1950–1750 BC Kussara 1780–1680 BC Achaeans (Homer) 1700–1300 BC Kizzuwatna 1650–1450 BC Hittites 1680–1220 BC Arzawa 1500–1320 BC Mitanni 1500–1300 BC Hayasa-Azzi 1500–1290 BC Lycia 1450–350 BC Assuwa 1300–1250 BC Diauehi 1200–800 BC Neo-Hittites 1200–800 BC Phrygia 1200–700 BC Caria 1150–547 BC Tuwanuwa 1000–700 BC Ionia 1000–545 BC Urartu 859–595/585 BC
Iron Age Diauehi 1200–800 BC Neo-Hittites 1200–800 BC Phrygia 1200–700 BC Caria 1150–547 BC Doris 1100–560 BC Aeolis 1000–560 BC Tuwanuwa 1000–700 BC Ionia 1000–545 BC Urartu 859–595/585 BC Median Empire 678–549 BC Lydia 685–547 BC
Classical Age Classical Anatolia Classical Thrace Attalid kingdom 282–129 BC Galatia 281–64 BC Parthian Empire 247 BC–224 AD Armenian Empire 190 BC–428 AD Roman Republic 133–27 BC Commagene 163 BC–72 AD Ancient Rome 133 BC-27 BC–330 AD Sasanian Empire 224–651 AD (briefly in Anatolia)
Medieval Anatolia Kara Koyunlu (1375–1468) Ak Koyunlu (1378–1501)
Ottoman Era Periods of Ottoman Empire Defeat and dissolution (1908–1922)
Republic of Turkey Periods of Turkey War of Independence (1919–1922) Provisional government (1920–1923) One-party period (1923–1930) (1930–1945) Multi-party period (1945–present)
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• 1000 BCE - Thracian tribes founded the settlements of Lygos and Semistra.
• 657 BCE – Byzantium founded by Greeks.
• 513 BCE – City taken by Persians under the rule of
  Darius the Great.^[1]
• 479 BCE – Spartans take control of Byzantium from the Persians following their victory at the Battle of Plataea.^[1]
• 411 BCE – Captured by Sparta.
• 408 BCE – Captured by Athens.
• 340 BCE – Besieged unsuccessfully by the forces of Philip II of Macedon.
• 317 BCE – Battle of Byzantium.
• 193 CE
  • Besieged by Septimius Severus.
  • Population: 15,000
• 196 – Captured by Septimius Severus.^[2] Walls demolished and city razed.
• 203
  • Septimius Severus rebuilds the city.
  • Hippodrome built (approximate date).
  • Mese main street built.
  • Baths of Zeuxippus built (approximate date).
  • Walls rebuilt (approximate date).
• 267 – Captured by the
  Herules
  .

