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Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal सङ्घीय लोकतान्त्रिक गणतन्त्र नेपाल Sanghiya Loktāntrik Ganatantra Nepāl | ||
---|---|---|
Prime Minister Baburam Bhattarai | | |
Unification | ||
• Kingdom declared | 21 December 1768 | |
• State declared | 15 January 2007 | |
• Republic declared | 28 May 2008 | |
NPT) | ||
DST is not observed | ||
Driving side | left | |
Calling code | +977 | |
ISO 3166 code | NP | |
Internet TLD | .np |
Nepal (
Nepal has a rich geography. The mountainous north has eight of the world's ten tallest mountains, including the highest point on Earth, Mount Everest, called Sagarmatha in Nepali. It contains more than 240 peaks over 20,000 ft (6,096 m) above sea level.[9] The fertile and humid south is heavily urbanized.
Hinduism is practised by about 81% of Nepalese - making it the country with the highest percentage of Hindu followers.[10] Buddhism, though a minority faith in the country, is linked historically with Nepal.
A
Etymology
Ne Muni
Local legends say that a Hindu sage named "Ne" established himself in the valley of Kathmandu in prehistoric times and that the word "Nepal" came into existence as the place protected ("pala" in Sanskrit) by the sage "Ne". This folk etymology of the name Nepal means, "the country looked after by Ne".[11]
He is said to have performed religious ceremonies at Teku, at the confluence of the Bagmati and Bishnumati rivers.[12] and to have selected a pious cowherd to be the first of the many kings of the Gopala Dynasty.[11] These rulers are said to have ruled Nepal for over 500 years.[13] He selected Bhuktaman to be the first king in the line of the Gopala (Cowherd) Dynasty.[12] The Gopala dynasty is said to have ruled for 621 years. Yakshya Gupta was the last king of this dynasty.
However, according to the
Nepal Bhasa origin
The word "Nepal" is believed by scholars to be derived from the word "Nepa:" which refers to the
History
It appears that
Ancient
Nepal is first mentioned in the late Vedic text, Atharvaveda Parisista as a place exporting blankets, and in the post-Vedic Atharva Siras Upanisad.
Around 500 BCE, small kingdoms and confederations of clans arose in the southern regions of Nepal. From one of these, the
There is a quite detailed description of the kingdom of Nepal in the account of the renowned Chinese Buddhist pilgrim monk Xuanzang, dating from c. 645 CE.[20][21]
The Licchavi dynasty went into decline in the late eighth century, probably due to Tibetan dominance, and was followed by a
Medieval
In the early 12th century, leaders emerged in far western Nepal whose names ended with the Sanskrit suffix malla ("wrestler"). These kings consolidated their power and ruled over the next 200 years, until the kingdom splintered into two dozen petty states. Another Malla dynasty, beginning with Jayasthiti, emerged in the Kathmandu valley in the late 14th century, and much of central Nepal again came under a unified rule. However, in 1482 the realm was divided into three kingdoms: Kathmandu,
Kingdom of Nepal
In the mid-18th century, Prithvi Narayan Shah, a Gorkha king, set out to put together what would become present-day Nepal. He embarked on his mission after seeking arms and aid from India and buying the neutrality of bordering Indian kingdoms. After several bloody battles and sieges, he managed to conquer the Kathmandu Valley in 1768. A detailed account of Prithvi Narayan Shah's victory was written by Father Giuseppe who was an eyewitness to the war.[22]
In 1788 the Nepalese overran
At its maximum extent,
Rivalry between Nepal and the
Factionalism inside the
The king was made a titular figure, and the post of Prime Minister was made powerful and hereditary. The Ranas were staunchly pro-British and assisted them during the Indian
Slavery was abolished in Nepal in 1924.[24] Nevertheless debt bondage even involving debtors' children has been a persistent social problem in the Terai.
In the late 1940s, newly emerging pro-democracy movements and political parties in Nepal were critical of the Rana autocracy. Meanwhile, with the invasion of Tibet by China in the 1950s, India sought to counterbalance the perceived military threat from its northern neighbour by taking pre-emptive steps to assert more influence in Nepal. India sponsored both King
After years of power wrangling between the king and the government,
In 1996, the
Following the carnage, Birendra's brother Gyanendra inherited the throne. On 1 February 2005, Gyanendra dismissed the entire government and assumed full executive powers to quash the violent Maoist movement,[25] but this initiative was unsuccessful because a stalemate had developed where the Maoists were firmly entrenched in large expanses of countryside yet could not dislodge the military from numerous towns and the largest cities. In September 2005, the Maoists declared a three-month unilateral ceasefire to negotiate.