4th–15th centuries

• 315 – Hagia Irene church built (approximate date).
• 324
  • 8 November: Constantine renames the city as Constantinoupolis and begins large-scale rebuilding.
  • Serpent Column relocated to Byzantium.
  • Hippodrome enlarged.
  • Population: 20,000
• 328 – 4 November: Constantine dedicates Constantinople as capital.
• 330
  • 11 May: Column of Constantine dedicated.
  • Church of the Holy Apostles built (approximate date).
  • Chora Church
    built (approximate date).
  • Milion erected (approximate date).
• 332
  • 18 May: Free distribution of food to citizens. 80,000 rations a day from 117 distribution points.
• 359 – First urban prefect appointed.
• 360 – 15 February: Great Church of Holy Wisdom inaugurated.
• 362 – Kontoskalion built.
• 365 – City taken by forces of Procopius.^[3]
• 368
  • Valens Aqueduct
    completed.
  • Magnaura palace built (approximate date).
  • Population: 150,000
• 378 – Battle of Constantinople (378): Gothic attack on the city.
• 381 – First Council of Constantinople held in the Hagia Irene church.
• 382
  • Drought.
  • Second line added to the Valens Aqueduct.
• 390 – Obelisk of Theodosius installed.
• 393
  • Forum of Theodosius rebuilt.
  • Column of Theodosius erected.
  • Arch of Theodosius completed.
  • Population: 200,000
• 395 – Earthquake (approximate date).
• 400 – City occupied by the rebel forces of Gainas for several months.
• 401 – Construction of the Column of Arcadius begins.
• 403
  • Forum of Arcadius built.
  • Column of Aelia Eudoxia erected.
  • Earthquake.
• 407 – 1 April: Earthquake.
• 413 – Theodosian Walls built.
• 415 – 10 October: Church of Theodosius II inaugurated.
• 420 – Palace of Lausus built (approximate date).
• 421 – Cistern of Aetius built.
• 425 – 27 February:
  Pandidakterion school founded by emperor Theodosius II
  .
• 428 – Theodosius Cistern built (approximate date).
• 430 – Palace of Antiochos built.
• 433 – August: Fire destroys buildings along the Golden Horn.
• 437 – 25 September: Constantinian and Theodosian Walls damaged by an earthquake.
• 439 – Boukoleon Palace built (approximate date).
• 440 –
  Saint Andrew in Krisei
  built (approximate date).
• 447
  • 26 January: Walls damaged by an earthquake.
  • Walls rebuilt in 60 days by 16,000 workers under praetorian prefect Constantinus.
  • 6 November: Constantinian and Theodosian Walls damaged by an earthquake.
• 450
  • Column of Marcian erected (approximate date).
  • Church of St. Mary of Blachernae
    built.
• 459
  • Construction of the Cistern of Aspar begins.
  • Augustaion rebuilt.
• 462 – Monastery of Stoudios founded.
• 464 – September: Fire begins in the dockyards of the Golden Horn and damages eight of the city's fourteen regions.
• 473 – Imperial Library of Constantinople burned.
• 476 – Basilica Cistern rebuilt (approximate date).
• 478 – 25 September: Walls damaged by an earthquake.
• 498 – Riot by the Greens damages the Hippodrome and surrounding area.
• 500
  • Cistern of Mocius built (approximate date).
  • Palace of Blachernae built (approximate date).
  • Byzantine structure that would become the Balaban Aga Mosque built (approximate date).
• 524 – Church of St. Polyeuctus built.
• 527 – Construction of the Church of the Saints Sergius and Bacchus begins.
• 532
  • January: Nika riots.
  • 23 February: Construction of the Hagia Sophia church begins.
  • Basilica Cistern rebuilt and enlarged.
• 533 – Earthquake.
• 536 – Church of the Saints Sergius and Bacchus finished.
• 537
  • 26 December: Hagia Sophia completed.
  • Population: 300,000–500,000
• 541 – Plague of Justinian kills 40% of the population.
• 543 – Column of Justinian erected.
• 545 – Wheat and wine shortage.
• 548 – Hagia Irene rebuilt.
• 550 – 28 June: Church of the Holy Apostles rebuilt.
• 553 – Second Council of Constantinople held.
• 554 – 16 August: 554 Anatolia earthquake.
• 555 – May–July: Bread shortage.
• 557 – 14 December: 557 Constantinople earthquake destroys large parts of the city.
• 558 – February–July: Re-occurrence of the plague of Justinian.
• 560 – Monastery of the Mother of God at the Spring built.
• 562 – November: Drought.
• 570
  • Chrysotriklinos built by emperor Justin II (approximate date).
  • Orphanage of Saint Paul founded (approximate date).
• 573–574 – Re-occurrence of the plague of Justinian.
• 575 – Kontoskalion harbor deepened and enlarged.
• 576 – Valens Aqueduct repaired and expanded.
• 582 – Famine.
• 586 – Re-occurrence of the plague of Justinian.
• 599 – Re-occurrence of the plague of Justinian.
• 626 – Siege of Constantinople (626) by Avars, Slavs and Sassanian Persians.
• 674–678 –
  Siege of Constantinople (674–78)
  .
• 680 – Third Council of Constantinople held.
• 690 – Hall of Justinianos built by emperor Justinian II (approximate date).
• 692 – Quinisext Council held.
• 698 – Outbreak of plague.
• 717–718 –
  Siege of Constantinople (717–18)
  .
• 740 – October 26: 740 Constantinople earthquake.
• 747 – Outbreak of plague.
• 753 – Hagia Irene rebuilt.
• 758 – Drought.
• 766 – Valens Aqueduct restored.
• 769 – Church of the Virgin of the Pharos in existence.
• 813 – City besieged by Bulgarian forces.
• 821 – City besieged by forces of Thomas the Slav.
• 860 – Siege of Constantinople (860).
• 869 – A portion of the walls collapses in an earthquake.
• 870 – Fourth Council of Constantinople (Catholic Church) held.
• 880
  • Fourth Council of Constantinople (Eastern Orthodox) held.
  • 1 May: Nea Ekklesia built.
• 907 –
  Siege of Constantinople (907)
  .
• 908 – Lips Monastery built.
• 920 – Myrelaion built.
• 922 – Battle of Constantinople (922).
• 941 –
  Siege of Constantinople (941)
  .
• 971 – Church of Christ of the Chalke built by emperor John I Tzimiskes.
• 1000 – Hagios Theodoros built (approximate date).
• 1030 – Monastery of St. Mary Peribleptos built by emperor Romanos III Argyros.
• 1045 – Monastery of St. George of Mangana built (approximate date).
• 1047 – September: Siege by rebels under Leo Tornikios.
• 1049 — Theotokos Euergetis Monastery founded.
• 1059 – Saint Thekla of the Palace of Blachernae built.
• 1060 – Pammakaristos Church built (approximate date).
• 1081 – Chora Church rebuilt.
• 1087 – Monastery of Christ Pantepoptes built.
• 1100
  • Paper in use.^[4]
  • Saint John the Forerunner by-the-Dome built.
• 1110
  • Kecharitomene Monastery built.
  • Maiden's Tower built.
• 1136 – Monastery of the Pantocrator completed.
• 1147 – September: Battle of Constantinople (1147)
• 1181 – 2 May: Uprising of Maria Komnene against the rule of Alexios Komnenos suppressed.
• 1182 – April: Massacre of the Latins.
• 1197 – 25 July: Fire destroys the Latin Quarter and other buildings.
• 1200 – Theotokos Kyriotissa built (approximate date).
• 1203 – Siege of Constantinople (1203) by the Fourth Crusade, in which Alexius IV was able to usurp the throne after Alexius III fled to Thrace.
• 1204 – April:
  Siege of Constantinople (1204) by the Fourth Crusade
  , in which the Byzantines were overwhelmed and the city thoroughly sacked.
• 1235 – Siege of Constantinople (1235).
• 1260 – Siege of Constantinople (1260).
• 1261
  • 25 July: Captured by Nicaean forces under Alexios Strategopoulos.
  • Population: 35,000
• 1268 – Kyra Martha nunnery founded.
• 1289 – June: Earthquake.
• 1304 – South Church of Lips Monastery built.
• 1307 – Monastery of Christ Philanthropos built.
• 1325 – Church of San Domenico built.
• 1332 – 17 January: Earthquake.
• 1347
  • 14 October: Earthquake.
  • 18 October: Earthquake.
• 1348
  • Galata Tower built.
  • Population: 80,000
• 1351 – 28 May: Fifth Council of Constantinople completed.
• 1376 – City besieged by forces of Andronikos IV Palaiologos.
• 1394
  • Blockade of the city begun by Ottoman forces under Bayezid I.
  • Anadoluhisarı fortress built.