In response to the
Republic
The
The newly elected Assembly met in Kathmandu on 28 May 2008, and, after a polling of 564 constituent Assembly members, 560 voted to form a new government,
Nonetheless, political tensions and consequent power-sharing battles have continued in Nepal. In May 2009, the Maoist-led government was toppled and another coalition government with all major political parties barring the Maoists was formed.[
Geography
Nepal is of roughly trapezoidal shape, 800 kilometres (497 mi) long and 200 kilometres (124 mi) wide, with an area of 147,181 km2 (56,827 sq mi). See
Nepal is commonly divided into three physiographic areas: Mountain,
The southern lowland plains or Terai bordering India are part of the northern rim of the
The Hill Region (Pahad) abuts the mountains and varies from 800 to 4,000 metres (2,625 to 13,123 ft) in altitude with progression from subtropical climates below 1,200 metres (3,937 ft) to alpine climates above 3,600 metres (11,811 ft). The
The Mountain Region (Parbat), situated in the Great Himalayan Range, makes up the northern part of Nepal. It contains the highest elevations in the world including 8,848 metres (29,029 ft) height
.Nepal has five climatic zones, broadly corresponding to the altitudes. The
Nepal experiences five seasons: summer, monsoon, autumn, winter and spring. The Himalaya blocks cold winds from Central Asia in the winter and forms the northern limit of the monsoon wind patterns. In a land once thickly forested, deforestation is a major problem in all regions, with resulting erosion and degradation of ecosystems.
Nepal is popular for mountaineering, containing some of the highest and most challenging mountains in the world, including Mount Everest. Technically, the south-east ridge on the Nepali side of the mountain is easier to climb; so, most climbers prefer to trek to Everest through Nepal.
Neotectonics
The collision between the
The Indian plate continues to move north relative to Asia at the rate of approximately 50 mm (2.0 in) per year.[38] Given the great magnitudes of the blocks of the Earth's crust involved, this is remarkably fast, about twice the speed at which human fingernails grow. As the strong Indian continental crust subducts beneath the relatively weak Tibetan crust, it pushes up the Himalayan mountains. This collision zone has accommodated huge amounts of crustal shortening as the rock sequences slide one over another. As such Nepal is prone to frequent earthquakes, a major earthquake happening within every 100 years.[39]
Erosion of the Himalayas is a very important source of sediment, which flows via several great rivers (the
Environment
The dramatic differences in elevation found in Nepal result in a variety of
At the lowest elevations is the
Above these elevations, the biogeography of Nepal is generally divided from east to west by the Gandaki River. Ecoregions to the east tend to receive more precipitation and to be more species-rich. Those to the west are drier with fewer species.
From 1,500 to 3,000 metres (4,900 to 9,800 ft), are temperate broadleaf forests: the eastern and western Himalayan broadleaf forests. From 3,000 to 4,000 metres (9,800 to 13,100 ft) are the eastern and western Himalayan subalpine conifer forests. To 5,500 metres (18,000 ft) are the eastern and western Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows.
Subdivisions
Nepal is divided into 14
Government and politics
Nepal has seen rapid political changes during the last two decades. Up until 1990, Nepal was a monarchy under executive control of the King. Faced with a communist movement against absolute monarchy,
Nepal's legislature was
The executive comprised the King and the Council of Ministers (the cabinet). The leader of the coalition or party securing the maximum seats in an election was appointed as the Prime Minister. The Cabinet was appointed by the king on the recommendation of the Prime Minister. Governments in Nepal tended to be highly unstable, falling either through internal collapse or parliamentary dissolution by the monarch, on the recommendation of the prime minister, according to the constitution; no government has survived for more than two years since 1991.
The movement in April 2006 brought about a change in the nation's governance: an interim constitution was promulgated, with the King giving up power, and an interim House of Representatives was formed with Maoist members after the new government held peace talks with the Maoist rebels. The number of parliamentary seats was also increased to 330. In April 2007, the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) joined the interim government of Nepal.
In December 2007, the interim parliament passed a bill making Nepal a federal republic, with a president as head of state. Elections for the constitutional assembly were held on 10 April 2008; the Maoist party led the results but did not achieve a simple majority of seats.
On 26 June, the prime minister Girija Prasad Koirala, who had served as Acting Head of State since January 2007, announced that he would resign on the election of the country's first president by the Constituent Assembly. The first round of voting, on 19 July, saw Parmanand Jha win election as Nepali vice-president, but neither of the contenders for president received the required 298 votes and a second round was held two days later. Ram Baran Yadav of the Nepali Congress party defeated Maoist-backed Ram Raja Prasad Singh with 308 of the 590 votes cast.[43] Koirala submitted his resignation to the new president after Yadav's swearing-in ceremony on 23 July.
On 15 August 2008, Maoist leader
On 27 May 2012, the country's Constituent Assembly failed to meet the deadline for writing a new constitution for the country. Prime Minister Baburam Bhattarai announced that new elections will be held on 22 November. "We have no other option but to go back to the people and elect a new assembly to write the constitution," he said in a nationally televised speech. One of the main obstacles has been disagreement over whether the states which will be created will be based on ethnicity.[47]
Nepal has also been noted for its recent speed of development, such as being one of the few countries in Asia to abolish the death penalty[48] and the first country in Asia to rule in favor of same-sex marriage. The decision was based on a seven-person government committee study, and enacted through Supreme Court's ruling November 2008. The ruling granted full rights for LGBT individuals, including the right to marry.[49]
Military and foreign affairs
Nepal's military consists of the
Nepal has close ties with both of its neighbours, India and China. In accordance with a long-standing treaty, Indian and Nepalese citizens may travel to each other's countries without a passport or visa. Nepalese citizens may work in India without legal restriction. However, since the
Economy
Nepal's gross domestic product (
Nepal’s economic growth continues to be adversely affected by the political uncertainty. Nevertheless, real GDP growth is estimated to increase to almost 5 percent for 2011/2012. This is a considerable improvement from the 3.5 percent GDP growth in 2010/2011 and would be the second highest growth rate in the post-conflict era.[57] Sources of growth include agriculture, construction, financial and other services. The contribution of growth by consumption fueled by remittances has declined since 2010/2011. While remittance growth slowed to 11 percent (in Nepali Rupee terms) in 2010/2011 it has since increased to 37 percent. Remittances are estimated to be equivalent to 25-30 percent of GDP. Inflation has been reduced to a three-year low to 7 percent.[57]
The proportion of poor people has declined substantially in recent years. The percentage of people living below the international poverty line (people earning less than US$1.25 per day) has halved in only seven years.[57] At this measure of poverty the percentage of poor people declined from 53.1% in 2003/2004 to 24.8% in 2010/2011.[57] With a higher poverty line of US$2 dollars per-capita per day, poverty declined by one quarter to 57.3%.[57] However, the income distribution remains grossly uneven.[58]
The spectacular landscape and diverse, exotic cultures of Nepal represent considerable potential for tourism, but growth in this hospitality industry has been stifled by recent political events. In 2009, the number of international tourists visiting Nepal was 509,956.[citation needed] The rate of unemployment and underemployment approaches half of the working-age population. Thus many Nepali citizens move to India in search of work; the Gulf countries and Malaysia being new sources of work. Nepal receives $50 million a year through the Gurkha soldiers who serve in the Indian and British armies and are highly esteemed for their skill and bravery.[citation needed] The total remittance value is worth around $1 billion, including money sent from the Persian Gulf and Malaysia, who combined employ around 700,000 Nepali citizens.[citation needed]
A long-standing economic agreement underpins a close relationship with India. The country receives foreign aid from India, Japan, the UK, the US, the EU, China, Switzerland, and Scandinavian countries. Poverty is acute; per-capita income is around $1,000.[59] The distribution of wealth among the Nepalis is consistent with that in many developed and developing countries: the highest 10% of households control 39.1% of the national wealth and the lowest 10% control only 2.6%.[citation needed]
The government's budget is about $1.153 billion, with expenditure of $1.789 billion (FY05/06). The
Nepal's exports of mainly carpets, clothing, leather goods, jute goods and grain total $822 million. Import commodities of mainly gold, machinery and equipment, petroleum products and fertilizer total US$2 bn. EU (46.13%), the US (17.4%), and Germany (7.1%) are its main export partners. Recently, the European Union has become the largest buyer of Nepali ready made garments (RMG). Exports to the EU accounted for "46.13 percent of the country’s total garment exports".[60] Nepal's import partners include India (47.5%), the United Arab Emirates (11.2%), China (10.7%), Saudi Arabia (4.9%), and Singapore (4%).[citation needed]