15th–18th centuries

• 1402
  • Ottoman blockade lifted.
  • Earthquake.
• 1410 – June: Battle of Kosmidion.
• 1411 – Siege of Constantinople (1411).
• 1422 – Siege of Constantinople (1422).
• 1427 – Church of Saint Benoit built.
• 1437
  • 4 September: Earthquake.
  • 25 November: Earthquake.
• 1452 – Rumelihisarı fortress built.
• 1453
  • 6 April-29 May: Final Siege of Constantinople; City besieged by Ottoman forces; Mehmed II in power.
  • Capital of the Ottoman Empire relocated to Constantinople from Edirne.^[5]
  • Hagia Sophia (converted from Orthodox cathedral to mosque) in use.^[6]
  • Medrese predecessor of Istanbul University
    established.
  • Population: 40,000–50,000
• 1454
  • 18 April: Treaty of Constantinople (1454)
  • Imperial Arsenal established.
  • Phanar Greek Orthodox College founded.
  • Ağa hamamı built.^{[citation needed]}
• 1458
  • Yedikule Fortress built.
  • Eyüp Sultan Mosque built.
• 1460 – Grand Bazaar built (approximate date).^[7]
• 1465 – Topkapı Palace construction begins.
• 1467 – Turkish State Mint established.
• 1470
  • Fatih Mosque built.
  • Sahn-ı Seman Medrese established.
• 1471 – Rum Mehmed Pasha Mosque built.
• 1472 – Tiled Kiosk built.
• 1478 – Galata Mosque in use.
• 1479 – 25 January: Treaty of Constantinople (1479)
• 1481 – Galatasaray High School established.
• 1488 – Complex of Sultan Bayezid II built.
• 1491 – Firuz Agha Mosque built in Fatih.
• 1497 – Gazi Atik Ali Pasha Mosque built.
• 1505 – İskender Pasha Mosque, Fatih built (approximate date).
• 1506 – Bayezid II Mosque built.
• 1509 – 1509 Constantinople earthquake.^[6]
• 1512 – Vasat Atik Ali Pasha Mosque built.
• 1520 – Suleiman the Magnificent becomes Sultan of the Ottoman Empire.
• 1521 – Ibrahim Pasha Palace in use.
• 1528 – Yavuz Selim Mosque built.
• 1531 – Piri Mehmed Pasha Mosque built.
• 1533 – 22 July:
  Treaty of Constantinople (1533)
  .
• 1535 – French embassy established.
• 1539 – Haseki Sultan Complex built.
• 1541 – Tomb of Hayreddin Barbarossa built.
• 1542 – Defterdar Mosque built.
• 1548
  • Mihrimah Sultan Mosque (Üsküdar)
    built.
  • Şehzade Mosque built.
• 1550
  • Mosque with the Spiral Minaret
    built.
  • Yavuz Sultan Selim Madras
    built.
• 1551 – Hadim Ibrahim Pasha Mosque built.
• 1554 – Coffee house in business.^[8]
• 1555 – November/December: Sinan Pasha Mosque (Istanbul) built.
• 1556 –
  Bath-house of Haseki Hurrem Sultan
  built.
• 1557
  • Süleymaniye Mosque built.
  • Süleymaniye Hamam bath built.
• 1559 –
  Caferağa Medresseh
  built.
• 1560 – İskender Pasha Mosque, Kanlıca built.
• 1563 – Rüstem Pasha Mosque built.
• 1567 –
  Sokollu Mehmed Pasha Mosque (Büyükçekmece)
  built.
• 1570 –
  Mihrimah Sultan Mosque (Edirnekapı)
  built.
• 1571 –
  Sokollu Mehmed Pasha Mosque (Kadırga)
  built.
• 1572 – Kara Ahmed Pasha Mosque built.
• 1573 – Piyale Pasha Mosque built.
• 1577 –
  Observatory of Taqi al-Din
  built.
• 1578 –
  Sokollu Mehmed Pasha Mosque (Azapkapı)
  built.
• 1580 – Kılıç Ali Pasha Complex built.
• 1581 – Şemsi Pasha Mosque built.
• 1583 – 26 March: First British ambassador to Constantinople arrives.
• 1584
  • Çemberlitaş Hamamı (bath) built.
  • Molla Çelebi Mosque built.
  • Church of St. Mary Draperis, Istanbul established.
• 1586
  • Atik Valide Mosque built.
  • Mesih Mehmed Pasha Mosque built.
• 1590
  • 21 March: Treaty of Constantinople (1590).
  • Zal Mahmud Pasha Mosque built.
• 1604 – Church of SS Peter and Paul, Istanbul built.
• 1612 – 20 November: Treaty of Nasuh Pasha.
• 1613 –
  Aynalıkavak Palace
  built.
• 1615 – Cossack raid on Istanbul (1615)
• 1616 –
  Sultan Ahmed Mosque
  built.
• 1620 – Cossack raid on Istanbul (1620)
• 1624 – Cossack raids on Istanbul (1624)
• 1648 – Atmeydanı incident.
• 1656 – 26 February: Çınar incident.
• 1660
  • 24–26 July: Great Fire of 1660.
  • New Bazaar built.
• 1665 –
  Valide Sultan Mosque
  built.
• 1678 – Church of St. Mary Draperis rebuilt.
• 1700 – 13 July: Treaty of Constantinople (1700).
• 1710 – Yeni Valide Mosque built.
• 1728 – Fountain of Ahmed III built.
• 1729 – Fountain of Ahmed III (Üsküdar) built.
• 1730 – 20 September: Patrona Halil rebellion.
• 1732 – Tophane Fountain built.
• 1736 – 24 September: Treaty of Constantinople (1736).
• 1742 – 15 April: Apostolic Vicariate of Constantinople established.
• 1746 – Kalenderhane Mosque consecrated.
• 1753 – Yedikule Hospital founded.
• 1755 – Nuruosmaniye Mosque built.
• 1758 – Şemsipaşa Primary School established.
• 1763 – Laleli Mosque built.
• 1766 – Earthquake.
• 1769 – Zeynep Sultan Mosque built.
• 1771 – Fatih Mosque rebuilt.
• 1773 –
  Naval Engineering at Golden Horn Naval Shipyard
  college founded.
• 1774 – Rami Barracks built.
• 1781 – Emirgan Mosque built.
• 1793 – Balıklı Greek Hospital rebuilt.
• 1795
  • Imperial School of Military Engineering established.
  • Mühendishane-i Berri Hümayun printing house established.