Besides having landlocked, rugged geography, few tangible natural resources and poor infrastructure, the ineffective post-1950 government and the long-running civil war is also a factor in stunting the economic growth and development.[61][62][63]
Infrastructure
Energy
The bulk of the energy need is dominated by fuel wood (68%), agricultural waste (15%), animal dung (8%) and imported fossil fuel (8%).[64][65] Except for some lignite deposits, Nepal has no known oil, gas or coal deposits. All commercial fossil fuels (mainly oil and coal) are either imported from India or from international markets routed through India. Fuel imports absorb over one-fourth of Nepal's foreign exchange earnings.[65]
Only about 1% energy need is fulfilled by electricity. Paradoxically, the perennial nature of Nepali rivers and the steep gradient of the country's topography provide ideal conditions for the development of some of the world's largest hydroelectric projects in Nepal. Current estimates put Nepal's economically feasible hydropower potential to be approximately 44,000 MW from 66 hydropower project sites.[65] However, currently Nepal has been able to exploit only about 600 MW from 20 major hydropower plants and a number of small and micro hydropower plants.[64] There are 9 major hydropower plants under construction, and additional 27 sites considered for potential development.[64]
Only about 40% of Nepal's population has access to electricity.[64] Even in this scenario there is a great disparity between urban and rural areas. Electrification rate in urban area is 90 percent where as that in rural area is 5 percent only. The position of power sector remains unsatisfactory because of high tariff, high system losses, high generation costs, high overheads, over staffing and lower domestic demand.[65]
Transport
Nepal remains isolated from the world's major land, air and sea transport routes although, within the country, aviation is in a better state, with 47 airports, 11 of them with paved runways;[66] flights are frequent and support a sizable traffic. The hilly and mountainous terrain in the northern two-thirds of the country has made the building of roads and other infrastructure difficult and expensive. In 2007 there were just over 10,142 km (6,302 mi) of paved roads, and 7,140 km (4,437 mi) of unpaved road, and one 59 km (37 mi) railway line in the south.[66] There is a single reliable road route from India to the Kathmandu Valley.
The only practical seaport of entry for goods bound for Kathmandu is
Communication
While the first telephones lines were introduced in Kathmandu in 1913, it was not until 1955 that telephone lines were distributed to the public. Likewise, both the telegram service and high frequency radio system (AM) were introduced in 1950. The first public telephone exchange was set up in Kathmandu (300 lines CB) in 1962, whereas the first automatic exchange was established in 1965 (1000 lines in Kathmandu). By 1995, Nepal had installed optical fiber network as well; whereas the GSM services were launched in 1999.[67]
According to the Nepal Telecommunication Authority MIS May 2012 report,[68] there are 7 operators and the total voice telephony subscribers including PSTN and mobile are 16,350,946 which give the penetration rate of 61.42%. The fixed telephone service account for 3.20%, mobile for 54.46%, and other services (LM, GMPCS) for 3.76% of the total penetration rate. Twelve months earlier the mobile penetration was 38.31%,[68] so this represents a growth rate of 42.15% for the mobile sector. However, the growth of fixed line telephony has been very low.[69] Similarly, the numbers of subscribers to data/internet services are 4,667,536 which represents 17.53% penetration rate. Most of the data service is accounted by GPRS users. Twelve months earlier the data/internet penetration was 10.05%, thus this represents a growth rate of 74.77%.[68]
Not only has there been strong subscriber growth, especially in the mobile sector, but there was evidence of a clear vision in the sector, including putting a reform process in place and planning for the building of necessary telecommunications infrastructure. Most importantly, the Ministry of Information and Communications (MoIC) and the telecom regulator, the National Telecommunications Authority (NTA), have both been very active in the performance of their respective roles.[70] Despite all the effort, there remained a significant disparity between the high coverage levels in the cities and the coverage available in the underdeveloped rural regions. Progress on providing some minimum access had been good, however. Of a total of 3,914 Village Development Committees across the country, only 306 were unserved by December 2009.[70] In order to meet future demand, it was estimated that Nepal needed to invest around US$135 million annually in its telecom sector.[70] In 2009, the telecommunication sector alone contributed to 1% of the nation's GDP.[71]
In the broadcast media, as of 2007, the state operates 2 television stations as well as national and regional radio stations. There are roughly 30 independent TV channels registered, with only about half in regular operation. Nearly 400 FM radio stations are licensed with roughly 300 operational.[66]
Education
About two thirds of female adults and one third of male adults are illiterate.[72] Net primary enrollment rate was 74% in 2005.[72] It is currently at about 90%.[73] In 2009 the World Bank has decided to contribute a further $130 million towards meeting Nepal's Education for All goals.[73] Nepal has several universities.
Health
Health care services in Nepal are provided by both the public and private sector and fares poorly by international standards. Based on World Health Organization (WHO) data, Nepal ranked 139 in life expectancy in 2010 with the average Nepalese living to 65.8 years.
Demographics
Nepal's population has grown from 9 million people in 1950 to 26.6 million in 2011.Cite error: The <ref>
tag has too many names (see the help page). Nepal's population increased from 23,151,423 in 2001 to 26,620,809, with a subsequent family size decline from 5.44 to 4.7[7] Although the population growth recorded was only 1.4 percent for the latest census period, some 1,917,903 absentee population was noted, over a million more than 762 thousand in 2001, most being male workers. This correlated with the drop in sex ratio from 94.41 as compared to 99.80 for 2001.[7]
The Nepalese are descendants of three major migrations from India,
Among the earliest inhabitants were the
In the Terai, a part of the
Nepal is a multilingual society.
These data are largely derived from Nepal's 2001 census results published in the Nepal Population Report 2002.
According to the World Refugee Survey 2008, published by the US Committee for Refugees and Immigrants, Nepal hosted a population of refugees and asylum seekers in 2007 numbering approximately 130,000. Of this population, approximately 109,200 persons were from
Data | Size |
---|---|
Population | 26,620,000 (2011) |
Growth Rate | 1.6% |
Population below 14 Years old | 39% |
Population of age 15 to 64 | 57.3% |
Population above 65 | 3.7% |
The median age (Average) | 20.07 |
The median age (Male) | 19.91 |
The median age (Females) | 20.24 |
Ratio (Male:Female) | 1, 000:1,060 |
Life expectancy (Average)( Reference: [2]) | 66.16 Years |
Life expectancy (Male) | 64.94 |
Life expectancy (Female) | 67.44 |
Literacy Rate (Average) | 68.2% ( According to the UNDP report 2011) |
Literacy Rate (Male) | NA |
Literacy Rate (Female) | NA |
Despite the migration of a significant section of the population to the southern plains or terai in recent years, the majority of the population still lives in the central highlands. The northern mountains are sparsely populated.
Kathmandu, with a population of over 2.6 million (metropolitan area: 5 million), is the largest city in the country.
Languages
Nepal's diverse linguistic heritage evolved from four major language groups:
Derived from
Religion
The overwhelming majority of the Nepalese population follows
The holy site of Lumbini is bordered by a large monastic zone, in which only monasteries can be built. All three main branches of Buddhism exist in Nepal and the
The Buddha, born as a Hindu, is also said to be a descendant of
Largest cities
- The 13 largest cities in 2001 (*2011) by population) [95]
- Kathmandu (1,006,656)*
- Biratnagar (Pop.: 166,674)
- Lalitpur (Pop.: 162,991)
- Pokhara (Pop.: 156,312)
- Birganj (Pop.: 112,238)
- Dharan (Pop.: 95,332)
- Bharatpur (Pop.: 89,323)
- Bhim Datta (Pop.:80,839)
- Janakpur (Pop.: 74,192)
- Butwal (Pop.: 75,384)
- Bhaktapur(Pop.: 72.543)
- Hetauda (Pop.:68,482)
- Dhangadhi (Pop.: 67,447)
Culture
A typical Nepalese meal is Dal bhat. Dal is a spicy lentil soup, served over bhat (boiled rice), served with tarkari (curried vegetables) together with achar (pickles) or chutni (spicy condiment made from fresh ingredients). It consists of non-vegetarian as well as vegetarian items served with non-alcoholic beverages. Mustard oil is the cooking medium and a host of spices, such as cumin, coriander, black peppers, sesame seeds, turmeric, garlic, ginger, methi (fenugreek), bay leaves, cloves, cinnamon, pepper, chillies, mustard seeds, etc., are used in the cooking. The cuisine served on festivals is generally the best.