19th century

• 1800 – Eyüp Sultan Mosque rebuilt.
• 1801 –
  Big Selimiye Mosque
  built.
• 1806 – Taksim Military Barracks built.
• 1807 – 29 May:
  Coup of 1807
  .
• 1808 – 28 July:
  Coup of 1808
  .
• 1813 – Hidayet Mosque built.
• 1814 – Sultan Mahmut Fountain built.
• 1821 – Constantinople massacre of 1821.
• 1825 – Pangaltı Mkhitaryan School established.
• 1826
  • 15 June: Auspicious Incident.
  • Nusretiye Mosque built.
• 1828
  • 6 February: Selimiye Barracks built.
  • Beyazıt Tower built.
• 1831 – October: Takvim-i Vekayi newspaper established.
• 1832
  • February: Treaty of Constantinople (1832).
  • Beylerbeyi Palace Tunnel built.
  • Davutpaşa Barracks built.
• 1833 – 8 July: Treaty of Hünkâr İskelesi.
• 1834
  • Military Academy established.
  • 31 May: Surp Pırgiç Armenian Hospital opened.
• 1836 – 3 September: Hayratiye Bridge built.
• 1837 – Surp Agop Hospital opened.
• 1843 – Church of SS Peter and Paul rebuilt.
• 1844 – Naum Theatre opened.
• 1845
  • Galata Bridge built.
  • 21 September: Mekteb-i Fünun-ı İdadiye military high school established.
• 1846
  • Cathedral of the Holy Spirit built.
  • 1 July: Armenian Evangelical Church established.
  • 23 July: House of Multiple Sciences established (predecessor of Istanbul University).
• 1848
  • Küçük Mecidiye Mosque built.
  • Nusretiye Clock Tower built.
  • Ottoman Military College established.
• 1849 – 9 October: Bulgarian St. Stephen Church inaugurated.
• 1850
  • 21 March: Istanbul Girls High School inaugurated.
  • 22 March:
    Cağaloğlu Anadolu Lisesi
    established.
• 1851
  • Hırka-i Şerif Mosque built.
  • Emirgan Pier opened.
• 1852
  • Taşkışla houses built.
  • Taksim German Hospital founded.
• 1853 – Üsküdar Ferry Terminal opened.
• 1854 – Teşvikiye Mosque built.
• 1855
  • Ihlamur Palace
    built.
  • Dolmabahçe Mosque built.
• 1856
  • 27 November: Lycée Notre Dame de Sion Istanbul established.
  • Dolmabahçe Palace built in Beşiktaş.
  • Ortaköy Mosque built.
  • Ottoman Bank founded.
  • Fenerbahçe Lighthouse built.
• 1857
  • Küçüksu Palace
    built.
  • Ahırkapı Feneri
    lighthouse built.
• 1859
  • 12 February: Mekteb-i Mülkiye-i Şahane college established.
  • Şişli Greek Orthodox Cemetery founded.
• 1861
  • 14 April: Bulgarian Catholic Apostolic Vicariate of Constantinople established.
  • Adile Sultan Palace built.
  • Al-Jawâ'ib begins publication.
  • Liceo Italiano di Istanbul founded.
• 1862 – Tekel tobacco company founded.
• 1863
  • 16 September: Robert College opened.
  • First painting exhibition sponsored by Sultan
    Abdülaziz
    .
• 1865
  • Beylerbeyi Palace built.
  • Altunizade Mosque built.
• 1866 – Gedikpaşa Tiyatrosu theatre established.
• 1867 – Çırağan Palace built.
• 1868
  • 1 April: Court of Cassation established.
  • 1 May: Deutsche Schule Istanbul founded.
  • Kandilli Observatory established.
  • Galatasaray Museum established.
• 1870
  • June 5: Fire in Pera.^[9]
  • 24 November:
    Diyojen
    magazine founded.
  • Malta Kiosk built.
• 1871
  • Feriye Palace built.
  • American College for Girls established in Arnavutköy.^[6]
• 1872
  • Pertevniyal Valide Sultan Mosque built.
  • Haydarpaşa railway station opened.
  • Pertevniyal High School founded.
  • El Tiempo Ladino-language newspaper founded.
  • 22 July:
    • Bakırköy railway station opened.
    • Küçükçekmece railway station opened.
  • 27 July: Sirkeci railway station opened.
  • 22 September:
    • Bostancı railway station opened.
    • Erenköy railway station opened.
    • Feneryolu railway station opened.
    • Kartal railway station opened.
    • Küçükyalı railway station opened.
• 1873
  • 27 April: Fenerbahçe railway station opened.
  • Darüşşafaka High School founded.
• 1874 – Population: 827,750
• 1875
  • 17 January:
    • Beyoğlu (Tünel) railway station opened.
    • Karaköy (Tünel) railway station opened.
  • Esma Sultan Mansion built.
• 1876
  • 3 January: Akhtar Persian-language magazine established.
  • Muharrir
    magazine established.
  • Üsküdar American Academy founded.
  • Göztepe railway station built.
• 1877 – 18 December: Central Committee for Defending Albanian Rights formed.
• 1878
  • 26 June: Tercüman-ı Hakikat newspaper first published.
  • Istanbul Bar Association established.
• 1879
  • 12 October:
    Society for the Publication of Albanian Writings
    formed.
• 1880
  • 14 September:
    Hagia Triada Greek Orthodox Church, Istanbul
    built.
  • Yıldız Palace built.
• 1882
  • Palazzo Corpi built.
  • Ottoman Public Debt Administration building constructed.
  • School of Fine Arts established.
  • Numune-i Terakki school founded.
  • 14 January: Istanbul Chamber of Commerce established.
• 1883
  • School of Economics established.^[6]
  • Orient Express (Paris–Istanbul) begins operating.
  • Drita Albanian magazine begins publishing.
• 1886
  • 1 September: Getronagan Armenian High School established.
  • Yıldız Hamidiye Mosque built.
• 1887
  • Ertuğrul Tekke Mosque built.
  • Hidayet Mosque rebuilt.
• 1890
  • Yıldız Clock Tower built.
  • Kum Kapu demonstration.
  • Tekel Birası brewery established.
• 1891 – 13 June:
  Imperial Museum
  founded.
• 1892
  • Pera Palace Hotel built.
  • Mekteb-i Aşiret-i Humayun school established.
• 1893 – Zografeion Lyceum inaugurated.
• 1894
  • 10 July: an earthquake in the Gulf of İzmit kills about 1,349 people.^[10]
  • Pando's Creamery in business.^[11]
• 1895
  • Dolmabahçe Clock Tower built.
  • Russian Archaeological Institute of Constantinople established.
  • Lycée Sainte-Euphémie
    established.
• 1896
  • 1 January: Kurtuluş S.K. founded.
  • 26 August: Occupation of the Ottoman Bank.
• 1897
  • Treaty of Constantinople (1897).
  • Istanbul Naval Museum established.
  • Tokatlıyan Hotels built.
• 1899 – 20 April: Port of Haydarpaşa opened.