Folklore is an integral part of Nepalese society. Traditional stories are rooted in the reality of day-to-day life, tales of love, affection and battles as well as demons and ghosts and thus reflect local lifestyles, cultures and beliefs. Many Nepalese folktales are enacted through the medium of dance and music.
The Nepali year begins in mid-April and is divided into 12 months. Saturday is the official weekly holiday. Main annual holidays include the National Day, celebrated on the birthday of the king (28 December), Prithvi Jayanti (11 January), Martyr's Day (18 February), and a mix of Hindu and Buddhist festivals such as dashain in autumn, and tihar in late autumn. During tihar, the Newar community also celebrates its New Year as per their local calendar Nepal Sambat.
Most houses in rural lowland of Nepal are made up of a tight bamboo framework and walls of a mud and cow-dung mix. These dwellings remain cool in summer and retain warmth in winter. Houses in the hills are usually made of unbaked bricks with thatch or tile roofing. At high elevations construction changes to stone masonry and slate may be used on roofs.
Nepal's flag is the only national flag in the world that is not rectangular in shape.[96] According to its official description, the red in the flag stands for victory in war or courage, and is also color of the rhododendron, the national flower of Nepal. Red also stands for aggression. The flag's blue border signifies peace. The curved moon on the flag is a symbol of the peaceful and calm nature of Nepalese, while the sun represents the aggressiveness of Nepalese warriors.
See also
- Outline of Nepal
- Index of Nepal-related articles
Footnotes
- ^ According to Interim Constitution Nepali is only the official language (article 5, point 2). Other languages spoken as the mother tongue in Nepal are the national languages (article 5, point 1). According to article 5, point 3, all languages are accepted as official languages at the regional level. Today's more than 90% people speak Nepali as a 1st language. Nepal_Interim_Constitution2007
- ^ Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division (2009). "World Population Prospects, Table A.1" (PDF). 2008 revision. United Nations. Retrieved 12 March 2009.
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) - ^ "Nepal Census 2011". Central Bureau of Statistics (Nepal). Retrieved 6 March 2012.
- ^ a b c d e "Nepal". International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
- ^ "Human Development Report 2011. Human development index trends: Table G" (PDF). The United Nations. Retrieved 5 November 2011.
- ^ "Nepal". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
- ^ a b c http://census.gov.np/images/pdf/Population%20Census%20Prelliminary%20Report%202011.pdf
- ^ "The World Factbook : Rank order population". CIA.
- ^ Shaha (1992), p. 1.
- ^ "CIA Factbook, Nepal, "People" section". Cia.gov. Retrieved 29 July 2009.
- ^ a b c W.B., P. 34 Land of the Gurkhas
- ^ a b "The Ancient Period". Infoclub.com.np. Retrieved 29 July 2009.
- ^ Balfour, P. 195 Cyclopædia of India and of Eastern and Southern Asia, :
- ^ Dangol, Amrit (6 May 2007). "Alone In Kathmandu". Alone In Kathmandu. Retrieved 29 July 2009.
- ^ Prasad, P. 4 The life and times of Maharaja Juddha Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana of Nepal
- ^ Khatri, P. 16 The Postage Stamps of Nepal
- ^ a b c "A Country Study: Nepal". Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. Retrieved 23 September 2005.
- ^ a b P. 17 Looking to the Future: Indo-Nepal Relations in Perspective By Lok Raj Baral
- ^ Terai News
- ISBN 1-886439-02-8
- ^ Watters, Thomas. 1904-5. On Yuan Chwang's Travels in India (A.D. 629–645), pp. 83–85. Reprint: Mushiram Manoharlal Publishers, New Delhi. 1973.