20th century

• 1900 – Port of Istanbul opened.
• 1901
  • 27 January: German Fountain inaugurated.
  • Ulus Sephardi Jewish Cemetery established.
• 1903
  • 4 March: Beşiktaş J.K. founded.
  • Moda F.C. founded.
• 1904
  • Istanbul Football League established.
  • Elpis F.C. founded.
  • HMS Imogene F.C. founded.
• 1905
  • 21 July:
    Yıldız assassination attempt
    .
  • 30 October: Galatasaray S.K. founded.
• 1907
  • 3 May: Fenerbahçe S.K. (football) founded.
  • Khedive Palace
    built.
  • Etfal Hospital Clock Tower built.
• 1908
  • Istanbul declared a province with nine constituent districts.
  • Ottoman National Olympic Society
    founded.
  • Şükrü Saracoğlu Stadium inaugurated.
  • Kabataş Erkek Lisesi
    established.
  • Karagöz magazine established.
  • Osmanischer Lloyd established.
  • Demet magazine established.
  • Jamanak Armenian-language newspaper established.
  • El Gugeton
    Ladino-language newspaper established.
  • Vefa S.K. founded.
  • Beykoz S.K.D. founded.
  • Üsküdar Anadolu S.K. founded.
  • Strugglers F.C. founded.
• 1909
  • 31 March Incident
  • National Bank of Turkey established.
  • Scouting and Guiding Federation of Turkey predecessor formed.
  • Al-Muntada al-Adabi formed.
  • Shehbal
    magazine founded.
  • Altınordu İdman Yurdu S.K.
    founded.
• 1910
  • Mısır Apartment built.
  • Suadiye railway station opened.
  • Hamevasser newspaper established.
  • Apikoğlu company founded.
  • 22 April: Hikmet magazine established.
• 1911
  • Yıldız Technical University established.
  • Istanbul International Community School established.
  • Erenköy Girls High School established.
  • Marmnamarz sports magazine begins publishing.
  • Küçükçekmece S.K. founded.
  • Beylerbeyi S.K. founded.
  • Rumblers F.C. founded.
  • 11 June: Greek Byzantine Catholic Church established.
  • 23 July: Monument of Liberty, Istanbul completed.
• 1912
  • İnterbank moves to Constantinople.
  • Church of St. Anthony of Padua, Istanbul built.
  • Gülhane Park opens.
  • Orfeon Records established.
  • Istanbul Friday League established.
  • Hilal S.K. founded.
  • Telefoncular F.C. founded.
  • 25 March: Turkish Hearths founded.
• 1913
  • 23 January: 1913 Ottoman coup d'état.
  • 29 September: Treaty of Constantinople
  • Turkish and Islamic Arts Museum opens.^[12]
  • Bebek Mosque built.
  • Veliefendi Race Course opened.
  • Anadolu Hisarı İdman Yurdu S.K. founded.
• 1914
  • Population: 1,125,000
  • 25 January: Electric tram line begins operating on the European side.
  • 11 February: Silahtarağa Power Station opened.
  • 28 June: Darülbedayi founded.
  • Metrohan Building built.
  • Darülbedayi theatre founded.
  • Istanbul Championship League established.
  • Beyoğlu S.K.
    established.
• 1915
  • 24 April: Deportation of Armenian intellectuals on 24 April 1915.
  • 15 June:
    The 20 Hunchakian gallows hanging occurs in Beyazıt Square
    .
  • Göztepe railway station rebuilt.
• 1916
  • Aviation Martyrs' Monument completed.
  • Kandilli Anatolian High School for Girls established.
• 1917 – Darülelhan conservatory established.
• 1918
  • 13 November:
    Occupation of Constantinople by Allied forces begins, per Armistice of Mudros.^[13]
  • November: Karakol society founded against the occupation of Constantinople.
• 1919
  • Sultanahmet demonstrations.
  • Sultanahmet Jail built.
  • Eyüpspor founded.
• 1920 – 5 March: Green Crescent established.
• 1921
  • 15 January: Kasımpaşa S.K. founded.
  • Taksim Stadium established.
  • Istanbul Men's Volleyball League established.
• 1922 – Tayyare Apartments built.
• 1923
  • 4 October:
    Republic of Turkey
    takes control.
  • 13 October: Turkish capital relocated from Istanbul to Ankara.^[2]
  • Vatan newspaper established.
  • Istanbul Maltepespor founded.
• 1924
  • 7 May: Cumhuriyet newspaper established.
  • 15 October: Bakırköy Psychiatric Hospital founded.
  • Airport opened in Yeşilköy
    .
  • Emek (movie theater) opened.
• 1925 – 12 July: Apoyevmatini Greek-language newspaper founded.
• 1926
  • 4 January: İstanbulspor founded.
  • Istanbul 4th Vakıf Han built.
  • Fatih Karagümrük S.K. founded.
• 1927
  • 6 March: Süreyya Opera House opened.
  • Istanbul Basketball League established.
  • Feriköy S.K. founded.
• 1928
  • Electric tram line begins operating on the Asian side.
  • Paşakapısı Prison established.
• 1929 – Istanbul Medical Chamber founded.
• 1930
  • City renamed "Istanbul".^[14]
  • Istanbul Shield established.
• 1931 – Italian Synagogue established.
• 1932 – Fil Bridge built.
• 1933
  • 1 August: Istanbul University established.^[6]
  • October: Güneş S.K. founded.
  • Istanbul Zoology Museum established.
• 1934 – 26 September: Haydarpaşa High School established.
• 1936 –
  • Istanbul University Observatory established.
  • Beşiktaş Atatürk Anadolu Lisesi
    high school founded.
• 1938 – 10 November: Death of Atatürk.
• 1940
  • 31 August: Marmara (newspaper) Armenian-language newspaper begins publishing.
  • Berlin–Baghdad railway begins operating.
  • Atatürk Bridge built.
  • Sarıyer S.K. founded.
  • Taksim S.K. founded.
  • Population: 789,346.^[2]
• 1942 –
  • VitrA (sanitaryware) company established.
  • Istanbul Football Cup established.
• 1943 –
  Taksim Gezi Park
  built.
• 1944
  • 22 February: Ülker company established.
  • Faculty of Arts and Sciences Building, Istanbul University built.
  • Yıldız Holding established.
• 1945
  • Population: 860,558.^[15]
  • Ali Sami Yen Stadium built.
  • Beyti (Istanbul) restaurant founded.
  • Aşiyan Museum established.
  • Yıldırım Bosna S.K. founded.
• 1946
  • Cezmi Or Memorial established.
  • Modaspor (basketball) founded.
• 1947
  • 19 May: İnönü Stadium opens in Beşiktaş.
  • 9 August: Cemil Topuzlu Open-Air Theatre opened.
  • 29 October: Şalom begins publishing.
• 1948
  • 1 May: Hürriyet newspaper begins publishing.
  • Bütün Dünya periodical begins publishing.
• 1949
  • 3 June: Istanbul Lütfi Kırdar International Convention and Exhibition Center opened.
  • 18 August: Kartal S.K. founded.
  • Şişli Mosque built.
  • İstanbul newspaper begins publishing.
  • Bakırköyspor founded.
• 1950
  • Population: 1,000,022.^[6]
  • 3 May: Milliyet begins publishing.
  • Hünkar (restaurant) established.
  • Pendikspor founded.
  • Paşabahçe S.K. founded.
  • Alibeyköy S.K. founded.
• 1951
  • 25 March: Neve Shalom Synagogue inaugurated.
  • Ismet Baba Fish Restaurant established.
• 1952
  • 9 March: ITU TV broadcast. First Turkish television broadcast.
  • Türk Ticaret Bankası relocated to Istanbul.
• 1953
  • 1 March: ITU School of Mines established.
  • Tiled Kiosk opens as a museum.
  • Zeytinburnuspor founded.
• 1954
  • Arçelik company established.
  • Alarko Holding company established.
  • Migros Türk
    company established.
  • İçmeler railway station opened.
  • Akbank moves to Istanbul.
  • Tuzlaspor founded.
• 1955
  • 10 June: Hilton Istanbul Bosphorus opened.
  • 6–7 September: Istanbul pogrom.
  • 4 December:
    • Cankurtaran railway station opened.
    • Florya railway station opened.
    • Kazlıçeşme railway station opened.
    • Yenimahalle railway station opened.
    • Zeytinburnu railway station opened.
  • Beko company founded.
  • Kadıköy Anadolu Lisesi
    founded.
  • Adam Mickiewicz Museum, Istanbul founded.
  • Küçükçekmece railway station rebuilt.
  • Istanbul Women's Volleyball League established.
• 1956
  • Divan Istanbul built.
  • Demirören Group founded.
  • Tekfen Construction and Installation founded.
  • Tabanlıoğlu Architects founded.
  • Yeşilyurt Women's Volleyball Team
    founded.
• 1957
  • Enka İnşaat ve Sanayi A.Ş. company founded.
  • Pudding Shop restaurant opened.
• 1958
  • Birleşik Fon Bankası founded.
  • Banks Association of Turkey founded.
  • Küçük Emek cinema opens.^[16]
• 1959
  • Beşiktaş Anadolu Lisesi
    founded.
  • Sait Faik Abasıyanık Museum opened.
  • Karaköy Pier opened.
  • Güzelyalı railway station opened.
  • Bayrampaşaspor
    founded.
• 1960
  • Erler Film company founded.
  • Ekonomist magazine founded.
• 1961
  • March: Hürriyet Daily News founded.
  • Yenibosna S.K. founded.
• 1962
  • E.C.A. Elginkan Anadolu Lisesi founded.
  • Telsiz ve Radyo Amatörleri Cemiyeti
    founded.
• 1963 – Gaziosmanpaşaspor founded.
• 1964
  • Askam (trucks) company founded.
  • Harbiye Muhsin Ertuğrul Stage opens.
• 1965
  • Population: 2,293,823 (
    Eyüp, Fatih, Gaziosmanpaşa, Kadıköy, Kartal, Sarıyer, Silivri, Şile, Şişli, Üsküdar, Yalova, and Zeytinburnu).^[17]
  • Yapı Merkezi company founded.
• 1966 – İdealtepe railway station opened.
• 1967
  • 15 June:
    Confederation of Progressive Trade Unions of Turkey
    holds first meeting.
  • Kaynarca railway station opened.
  • Moğollar established.
• 1968
  • Yedikule Anadolu Lisesi
    founded.
  • Küçükköyspor founded.
• 1969
  • 17 January: Vehbi Koç Foundation established.
  • 16 February: Bloody Sunday (1969).
  • 12 April: Atatürk Cultural Center dedicated.
  • Efes Beverage Group established.
• 1970
  • Eyüboğlu High School founded.
  • 22 April: Türkiye newspaper begins publishing.
• 1971
  • 2 November: Beyoğlu station re-opened after reconstruction.
  • Turkish Industry and Business Association established.
  • Turkish Society for Electron Microscopy established.
• 1972 – Desa company established.
• 1973
  • 12 January: Millî Gazete begins publishing.
  • 19 April: Dostluk S.K. founded.
  • Bosphorus Bridge built.
  • Ömerli Dam built.
  • 50th Anniversary of the Republic Sculptures erected.
  • Istanbul International Music Festival begins.
  • Istanbul Foundation for Culture and Arts established.
• 1974
  • 10 September: Haliç Bridge opened.
  • Derimod company founded.
• 1975
  • 30 January: Turkish Airlines Flight 345 crash.
  • Çukurova (construction firm) established.
  • Istanbul Technical University Turkish Music State Conservatory founded.
• 1976
  • Muhammad Maarifi Mosque built.
  • Çamlıca TRT Television Tower built.
  • Polin Waterparks company founded.
• 1977
  • 1 May: Taksim Square massacre.
• 1978 – December: Kadınca women's magazine begins publishing.
• 1979 – Istanbul Marathon begins.
• 1980
  • 14 October: Sadberk Hanım Museum opened.
  • Cengiz Holding established.
  • Bogazici University Sports Fest
    founded.
• 1981
  • 2 March: Dünya founded.
  • Koçbank founded.
  • Can Yayınları publishing company founded.
  • Metris Prison established.
• 1982
  • 19 February: Güneş founded.
  • International Istanbul Film Festival begins.
  • Istanbul Book Fair inaugurated.
  • Atatürk High School of Science, Istanbul established.
  • World Trade Center Istanbul established.
  • Timas Publishing Group established.
  • İletişim Yayınları publishing company established.
  • Kaynak Yayınları publishing company established.
  • Malta Kiosk restored and re-opened.
  • Ezginin Günlüğü band formed.
• 1983
  • ITU Mustafa Inan Library opened.
  • Enka SK founded.
  • İstanbul Güngörenspor founded.
• 1984
  • March:
    Hotel Yeşil Ev
    established.
  • March 23: Municipality of Greater Istanbul established.
  • Population: 2,951,000 (estimate).^[18]
• 1986 – 6 September: Neve Shalom Synagogue massacre. Gunmen kill 22 Jews in an attack orchestrated by Palestinian militant Abu Nidal.
• 1987
  • The
    districts of Büyükçekmece, Kağıthane, Küçükçekmece, Pendik and Ümraniye are created.^[19]
  • 1 October: Galleria Ataköy opened.
• 1988
  • 9 May: TGC Press Media Museum established.
  • 3 July: Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge built.
  • Koç School opened.
• 1989
  • 3 September: Istanbul Metro begins operating.
  • Kadıköy Haldun Taner Stage in use.
• 1990
  • İstanbul Başakşehir F.K. established.
  • The district of Bayrampaşa is created.^[20]
• 1991 – Swissôtel The Bosphorus opened.
• 1992
  • 1 March: Neve Shalom Synagogue bomb attack. No casualties or damage.
  • The districts of Avcılar, Bağcılar, Bahçelievler, Güngören, Maltepe, Sultanbeyli, and Tuzla are created.^[21]
  • 13 June: T1 (Istanbul Tram) line opened.
  • Istanbul Hezarfen Airfield
    opened.
• 1993
  • Sabancı Center built.
  • International Defence Industry Fair established.
  • Akbank Sanat opened.
  • Koç University opened.
  • 6–7 May: 2nd ECO Summit held.
  • 18 December: Akmerkez opened.
  • The district of Esenler is created.^[22]
• 1994
  • 31 October: Istanbul Bilgi University established.
  • December: Galata Bridge rebuilt.
  • Esenler Coach Terminal built.
  • Recep Tayyip Erdoğan becomes mayor of greater Istanbul.
  • Population: 7,615,500 in city (approximate estimate).^[23]
• 1995
  • 12–15 March: Gazi Quarter riots.
  • The district of Yalova is separated from Istanbul Province and Yalova Province is created.^[24]
• 1996
  • United Nations Conference on Human Settlements held.
  • Üsküdar Belediyespor founded.
• 1998 – Ahmet Cömert Sport Hall built.
• 1999
  • 13–14 March: 1999 Istanbul bombings.
  • 26 July – 1 August: 1999 European Aquatics Championships held.
  • The 7.6
    Mercalli intensity
    of IX (Violent), leaving 17,118–17,127 dead and 43,953–50,000 injured in the region.
  • Changa (restaurant) established.