- ^ Giuseppe, Father (1799). "Account of the Kingdom of Nepal". Asiatick Researches. London: Vernor and Hood. Retrieved 2 June 2012. Page 308.
- ^ "The Enclosing of Nepal". Countrystudies.us. Source: U.S. Library of Congress.
- ISBN 974-524-024-9(Outside of South Asia).
- ^ a b "Timeline: Nepal". BBC News. Retrieved 29 September 2005.
- ^ a b Bhaumik, Subir (7 November 2007). "Bhutan refugees are 'intimidated'". BBC News. Retrieved 25 April 2008.
- ^ Nepal votes to abolish monarchy – CNN[dead link]
- ^ a b "Nepal votes to abolish monarchy". BBC News. 28 May 2008. Retrieved 22 May 2011.
- ^ The Carter Center. "Activities by Country: Nepal". Retrieved 17 July 2008.
- ^ "Kantipuronline.com". Kantipuronline.com. Retrieved 22 December 2010.[dead link]
- ^ "Nepal abolishes its monarchy". Al Jazeera. 28 May 2008. Retrieved 29 May 2008.
{{cite news}}
: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=
(help)[dead link] - ^ Beek van der Peter, Xavier Robert, Jean-Louis Mugnier, Matthias Bernet, Pascale Huyghe and Erika Labrin, "Late Miocene- Recent Exhumation of the Central Himalaya and Recycling in the Foreland Basin Assessed by Apatite Fission-Track Thermochronology of Siwalik Sediments, Nepal", Basic research, 18, 413–434, 2006.
- ^ Berger Antoine, Francois Jouanne, Riadm Hassani and Jean Louis Mugnier, "Modelling the Spatial Distribution of Present day Deformation in Nepal: how cylindrical is the Main Himalayan Thrust in Nepal?", Geophys.J.Int., 156, 94–114, 2004.
- ^ Bilham Roger and Michael Jackson,"Constraints on Himalayan Deformation inferred from Vertical Velocity Fields in Nepal and Tibet," Journal of Geophysical Research, vol. 99, 897–912, 10 July 1994.
- ^ Chamlagain Deepak and Daigoro Hayashi, "Neotectonic Fault Analysis by 2D Finite Element Modeling for Studying the Himalayan Fold and Thrust belt in Nepal", University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 1–16, 14 July 2006.
- ^ F. Jouanne et al., "Current Shortening Across the Himalayas of Nepal", Geophys.J.Int., 154, 1–14, 2004.
- ^ Pandey M.R, R.P. Tandukar, J.P. Avouac, J. Vergne and Th. Heritier, "Seismotectonics of the Nepal Himalaya from a Local Seismic Network", Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,17, 703–712,1999.
- ^ Bilham et al., 1998; Pandey et al., 1995.
- ^ Newar, Naresh. (Jan 2004). 70 years after. Nepali Times. Issue #178 (9 January 2004 – 15 January 2004) [1]. Retrieved 10 December 2011.
- ^ Summerfield & Hulton, 1994; Hay, 1998.
- ^ "Nepal's election The Maoists triumph". Economist.com. 17 April 2008. Retrieved 29 July 2009.
- ^ Nepal's Lawmakers Abolish the Country's Monarchy[dead link]
- ^ Presidentofnepal.com
- ^ Kaphle, Anup (7 July 2010). "Long stalemate after Maoist victory disrupts life in Nepal". The Washington Post.
- ^ "Baburam Bhattarai elected prime minister of Nepal". BBC News. 28 August 2011. Retrieved 12 March 2012.
- ^ "Political crisis looms in Nepal as deputy PM quits". Retrieved 24 May 2012.
{{cite news}}
: CS1 maint: url-status (link) [dead link] - ^ "Nepal PM calls new elections after constitution failure". CBC News. 28 May 2012.
- ^ "Death Penalty Statistics 2006". Amnestyusa.org. Retrieved 29 July 2009.[dead link]
- ^ "Progress in new Republic of Nepal". Starobserver.com.au. 16 June 2009. Retrieved 29 July 2009.
- ^ "Official Website of Armed Police Force Nepal". Apf.gov.np. Retrieved 29 July 2009.