21st century

• 2000
  • Population: 10,018,735.^[25]
  • Tekstilkent Plaza
    built.
  • 6 May: Istanbul Postal Museum established.
  • 26 August: Isbank Tower 1 built.
  • 16 September: M2 (Istanbul Metro) opened.
• 2001
  • Istanbul Sabiha Gökçen International Airport
    opened.
  • 21 September: Tepe Nautilus mall opened.
• 2002
  • Tekfen Tower built.
  • Endem TV Tower built.
  • Sakıp Sabancı Museum opened.
• 2003
  • Istanbul Pride begins.
  • 2 May: Miniatürk opened.
  • November: 2003 Istanbul bombings.^[14]
  • Miniatürk park opens.^[26]
• 2004
  • City boundaries become coterminous with those of
    Istanbul Province
    .
  • Kadir Topbaş becomes mayor of Greater Istanbul.
  • March 9, 2004 attack on Istanbul restaurant
    .
  • 12 and 15 May: Eurovision Song Contest 2004 held.
  • 28–29 June: City hosts 2004 Istanbul summit.^[14]
  • 11 December:
    İstanbul Modern
    museum of art opened.
• 2005 – April: Sabancı Performing Arts Center opens in Tuzla.
• 2006 – 6 June: Kanyon Shopping Mall opened.
• 2007
  • 19 January: Assassination of Hrant Dink.
  • 29 April: Republic Protest.
  • 12 September: T4 (Istanbul Tram) opened.
  • Şişli Plaza built.
  • Süreyya Opera House in Kadıköy.
• 2008
  • The
    districts of Arnavutköy, Ataşehir, Başakşehir, Beylikdüzü, Çekmeköy, Esenyurt, Sancaktepe, and Sultangazi are created. The district Eminönü is abolished and merged into Fatih.^[27]
  • 1 February:
    Istanbul fireworks explosion
    in Davutpaşa.
  • 9 July: 2008 United States consulate in Istanbul attack.
  • 21 July: 70 Million Steps Against Coups.
  • 27 July: 2008 Istanbul bombings.
  • Labour strike in Tuzla.^{[citation needed]}
• 2009
  • 7 May: Şakirin Mosque opened.
  • 17 October: Istanbul Congress Center opened
  • City districts increased from 32 to 39.
  • Istanbul Congress Center built.
  • Depo art space founded.^[28]
• 2010
  • 14 January: Harbiye Muhsin Ertuğrul Stage rebuilt.
  • 28 August – 12 September: 2010 FIBA World Championship held.
  • 31 October: 2010 Istanbul bombing.
  • Baklahorani (carnival) revived.^[29]

• 2011
  • 4 March: Istanbul Sapphire opened.
  • 18 March: Istanbul Shopping Fest inaugurated.
  • July: Istanbul Justice Palace built.
  • 6 October: Ora Arena opened.
• 2012
  • 26 February 2012 Istanbul rally to commemorate the Khojaly massacre held.
  • 17 August: M4 (Istanbul Metro) line opened.
  • Sancaklar Mosque built.
  • MEF University opened.
  • Forensic Science Institute of Turkey opened.
  • Museum of Innocence opens.^[30]
  • Population: 13,854,740.
• 2013
  • 28 May: Gezi Park protests begin in Taksim Square.
  • 14 June: M3 (Istanbul Metro) line opened.
  • 10 October: Zorlu Center opened.
  • 29 October:
    • Marmaray Tunnel phase of the Marmaray project opened for public use.^[31]
    • Ayrılık Çeşmesi railway station opened.
• 2014
  • 15 February: Golden Horn Metro Bridge opened.
  • 1 September: Raffles Istanbul hotel opened.
  • 29 November:
    Bartholomew I and Muslim leaders.^[32]
  • Sancaklar Mosque built in Büyükçekmece.[1]
  • Istanbul Half Marathon established.
• 2015
  • 6 January: 2015 Istanbul suicide bombing.
  • 17 March: 2015 SAHA Istanbul, Defence, Aviation and Space Clustering Association established.^[33]
  • 19 April: M6 (Istanbul Metro) line opened.
  • 26 May: Mehmet Çakır Cultural and Sports Center opened.
  • 1 December:
    2015 Istanbul metro bombing
    .
  • 23 December: 2015 Sabiha Gökçen Airport bombing.
• 2016
  • 12 January: January 2016 Istanbul bombing.
  • 19 March: March 2016 Istanbul bombing.
  • 11 April:
    Vodafone Park
    opened.
  • 7 June: June 2016 Istanbul bombing.
  • 28 June: Istanbul Atatürk Airport attack.
  • 15–16 July:
    2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt
    .
  • 20 August: Beykoz University established.
  • 23 August: Özgürlükçü Demokrasi launched.
  • 26 August: Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge opened.
  • 6 October: October 2016 Istanbul bombing.
  • 10 December: December 2016 Istanbul bombings.
  • 22 December: Eurasia Tunnel opened.
• 2017
  • 1 January:
    2017 Istanbul nightclub shooting
    .
  • 9 July: 2017 March for Justice.
  • 29 October:
    F3 (Istanbul Metro)
    line opened.
  • 15 December: M5 (Istanbul Metro) line opened.
  • Population: 15,029,231 (estimate, urban agglomeration).^[34]
• 2018
  • Saha Expo first held.
  • 20–23 September:
    Teknofest Istanbul
    held.
  • 29 October: Istanbul Airport opened.
  • Prince MBS of Saudi Arabia sends a group of government agents to murder prominent critic, Jamal Khashoggi. His death is just a few days before his sixtieth birthday.^[35]
• 2022
  • 13 November: an explosion on İstiklal Avenue in the Beyoğlu district left at least six people dead and 81 injured.^[36]
• 2024
  • 2024 Istanbul Palace of Justice attack: an armed attack on a police station took place near the Istanbul Justice Palace.

See also

• History of Istanbul
• List of mayors of Istanbul
• List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire, 1450s–1920s
• cities in Turkey: Ankara, Bursa, İzmir

This article incorporates information from the German Wikipedia and Turkish Wikipedia.

Bibliography

Further information (in Turkish): Bibliography of Istanbul ^[tr]

Published in 18th–19th centuries

• Petrus Gyllius; John Ball (1729). Antiquities of Constantinople. London.
• William Hunter (1803), "(Constantinople)", Travels through France, Turkey, and Hungary, to Vienna, in 1792 (3rd ed.), London: J. White,
  OCLC 10321359
• H.A.S. Dearborn (1819), "Constantinople", A Memoir on the Commerce and Navigation of the Black Sea, Boston: Wells & Lilly
• Jedidiah Morse; Richard C. Morse (1823), "Constantinople", A New Universal Gazetteer (4th ed.), New Haven: S. Converse
• Josiah Conder (1830), "Constantinople", Turkey, The Modern Traveller, vol. 14, London: J.Duncan
• John Fuller (1830), "Constantinople", Narrative of a Tour Through Some Parts of the Turkish Empire, John Murray,
  OCLC 15470157
• David Brewster, ed. (1832). "Constantinople".
  hdl:2027/mdp.39015068302770
  .
• Oriental Translation Fund
  .
• Thomas Bartlett (1841). "Constantinople". New Tablet of Memory; or, Chronicle of Remarkable Events. London: Thomas Kelly.
• John Macgregor (1844). "Trade of Constantinople". Commercial Statistics. London: C. Knight and Co.
• "Constantinople", Hand-book for Travellers in the Ionian Islands, Greece, Turkey, Asia Minor, and Constantinople, London:
  OCLC 397597
• Mrs. Edmund Hornby (1858), In and Around Stamboul, Philadelphia: J. Challen & Son,
  OL 7196461M
• Charles Knight, ed. (1866). "Constantinople". Geography.
  hdl:2027/nyp.33433000064794
  .
• "Constantinople", Appleton's European Guide Book, New York: D. Appleton & Co., 1888
• OCLC 150311124

Published in 20th century

• "Constantinople", Chambers's Encyclopaedia, London: W. & R. Chambers, 1901
• Handbook for Travellers in Constantinople, Brûsa, and the Troad, London: J. Murray, 1907
• Guide to Greece, the Archipelago, Constantinople, the Coasts of Asia Minor. London: Macmillan and Co. 1907.
• Demetrius Coufopoulos (1910), Guide to Constantinople (4th ed.), London:
  OL 7046206M
• Benjamin Vincent (1910), "Constantinople",
  Haydn's Dictionary of Dates
  (25th ed.), London: Ward, Lock & Co.
• van Millingen, Alexander (1911). "Constantinople" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). pp. 3–9.
• OL 6561851M
• Francis Whiting Halsey, ed. (1914). "Constantinople". Russia, Scandinavia, and the Southeast. Seeing Europe with Famous Authors. Vol. 10. Funk & Wagnalls Company – via HathiTrust.
• William Harman Black (1920). "Turkey: Constantinople". The Real Europe Pocket Guide-Book. Black's Blue Books. New York: Brentano's.
• Alt-Konstantinopel [Old Constantinople: 110 photographs of the city] (in German), München: Roland-Verlag, 1920,
  OL 25508865M
• Glanville Downey (1960), Constantinople in the Age of Justinian, Centers of Civilization Series, USA: University of Oklahoma Press,
  OL 5800255M
• OCLC 479098
• "Istanbul, the City That Links Europe and Asia", National Geographic, vol. 144, Washington DC, 1973
• J. H. G. Lebon (1970). "Islamic City in the Near East: A Comparative Study of Cairo, Alexandria and Istanbul". Town Planning Review. 41 (2): 179–194.
  JSTOR 40102697
  .
• OL 4178939M
• ISBN 9780719550768
• Trudy Ring, ed. (1996). "Istanbul". Southern Europe. International Dictionary of Historic Places. Vol. 3. Fitzroy Dearborn.
  OCLC 31045650
  .
• Edhem Eldem; et al. (1999), The Ottoman City between East and West: Aleppo, Izmir, and Istanbul, New York: Cambridge University Press,
  ISBN 052164304X

Published in 21st century

• Arzu Öztürkmen (2002). "From Constantinople to Istanbul: Two Sources on the Historical Folklore of a City". Asian Folklore Studies. 61 (2): 271–294.
  JSTOR 1178974
  .
• Europe's Muslim Capital by Philip Mansel in the June 2003 issue of History Today
• Amy Mills (2005). "Narratives in City Landscapes: Cultural Identity in Istanbul". Geographical Review. 95 (3): 441–462.
  S2CID 161748663
  .
• ISBN 978-0-415-96691-7
  .
• ISBN 978-9004153882
  .
• Bruce Stanley (2008), "Istanbul", in Michael R.T. Dumper; Bruce E. Stanley (eds.), Cities of the Middle East and North Africa, Santa Barbara, USA: ABC-CLIO, pp. 180–187,
  ISBN 9781576079195
• Nebahat Avcioğlu (2008). "Istanbul: The Palimpsest City in Search of Its Architext". RES: Anthropology and Aesthetics (53/54): 190–210.
  JSTOR 25608817
  .
• Gabor Agoston; Bruce Alan Masters, eds. (2009). "Istanbul". Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire.
  ISBN 978-1-4381-1025-7
  .
• "Istanbul". Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art & Architecture. Oxford University Press. 2009. pp. 315–330.
  ISBN 9780195309911
  .
• Ebru Boyar (2010), Social history of Ottoman Istanbul, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
  ISBN 9780521199551
• Birge Yildirim (2012), Transformation Of Public Squares Of Istanbul Between 1938—1949 – via International Planning History Society
• Gerhard Böwering, ed. (2013). "Istanbul". Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought.
  ISBN 978-0-691-13484-0
  .

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to History of Istanbul.

• Europeana. Items related to Istanbul, various dates.
• "Istanbul". Islamic Cultural Heritage Database. Istanbul: Organization of Islamic Cooperation, Research Centre for Islamic History, Art and Culture. Archived from the original on 16 May 2013.
• ArchNet. "Istanbul". Archived from the original on 25 February 2012.
• Nil Tuzcu (ed.). "Istanbul Urban Database". Mapping platform ...that blends a wide range of historical data