- ^ "AU.af.mil" (PDF). Retrieved 22 December 2010.
- ^ Thottam, Jyoti (2 March 2010). "Nepal: Caught Between China and India". TIME. Retrieved 26 December 2010.
- ^ Zheng, Xianglin (15 August 2008). "China-Nepal relations are an example of friendly coexistence between countries of different size". Nepal News. Retrieved 26 December 2010.[dead link]
- ^ Haviland, Charles (17 April 2008). "Nepal Arrests Tibetan Protesters". BBC News. Retrieved 29 July 2009.
- ^ a b "World Bank: Nepal at a glance, 2012" (PDF). World Bank. 2012. Retrieved 31 July 2012.
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References
- Shaha, Rishikesh (1992). Ancient and Medieval Nepal. New Delhi: Manohar Publications. ISBN 81-85425-69-8.
- Tiwari, Sudarshan Raj (2002). The Brick and the Bull: An account of Handigaun, the Ancient Capital of Nepal. Himal Books. ISBN 99933-43-52-8.
- Nepal. Archived from the original on 1 November 2009. Retrieved 23 September 2005.
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ignored (help) - "India Nepal Open Border". Nepal Democracy. Retrieved 23 September 2005.
- "Football at the heart of the Himalaya". FIFA. Archived from the original on 9 September 2005. Retrieved 23 September 2005.
- "Nepal: Information Portal". Explore Nepal. Retrieved 1 September 2007.
- Haven, Cynthia (24 August 2010). "The Best Memoir You Never Heard Of: "Shadow Over Shangri-La"". San Francisco Chronicle.
- "Nepal: A state under siege". The South Asian: Featured Articles. Archived from the original on 31 December 2004. Retrieved 23 September 2005.
- "Nepal: Basic Fact Sheet". Nepal homepage. Retrieved 23 September 2005.
- Sharma, Sushil (29 August 2005). "Jailed ex-PM in Nepal court plea". BBC News. Retrieved 29 September 2005.
- "Nepal's new emblem". Citizen Journalism Nepal. Retrieved 7 February 2007.
- Gotz Hagmuller (2003). Patan Museum: The Transformation of a Royal Palace in Nepal. London: Serindia. ISBN 978-0-906026-58-8.
- Kunda Dixit (2006). A people war: Images of the Nepal conflict 1996–2006. Kathmandu: nepa-laya.
- Barbara Crossette (1995). So Close to Heaven: The Vanishing Buddhist Kingdoms of the Himalayas. New York: Vintage. ISBN 0-679-74363-4.
- Bista, Dor Bahadur (1967). People of Nepal. Dept. of Publicity, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Govt. of Nepal. ISBN 99933-0-418-2.
- Michael Hutt, ed., Himalayan 'people's war' : Nepal's Maoist rebellion, London: C. Hurst, 2004
- Peter Matthiessen (1993). The Snow Leopard. Penguin. ISBN 0-00-272025-6.
- Joe Simpson (1997). Storms of Silence. Mountaineers Books. ISBN 0-89886-512-3.
- Samrat Upadhyay (2001). Arresting God in Kathmandu. Mariner Books. ISBN 0-618-04371-3.
- Joseph R. Pietri (2001). The King of Nepal. Indianapolis, IN: Indiana Creative Arts. ISBN 0-615-11928-X.
- Maurice Herzog (1951). ISBN 1-55821-549-2.
- Dervla Murphy (1968). The Waiting Land: A Spell in Nepal. Transatlantic Arts. ISBN 0-7195-1745-1.
- ISBN 81-7304-403-1.
- ISBN 978-1-921259-26-5.
- Glacial Lakes and Glacial Lake Outburst Floods in Nepal. - International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, Kathmandu, March 2011
External links
- Official website of the Government of Nepal
- "Nepal". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). Central Intelligence Agency.
- Nepal from UCB Libraries GovPubs
- Sxman48/sandbox at Curlie
- Nepal at Encyclopædia Britannica
- Nepal profile from the BBC News
- Wikimedia Atlas of Nepal
- Planet Nepal[dead link] Nepal Encyclopedia Project
- Key Development Forecasts for Nepal from International Futures
- Where is Nepal located
- Nepal info
{{Nepal topics}}
26°32′N 86°44′E / 26.533°N 86.733°E
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